<s>
The	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
(	O
GNU	B-License
GPL	I-License
or	O
simply	O
GPL	B-License
)	O
is	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
widely	O
used	O
free	B-License
software	I-License
licenses	I-License
that	O
guarantee	O
end	O
users	O
the	O
four	O
freedoms	O
to	O
run	O
,	O
study	O
,	O
share	O
,	O
and	O
modify	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
license	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
copyleft	B-License
for	O
general	O
use	O
and	O
was	O
originally	O
written	O
by	O
the	O
founder	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
(	O
FSF	O
)	O
,	O
Richard	O
Stallman	O
,	O
for	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
Project	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
license	O
grants	O
the	O
recipients	O
of	O
a	O
computer	B-Application
program	I-Application
the	O
rights	O
of	O
the	B-Application
Free	I-Application
Software	I-Application
Definition	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
GPL	B-License
series	O
are	O
all	O
copyleft	B-License
licenses	I-License
,	O
which	O
means	O
that	O
any	O
derivative	O
work	O
must	O
be	O
distributed	O
under	O
the	O
same	O
or	O
equivalent	O
license	O
terms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
more	O
restrictive	O
than	O
the	O
Lesser	B-Application
General	I-Application
Public	I-Application
License	I-Application
and	O
even	O
further	O
distinct	O
from	O
the	O
more	O
widely	O
used	O
permissive	B-License
software	I-License
licenses	I-License
BSD	B-Operating_System
,	O
MIT	B-License
,	O
and	O
Apache	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Historically	O
,	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
license	I-License
family	O
has	O
been	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
software	O
licenses	O
in	O
the	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
domain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prominent	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
programs	O
licensed	O
under	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
include	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
and	O
the	O
GNU	B-Application
Compiler	I-Application
Collection	I-Application
(	O
GCC	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
David	O
A	O
.	O
Wheeler	O
argues	O
that	O
the	O
copyleft	B-License
provided	O
by	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
was	O
crucial	O
to	O
the	O
success	O
of	O
Linux-based	O
systems	O
,	O
giving	O
the	O
programmers	O
who	O
contributed	O
to	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
the	O
assurance	O
that	O
their	O
work	O
would	O
benefit	O
the	O
whole	O
world	O
and	O
remain	O
free	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
being	O
exploited	O
by	O
software	O
companies	O
that	O
would	O
not	O
have	O
to	O
give	O
anything	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
keep	O
the	O
license	O
up	O
to	O
date	O
,	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
license	I-License
includes	O
an	O
optional	O
"	O
any	O
later	O
version	O
"	O
clause	O
,	O
allowing	O
users	O
to	O
choose	O
between	O
the	O
original	O
terms	O
or	O
the	O
terms	O
in	O
new	O
versions	O
as	O
updated	O
by	O
the	O
FSF	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	O
projects	O
licensed	O
with	O
the	O
optional	O
"	O
or	O
later	O
"	O
clause	O
include	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
Project	I-Application
,	O
while	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
,	O
for	O
instance	O
,	O
is	O
licensed	O
under	O
GPLv2	O
only	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
or	O
any	O
later	O
version	O
"	O
clause	O
is	O
sometimes	O
known	O
as	O
a	O
lifeboat	O
clause	O
since	O
it	O
allows	O
combinations	O
between	O
different	O
versions	O
of	O
GPL	B-License
licensed	O
software	O
to	O
maintain	O
compatibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GPL	B-License
was	O
written	O
by	O
Richard	O
Stallman	O
in	O
1989	O
,	O
for	O
use	O
with	O
programs	O
released	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
project	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
GPL	B-License
was	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
unification	O
of	O
similar	O
licenses	O
used	O
for	O
early	O
versions	O
of	O
