<s>
Within	O
the	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
and	O
the	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
communities	O
there	O
is	O
controversy	O
over	O
whether	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
computer	B-General_Concept
operating	I-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
that	O
use	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
software	O
and	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
as	O
"	O
GNU/Linux	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
"	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Proponents	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
argue	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
far	O
more	O
commonly	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
public	O
and	O
media	O
and	O
that	O
it	O
serves	O
as	O
a	O
generic	O
term	O
for	O
systems	O
that	O
combine	O
that	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
with	O
software	O
from	O
multiple	O
other	O
sources	O
,	O
while	O
proponents	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
GNU/Linux	O
note	O
that	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
alone	O
would	O
be	O
just	O
as	O
good	O
a	O
name	O
for	O
GNU	B-Application
variants	I-Application
which	O
combine	O
the	B-Operating_System
GNU	I-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
software	O
with	O
software	O
from	O
other	O
sources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
GNU/Linux	O
is	O
promoted	O
by	O
the	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
(	O
FSF	B-Operating_System
)	O
and	O
its	O
founder	O
Richard	O
Stallman	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
reasoning	O
is	O
that	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
project	I-Application
was	O
the	O
main	O
contributor	O
for	O
not	O
only	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
components	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
subsequent	O
development	O
of	O
modern	O
"	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
"	O
systems	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
the	O
associated	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
philosophy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
distributions	B-Application
of	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
containing	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
use	O
the	O
name	O
that	O
the	O
FSF	B-Operating_System
prefers	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Debian	O
,	O
Trisquel	B-Application
and	O
Parabola	O
GNU/Linux	O
-libre	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Others	O
claim	O
that	O
GNU/Linux	O
is	O
a	O
useful	O
name	O
to	O
make	O
a	O
distinction	O
between	O
those	O
and	O
Linux	B-Application
distributions	I-Application
such	O
as	O
Android	B-Application
and	O
Alpine	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1983	O
,	O
Richard	O
Stallman	O
,	O
founder	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
,	O
set	O
forth	O
plans	O
of	O
a	O
complete	O
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
,	O
called	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
,	O
composed	O
entirely	O
of	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
of	O
that	O
year	O
,	O
Stallman	O
published	O
a	O
manifesto	O
in	O
Dr.	O
Dobb	O
's	O
Journal	O
detailing	O
his	O
new	O
project	O
publicly	O
,	O
outlining	O
his	O
vision	O
of	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1991	O
,	O
the	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
mid-level	O
portions	O
of	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
were	O
almost	O
complete	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
upper	O
level	O
could	O
be	O
supplied	O
by	O
the	O
X	B-Operating_System
Window	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
,	O
but	O
the	O
lower	O
level	O
(	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
,	O
device	O
drivers	O
,	O
system-level	O
utilities	O
and	O
daemons	B-Operating_System
)	O
was	O
still	O
mostly	O
lacking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
officially	O
developed	O
by	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
was	O
called	O
GNU	B-Application
Hurd	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
Hurd	I-Application
followed	O
an	O
ambitious	O
microkernel	B-Operating_System
design	O
,	O
which	O
proved	O
unexpectedly	O
difficult	O
to	O
implement	O
early	O
on	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
in	O
1991	O
,	O
Linus	O
Torvalds	O
independently	O
released	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
developers	O
ported	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
code	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
GNU	B-Application
C	I-Application
Compiler	I-Application
,	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
,	O
while	O
the	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
community	O
adopted	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
as	O
the	O
missing	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
for	O
the	B-Operating_System
GNU	I-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