GNU	B-Application
Emacs	I-Application
(	O
1985	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
GNU	B-Language
Debugger	I-Language
,	O
and	O
the	O
GNU	B-Application
C	I-Application
Compiler	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
licenses	O
contained	O
similar	O
provisions	O
to	O
the	O
modern	O
GPL	B-License
,	O
but	O
were	O
specific	O
to	O
each	O
program	O
,	O
rendering	O
them	O
incompatible	O
,	O
despite	O
being	O
the	O
same	O
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
the	O
following	O
15	O
years	O
,	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
community	O
became	O
concerned	O
over	O
problems	O
in	O
the	O
GPLv2	O
license	O
that	O
could	O
let	O
someone	O
exploit	O
GPL-licensed	O
software	O
in	O
ways	O
contrary	O
to	O
the	O
license	O
's	O
intent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
problems	O
included	O
tivoization	O
(	O
the	O
inclusion	O
of	O
GPL-licensed	O
software	O
in	O
hardware	O
that	O
refuses	O
to	O
run	O
modified	O
versions	O
of	O
its	O
software	O
)	O
,	O
compatibility	O
issues	O
similar	O
to	O
those	O
of	O
the	O
Affero	B-Application
General	I-Application
Public	I-Application
License	I-Application
,	O
and	O
patent	O
deals	O
between	O
Microsoft	O
and	O
distributors	O
of	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
,	O
which	O
some	O
viewed	O
as	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
use	O
patents	O
as	O
a	O
weapon	O
against	O
the	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
1	O
of	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
GPL	I-License
,	O
released	O
on	O
25	O
February	O
1989	O
,	O
prevented	O
what	O
were	O
then	O
the	O
two	O
main	O
ways	O
that	O
software	O
distributors	O
restricted	O
the	O
freedoms	O
that	O
define	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
problem	O
was	O
that	O
distributors	O
may	O
publish	O
binary	O
files	O
only	O
—	O
executable	B-Application
,	O
but	O
not	O
readable	O
or	O
modifiable	O
by	O
humans	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
second	O
problem	O
was	O
that	O
distributors	O
might	O
add	O
restrictions	O
,	O
either	O
to	O
the	O
license	O
or	O
by	O
combining	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
with	O
other	O
software	O
that	O
had	O
other	O
restrictions	O
on	O
distribution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
software	O
distributed	O
under	O
the	O
terms	O
of	O
GPLv1	O
could	O
be	O
combined	O
with	O
software	O
under	O
more	O
permissive	B-License
terms	O
,	O
as	O
this	O
would	O
not	O
change	O
the	O
terms	O
under	O
which	O
the	O
whole	O
could	O
be	O
distributed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
section	O
says	O
that	O
licensees	O
may	O
distribute	O
a	O
GPL-covered	O
work	O
only	O
if	O
they	O
can	O
satisfy	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
license	O
's	O
obligations	O
,	O
despite	O
any	O
other	O
legal	O
obligations	O
they	O
might	O
have	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1990	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
becoming	O
apparent	O
that	O
a	O
less	O
restrictive	O
license	O
would	O
be	O
strategically	O
useful	O
for	O
the	O
C	B-Language
library	I-Language
and	O
for	O
software	O
libraries	O
that	O
essentially	O
did	O
the	O
job	O
of	O
existing	O
proprietary	B-Application
ones	O
;	O
when	O
version	O
2	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
(	O
GPLv2	O
)	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
June	O
1991	O
,	O
therefore	O
,	O
a	O
second	O
license	O
–	O
the	O
GNU	B-Application
Library	I-Application
General	I-Application
Public	I-Application
License	I-Application
–	O
was	O
introduced	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
and	O
numbered	O
with	O
version	O
2	O
to	O
show	O
that	O
both	O
were	O
complementary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
version	O
numbers	O
diverged	O
in	O
1999	O
when	O
version	O
2.1	O
of	O
the	O
LGPL	B-Application
was	O
released	O
,	O
which	O
renamed	O
it	O
the	O
GNU	B-Application
Lesser	I-Application
General	I-Application
Public	I-Application
License	I-Application
to	O
reflect	O
its	O
place	O
in	O
the	O
philosophy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GPLv2	O
was	O
also	O
modified	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
the	O
new	O
name	O
of	O
the	O