work	O
filled	O
the	O
remaining	O
gaps	O
in	O
providing	O
a	O
completely	O
free	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
the	O
next	O
few	O
years	O
,	O
several	O
suggestions	O
arose	O
for	O
naming	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
using	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
and	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1992	O
,	O
the	O
Yggdrasil	B-Application
Linux	I-Application
distribution	O
adopted	O
the	O
name	O
"	O
Linux/GNU/X	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Usenet	B-Application
and	O
mailing-list	O
discussions	O
,	O
one	O
can	O
find	O
usages	O
of	O
"	O
GNU/Linux	O
"	O
as	O
early	O
as	O
1992	O
,	O
and	O
of	O
"	O
GNU+Linux	O
"	O
as	O
early	O
as	O
1993	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Debian	O
project	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
at	O
one	O
time	O
sponsored	O
by	O
the	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
,	O
switched	O
to	O
calling	O
its	O
product	O
"	O
Debian	O
GNU/Linux	O
"	O
in	O
early	O
1994	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
change	O
followed	O
a	O
request	O
by	O
Richard	O
Stallman	O
(	O
who	O
initially	O
proposed	O
"	O
LiGNUx	B-Application
,	O
"	O
but	O
suggested	O
"	O
GNU/Linux	O
"	O
instead	O
after	O
hearing	O
complaints	O
about	O
the	O
awkwardness	O
of	O
the	O
former	O
term	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GNU	B-Operating_System
's	O
June	O
1994	O
Bulletin	O
described	O
"	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
"	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
free	O
Unix	B-Application
system	I-Application
for	O
386	B-General_Concept
machines	O
"	O
(	O
with	O
"	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
utilities	O
and	O
libraries	O
"	O
from	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
)	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
January	O
1995	O
Bulletin	O
switched	O
to	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
GNU/Linux	O
"	O
instead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stallman	O
's	O
and	O
the	O
FSF	B-Operating_System
's	O
efforts	O
to	O
include	O
"	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
"	O
in	O
the	O
name	O
started	O
around	O
1994	O
,	O
but	O
were	O
reportedly	O
mostly	O
via	O
private	O
communications	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
above-mentioned	O
request	O
to	O
Debian	O
)	O
until	O
1996	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
1996	O
,	O
Stallman	O
released	O
Emacs	B-Application
19.31	O
with	O
the	O
Autoconf	B-Application
system	O
target	O
"	O
linux	B-Operating_System
"	O
changed	O
to	O
"	O
lignux	B-Application
"	O
(	O
shortly	O
thereafter	O
changed	O
to	O
"	O
linux-gnu	O
"	O
in	O
emacs	B-Application
19.32	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
included	O
an	O
essay	O
"	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
and	O
the	B-Operating_System
GNU	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
"	O
suggesting	O
that	O
people	O
use	O
the	O
terms	O
"	O
Linux-based	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
"	O
(	O
or	O
"	O
GNU/Linux	O
system	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
Lignux	B-Application
"	O
for	O
short	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
later	O
used	O
"	O
GNU/Linux	O
"	O
exclusively	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
essay	O
was	O
superseded	O
by	O
Stallman	O
's	O
1997	O
essay	O
,	O
"	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
and	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
project	I-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
and	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
are	O
composed	O
of	O
software	O
by	O
many	O
different	O
authors	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
developers	O
,	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
project	I-Application
,	O
and	O
other	O
vendors	O
such	O
as	O
those	O
behind	O
the	O
X	B-Operating_System
Window	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Desktop	O
-	O
and	O
server-based	O
distributions	B-Application
use	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
components	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
GNU	B-Language
C	I-Language
Library	I-Language
(	O
glibc	B-Language
)	O
,	O
GNU	B-Application
Core	I-Application
Utilities	I-Application
(	O
coreutils	B-Application
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Bash	B-Operating_System
shell	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
2002	O
analysis	O
of	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
for	O
Red	O
Hat	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
7.1	O
,	O
a	O
typical	O
Linux	B-Application
distribution	I-Application
,	O
the	O
total	O
size	O
of	O
the	O
packages	B-Application
from	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
project	I-Application
was	O
found	O
to	O
be	O
much	O
larger	O
than	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
,	O
a	O
2011	O
analysis	O
of	O
the	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
distribution	I-Operating_System
's	O
"	O
Natty	O
"	O