LGPL	B-Application
,	O
but	O
its	O
version	O
number	O
remained	O
the	O
same	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
the	O
original	O
GPLv2	O
not	O
being	O
recognised	O
by	O
the	B-Application
Software	I-Application
Package	O
Data	O
Exchange	O
(	O
SPDX	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
2005	O
,	O
the	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
(	O
FSF	O
)	O
announced	O
work	O
on	O
version	O
3	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
(	O
GPLv3	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GPLv3	O
was	O
written	O
by	O
Richard	O
Stallman	O
,	O
with	O
legal	O
counsel	O
from	O
Eben	O
Moglen	O
and	O
Richard	O
Fontana	O
from	O
the	B-Application
Software	I-Application
Freedom	O
Law	O
Center	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Stallman	O
,	O
the	O
most	O
important	O
changes	O
were	O
in	O
relation	O
to	O
software	B-License
patents	I-License
,	O
free	B-License
software	I-License
license	I-License
compatibility	O
,	O
the	O
definition	O
of	O
"	O
source	O
code	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
hardware	O
restrictions	O
on	O
software	O
modifications	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
tivoization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
public	O
consultation	O
process	O
was	O
coordinated	O
by	O
the	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
with	O
assistance	O
from	O
Software	O
Freedom	O
Law	O
Center	O
,	O
Free	B-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
Europe	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
groups	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Comments	O
were	O
collected	O
from	O
the	O
public	O
via	O
the	O
gplv3.fsf.org	O
web	O
portal	O
,	O
using	O
purpose-written	O
software	O
called	O
stet	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
introduced	O
Apache	B-Application
License	I-Application
version	O
2.0	O
compatibility	O
(	O
prior	O
versions	O
are	O
incompatible	O
)	O
,	O
clarified	O
the	O
role	O
of	O
outside	O
contractors	O
and	O
made	O
an	B-Application
exception	I-Application
to	O
avoid	O
the	O
perceived	O
problems	O
of	O
a	O
Microsoft	O
–	O
Novell	O
style	O
agreement	O
,	O
saying	O
in	O
Section	O
11	O
paragraph	O
6	O
that	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
license	O
was	O
also	O
meant	O
to	O
cause	O
Microsoft	O
to	O
extend	O
the	O
patent	O
licenses	O
it	O
granted	O
to	O
Novell	O
customers	O
for	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
GPLv3	O
software	O
to	O
all	O
users	O
of	O
that	O
GPLv3	O
software	O
;	O
this	O
was	O
possible	O
only	O
if	O
Microsoft	O
was	O
legally	O
a	O
"	O
conveyor	O
"	O
of	O
the	O
GPLv3	O
software	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Early	O
drafts	O
of	O
GPLv3	O
also	O
let	O
licensors	O
add	O
an	O
Affero-like	O
requirement	O
that	O
would	O
have	O
plugged	O
the	O
ASP	O
loophole	O
in	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
there	O
were	O
concerns	O
expressed	O
about	O
the	O
administrative	O
costs	O
of	O
checking	O
code	O
for	O
this	O
additional	O
requirement	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
decided	O
to	O
keep	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
and	O
the	O
Affero	O
license	O
separated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Others	O
,	O
notably	O
some	O
high-profile	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
developers	O
such	O
as	O
Linus	O
Torvalds	O
,	O
Greg	O
Kroah-Hartman	O
,	O
and	O
Andrew	O
Morton	O
,	O
commented	O
to	O
the	O
mass	O
media	O
and	O
made	O
public	O
statements	O
about	O
their	O
objections	O
to	O
parts	O
of	O
discussion	O
drafts	O
1	O
and	O
2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
developers	O
referred	O
to	O
GPLv3	O
draft	O
clauses	O
regarding	O
DRM/Tivoization	O
,	O
patents	O
,	O
and	O
"	O
additional	O
restrictions	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
warned	O
of	O
a	O
Balkanisation	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
Open	O
Source	O
Universe	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linus	O
Torvalds	O
,	O
who	O
decided	O
not	O
to	O
adopt	O
the	O
GPLv3	O
for	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
,	O
reiterated	O
his	O
criticism	O
several	O
years	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GPLv3	O
improved	O
compatibility	O
with	O
several	O
free	B-License
software	I-License
licenses	I-License
such	O
as	O
the	O
Apache	B-Application
License	I-Application
,	I-Application
version	I-Application
2.0	I-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
GNU	B-Application
Affero	I-Application
General	I-Application
Public	I-Application
License	I-Application
,	O
which	O
GPLv2	O
could	O
not	O
be	O
combined	O
with	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
GPLv3	O
software	O
could	O
only	O
be	O
combined	O
and	O
share	O
code	O
with	O
GPLv2	O
software	O
if	O
the	O
GPLv2	O
license	O
used	O
had	O
the	O
optional	O
"	O
or	O
later	O
"	O
clause	O
and	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
was	O
upgraded	O
to	O
GPLv3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
"	O
GPLv2	O
or	O
any	O
later	O
version	O
"	O
clause	O
is	O
considered	O
by	O
FSF	O
as	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
form	O
of	O
licensing	O
GPLv2	O
software	O
,	O
Toybox	B-Language
developer	O
Rob	O
Landley	O
described	O
it	O
as	O
a	O
lifeboat	O
clause	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	O
projects	O
licensed	O
with	O
the	O
optional	O
"	O
or	O
later	O
"	O
clause	O
include	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
Project	I-Application
,	O
while	O
a	O
prominent	O
example	O
without	O
the	O
clause	O
is	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
terms	O
and	O
conditions	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
must	O
be	O
made	O
available	O
to	O
anybody	O
receiving	O
a	O
copy	O
of	O
the	O
work	O
that	O
has	O
a	O
GPL	B-License
applied	O
to	O
it	O
(	O
"	O
the	O
licensee	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
latter	O
point	O
distinguishes	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
from	O
software	O
licenses	O
that	O
prohibit	O
commercial	O
redistribution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
FSF	O
argues	O
that	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
should	O
not	O
place	O
restrictions	O
on	O
commercial	O
use	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
explicitly	O
states	O
that	O
GPL	B-License
works	O
may	O
be	O
sold	O
at	O
any	O
price	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GPL	B-License
additionally	O
states	O
that	O
a	O
distributor	O
may	O
not	O
impose	O
"	O
further	O
restrictions	O
on	O
the	O
rights	O
granted	O
by	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
forbids	O
activities	O
such	O
as	O
distributing	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
under	O
a	O
non-disclosure	O
agreement	O
or	O
contract	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
fourth	O
section	O
for	O
version	O
2	O
of	O
the	O
license	O
and	O
the	O
seventh	O
section	O
of	O
version	O
3	O
require	O
that	O
programs	O
distributed	O
as	O
pre-compiled	O
binaries	O
be	O
accompanied	O
by	O
a	O
copy	O
of	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
,	O
a	O
written	O
offer	O
to	O
distribute	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
via	O
the	O
same	O
mechanism	O
as	O
the	O
pre-compiled	O
binary	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
written	O
offer	O
to	O
obtain	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
that	O
the	O
user	O
got	O
when	O
they	O
received	O
the	O
pre-compiled	O
binary	O
under	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
include	O
downloading	O
source	O
code	O
from	O
an	O
adjacent	O
network	O
server	O
or	O
by	O
peer-to-peer	O
transmission	O
,	O
provided	O
that	O
is	O
how	O
the	O
compiled	B-Language
code	O
was	O
available	O
and	O
there	O
are	O
"	O
clear	O
directions	O
"	O
on	O
where	O
to	O
find	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
FSF	O
does	O
not	O
hold	O
the	O
copyright	O
for	O
a	O
work	O
released	O
under	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
unless	O
an	O
author	O
explicitly	O
assigns	O
copyrights	O
to	O
the	O
FSF	O
(	O
which	O
seldom	O
happens	O
except	O
for	O
programs	O
that	O
are	O
part	O
of	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
project	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	O
under	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
may	O
be	O
run	O
for	O
all	O
purposes	O
,	O
including	O
commercial	O
purposes	O
and	O
even	O
as	O
a	O
tool	O
for	O