release	O
main	O
repository	O
found	O
that	O
8%	O
to	O
13%	O
of	O
it	O
consisted	O
of	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
components	O
(	O
the	O
range	O
depending	O
on	O
whether	O
GNOME	B-Application
is	O
considered	O
part	O
of	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
)	O
,	O
while	O
only	O
6%	O
is	O
taken	O
by	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
(	O
9%	O
when	O
including	O
its	O
direct	O
dependencies	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Determining	O
exactly	O
what	O
constitutes	O
the	O
"	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
"	O
per	O
se	O
is	O
a	O
matter	O
of	O
continuing	O
debate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
other	O
hand	O
,	O
some	O
embedded	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
,	O
such	O
as	O
handheld	B-Application
devices	I-Application
and	O
smartphones	B-Application
(	O
like	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
Android	I-Application
)	O
,	O
residential	B-Application
gateways	I-Application
(	O
routers	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Voice	B-Application
over	I-Application
IP	I-Application
devices	O
,	O
are	O
engineered	O
with	O
space	O
efficiency	O
in	O
mind	O
and	O
use	O
a	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
with	O
few	O
or	O
no	O
components	O
of	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
,	O
due	O
to	O
perceived	O
issues	O
surrounding	O
bloat	O
,	O
and	O
impeded	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
system	O
running	O
μClinux	B-Application
is	O
likely	O
to	O
substitute	O
uClibc	B-Language
for	O
glibc	B-Language
,	O
and	O
BusyBox	B-Application
for	O
coreutils	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	O
's	O
Linux-based	O
Android	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
does	O
not	O
use	O
any	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
components	O
or	O
libraries	O
,	O
using	O
Google	O
's	O
own	O
BSD-based	O
Bionic	B-Application
C	B-Language
library	O
in	O
place	O
of	O
glibc	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
FSF	B-Operating_System
agrees	O
that	O
"	O
GNU/Linux	O
"	O
is	O
not	O
an	O
appropriate	O
name	O
for	O
these	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
also	O
systems	O
that	O
use	O
a	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
userspace	O
and/or	O
C	B-Language
library	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
a	O
non-Linux	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
,	O
for	O
example	O
Debian	O
GNU/Hurd	B-Application
(	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
userland	O
on	O
the	O
GNU	B-Application
kernel	I-Application
)	O
or	O
Debian	O
GNU/kFreeBSD	O
(	O
which	O
uses	O
the	O
GNU	B-Application
coreutils	I-Application
and	O
C	B-Language
library	O
with	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
from	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
FSF	B-Operating_System
justifies	O
the	O
name	O
"	O
GNU/Linux	O
"	O
primarily	O
on	O
the	O
grounds	O
that	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
project	I-Application
was	O
specifically	O
developing	O
a	O
complete	O
system	O
,	O
of	O
which	O
they	O
argue	O
that	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
filled	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
final	O
gaps	O
;	O
the	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
components	O
and	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
source	O
code	O
used	O
in	O
such	O
systems	O
is	O
a	O
secondary	O
argument	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
arguments	O
include	O
that	O
the	O
name	O
"	O
GNU/Linux	O
"	O
recognizes	O
the	O
role	O
that	O
the	O
free-software	B-Application
movement	O
played	O
in	O
building	O
modern	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open	I-License
source	I-License
software	I-License
communities	I-License
,	O
that	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
project	I-Application
played	O
a	O
larger	O
role	O
in	O
developing	O
packages	B-Application
and	O
software	O
for	O
GNU/Linux	B-Application
or	I-Application
Linux	I-Application
distributions	I-Application
,	O
and	O
that	O
using	O
the	O
word	O
"	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
"	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
and	O
entire	O
distributions	B-Application
of	O
software	O
leads	O
to	O
confusion	O
on	O
the	O
differences	O
about	O
the	O
three	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
this	O
confusion	O
,	O
legal	O
threats	O
and	O
public	O
relations	O
campaigns	O
apparently	O
directed	O
against	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
,	O
such	O
as	O
those	O
launched	O
by	O
the	O
SCO	O
Group	O
or	O
the	O
Alexis	O
de	O
Tocqueville	O
Institution	O
(	O
AdTI	O
)	O
,	O
have	O
been	O
misinterpreted	O
by	O
many	O
commentators	O
who	O
assume	O
that	O
the	O
whole	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
is	O
being	O
targeted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Regarding	O
suggestions	O
that	O
renaming	O
efforts	O
stem	O
from	O
egotism	O
or	O
personal	O
pique	O
,	O
Stallman	O
has	O
responded	O
that	O