creating	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
when	O
using	O
GPL-licensed	O
compilers	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
or	O
companies	O
who	O
distribute	O
GPL-licensed	O
works	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
distinguishes	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
from	O
shareware	B-License
software	O
licenses	O
that	O
allow	O
copying	O
for	O
personal	O
use	O
but	O
prohibit	O
the	O
commercial	O
distribution	O
or	O
proprietary	B-Application
licenses	I-Application
where	O
copying	O
is	O
prohibited	O
by	O
copyright	O
law	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
FSF	O
argues	O
that	O
freedom-respecting	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
should	O
also	O
not	O
restrict	O
commercial	O
use	O
and	O
distribution	O
(	O
including	O
redistribution	O
)	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
purely	O
private	O
(	O
or	O
internal	O
)	O
use	O
—	O
with	O
no	O
sales	O
and	O
no	O
distribution	O
—	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
code	O
may	O
be	O
modified	O
and	O
parts	O
reused	O
without	O
requiring	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
to	O
be	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
sales	O
or	O
distribution	O
,	O
the	O
entire	O
source	O
code	O
needs	O
to	O
be	O
made	O
available	O
to	O
end	O
users	O
,	O
including	O
any	O
code	O
changes	O
and	O
additions	O
—	O
in	O
that	O
case	O
,	O
copyleft	B-License
is	O
applied	O
to	O
ensure	O
that	O
end	O
users	O
retain	O
the	O
freedoms	O
defined	O
above	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
software	O
running	O
as	O
an	O
application	O
program	O
under	O
a	O
GPL-licensed	O
operating	O
system	O
such	O
as	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
is	O
not	O
required	O
to	O
be	O
licensed	O
under	O
GPL	B-License
or	O
to	O
be	O
distributed	O
with	O
source-code	O
availability	O
—	O
the	O
licensing	O
depends	O
only	O
on	O
the	O
used	O
libraries	O
and	O
software	O
components	O
and	O
not	O
on	O
the	O
underlying	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
if	O
a	O
program	O
consists	O
only	O
of	O
original	O
source	O
code	O
,	O
or	O
is	O
combined	O
with	O
source	O
code	O
from	O
other	O
software	O
components	O
,	O
then	O
the	O
custom	O
software	O
components	O
need	O
not	O
be	O
licensed	O
under	O
GPL	B-License
and	O
need	O
not	O
make	O
their	O
source	O
code	O
available	O
;	O
even	O
if	O
the	O
underlying	O
operating	O
system	O
used	O
is	O
licensed	O
under	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
,	O
applications	O
running	O
on	O
it	O
are	O
not	O
considered	O
derivative	O
works	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GNU	B-Application
Lesser	I-Application
General	I-Application
Public	I-Application
License	I-Application
(	O
LGPL	B-Application
)	O
was	O
created	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
weaker	O
copyleft	B-License
than	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
,	O
in	O
that	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
require	O
custom-developed	O
source	O
code	O
(	O
distinct	O
from	O
the	O
LGPL'ed	O
parts	O
)	O
to	O
be	O
made	O
available	O
under	O
the	O
same	O
license	O
terms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
fifth	O
section	O
of	O
version	O
3	O
states	O
that	O
no	O
GPL-licensed	O
code	O
shall	O
be	O
considered	O
an	O
effective	O
"	O
technical	O
protection	O
measure	O
"	O
as	O
defined	O
by	O
Article	O
11	O
of	O
the	O
WIPO	O
Copyright	O
Treaty	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
those	O
who	O
convey	O
the	O
work	O
waive	O
all	O
legal	O
power	O
to	O
prohibit	O
circumvention	O
of	O
the	O
technical	O
protection	O
measure	O
"	O
to	O
the	O
extent	O
such	O
circumvention	O
is	O
effected	O
by	O
exercising	O
rights	O
under	O
this	O
License	O
with	O
respect	O
to	O
the	O
covered	O
work	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
distribution	O
rights	O
granted	O
by	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
for	O
modified	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
work	O
are	O
not	O
unconditional	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
someone	O
distributes	O
a	O
GPL'ed	O
work	O
plus	O
their	O
own	O
modifications	O
,	O
the	O
requirements	O
for	O
distributing	O
the	O
whole	O
work	O
cannot	O
be	O
any	O