his	O
interest	O
is	O
not	O
in	O
giving	O
credit	O
to	O
himself	O
but	O
to	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
Project	I-Application
:	O
"	O
Some	O
people	O
think	O
that	O
it	O
's	O
because	O
I	O
want	O
my	O
ego	O
to	O
be	O
fed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
to	O
another	O
common	O
suggestion	O
that	O
many	O
people	O
have	O
contributed	O
to	O
the	O
system	O
and	O
that	O
a	O
short	O
name	O
cannot	O
credit	O
all	O
of	O
them	O
,	O
the	O
FSF	B-Operating_System
has	O
argued	O
that	O
this	O
cannot	O
justify	O
calling	O
the	O
system	O
"	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
"	O
,	O
since	O
they	O
believe	O
that	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
project	I-Application
's	O
contribution	O
was	O
ultimately	O
greater	O
than	O
that	O
of	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
in	O
these	O
related	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
Stallman	O
stated	O
that	O
naming	O
is	O
not	O
simply	O
a	O
matter	O
of	O
giving	O
equal	O
mention	O
to	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
Project	I-Application
,	O
saying	O
that	O
because	O
the	O
system	O
is	O
more	O
widely	O
referred	O
as	O
"	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
"	O
,	O
people	O
tend	O
to	O
"	O
think	O
it	O
's	O
all	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
,	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
all	O
started	O
by	O
Mr.	O
Torvalds	O
in	O
1991	O
,	O
and	O
they	O
think	O
it	O
all	O
comes	O
from	O
his	O
vision	O
of	O
life	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
's	O
the	O
really	O
bad	O
problem.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Ariadne	B-Language
Conill	I-Language
,	O
developer	O
and	O
security	O
chair	O
of	O
Alpine	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
,	O
has	O
stated	O
that	O
in	O
her	O
opinion	O
GNU/Linux	O
is	O
the	O
correct	O
name	O
when	O
referring	O
to	O
Linux	B-Application
distributions	I-Application
that	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
glibc	B-Language
and	O
GNU	B-Application
coreutils	I-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
Debian	O
and	O
Fedora	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
can	O
be	O
contrasted	O
to	O
other	O
Linux	B-Application
distributions	I-Application
which	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
bionic	B-Application
(	O
Android	B-Application
)	O
and	O
musl	B-Language
(	O
Alpine	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Proponents	O
of	O
naming	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
"	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
"	O
state	O
that	O
"	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
"	O
is	O
used	O
far	O
more	O
often	O
than	O
"	O
GNU/Linux	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eric	O
S	O
.	O
Raymond	O
writes	O
(	O
in	O
the	O
"	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
"	O
entry	O
of	O
the	O
Jargon	O
File	O
)	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
Linus	O
Torvalds	O
was	O
asked	O
in	O
the	O
documentary	O
Revolution	O
OS	O
whether	O
the	O
name	O
"	O
GNU/Linux	O
"	O
was	O
justified	O
,	O
he	O
replied	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
"	O
GNU/Linux	O
,	O
"	O
particularly	O
when	O
using	O
Stallman	O
's	O
preferred	O
pronunciation	O
,	O
has	O
been	O
criticized	O
for	O
its	O
perceived	O
clumsiness	O
and	O
verbosity	O
,	O
a	O
factor	O
that	O
Torvalds	O
has	O
cited	O
as	O
the	O
downfall	O
of	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
such	O
as	O
386BSD	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
Journal	O
speculated	O
that	O
Stallman	O
's	O
advocacy	O
of	O
the	O
combined	O
name	O
stems	O
from	O
frustration	O
that	O
"	O
Linus	O
got	O
the	O
glory	O
for	O
what	O
 [ Stallman ] 	O
wanted	O
to	O
do.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Others	O
have	O
suggested	O
that	O
,	O
regardless	O
of	O
the	O
merits	O
,	O
Stallman	O
's	O
persistence	O
in	O
what	O
sometimes	O
seems	O
a	O
lost	O
cause	O
makes	O
him	O
and	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
look	O
bad	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
Larry	O
McVoy	O
(	O
author	O
of	O
BitKeeper	B-Protocol
,	O
once	O
used	O
to	O
manage	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
development	O
)	O
opined	O
that	O
"	O
claiming	O
credit	O
only	O
makes	O
one	O
look	O
foolish	O
and	O
greedy	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
users	O
and	O
vendors	O
who	O
prefer	O
the	O
name	O
"	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
,	O
"	O
such	O
as	O
Jim	O
Gettys	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
developers	O
of	O
the	O
X	B-Operating_System
Window	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
,	O
point	O
to	O
the	O
inclusion	O
of	O
non-GNU	O
,	O
non-kernel	O
tools	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
KDE	B-Application
,	O
LibreOffice	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Firefox	B-Application
,	O
in	O
end-user	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
based	O
on	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
:	O
</s>