greater	O
than	O
the	O
requirements	O
that	O
are	O
in	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
requirement	O
is	O
known	O
as	O
copyleft	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
earns	O
its	O
legal	O
power	O
from	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
copyright	O
on	O
software	B-Application
programs	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
a	O
GPL	B-License
work	O
is	O
copyrighted	O
,	O
a	O
licensee	O
has	O
no	O
right	O
to	O
redistribute	O
it	O
,	O
not	O
even	O
in	O
modified	O
form	O
(	O
barring	O
fair	O
use	O
)	O
,	O
except	O
under	O
the	O
terms	O
of	O
the	O
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
is	O
only	O
required	O
to	O
adhere	O
to	O
the	O
terms	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
if	O
one	O
wishes	O
to	O
exercise	O
rights	O
normally	O
restricted	O
by	O
copyright	O
law	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
redistribution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conversely	O
,	O
if	O
one	O
distributes	O
copies	O
of	O
the	O
work	O
without	O
abiding	O
by	O
the	O
terms	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
(	O
for	O
instance	O
,	O
by	O
keeping	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
secret	O
)	O
,	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
sued	O
by	O
the	O
original	O
author	O
under	O
copyright	O
law	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Copyleft	B-License
uses	O
the	O
same	O
copyright	O
laws	O
to	O
accomplish	O
a	O
very	O
different	O
goal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
way	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
and	O
other	O
copyleft	B-License
licenses	I-License
attempt	O
to	O
enforce	O
libre	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
work	O
and	O
all	O
derivatives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
distributors	O
of	O
GPL'ed	O
programs	O
bundle	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
with	O
the	O
executables	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
alternative	O
method	O
of	O
satisfying	O
the	O
copyleft	B-License
is	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
written	O
offer	O
to	O
provide	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
on	O
a	O
physical	O
medium	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
CD	O
)	O
upon	O
request	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
practice	O
,	O
many	O
GPL'ed	O
programs	O
are	O
distributed	O
over	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
is	O
made	O
available	O
over	O
FTP	B-Protocol
or	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
.	I-Protocol
</s>
<s>
Copyleft	B-License
applies	O
only	O
when	O
a	O
person	O
seeks	O
to	O
redistribute	O
the	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Copyleft	B-License
applies	O
only	O
to	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
and	O
not	O
to	O
its	O
output	O
(	O
unless	O
that	O
output	O
is	O
itself	O
a	O
derivative	O
work	O
of	O
the	O
program	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
public	O
web	O
portal	O
running	O
a	O
modified	O
derivative	O
of	O
a	O
GPL'ed	O
content	B-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
is	O
not	O
required	O
to	O
distribute	O
its	O
changes	O
to	O
the	O
underlying	O
software	O
,	O
because	O
the	O
modified	O
web	O
portal	O
is	O
not	O
being	O
redistributed	O
but	O
rather	O
hosted	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
because	O
the	O
web	O
portal	O
output	O
is	O
also	O
not	O
a	O
derivative	O
work	O
of	O
the	O
GPL'ed	O
content	B-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
has	O
been	O
debate	O
on	O
whether	O
it	O
is	O
a	O
violation	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
to	O
release	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
in	O
obfuscated	O
form	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
in	O
cases	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
author	O
is	O
less	O
willing	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GPL	B-License
was	O
designed	O
as	O
a	O
license	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
a	O
contract	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Those	O
who	O
do	O
not	O
accept	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
's	O
terms	O
and	O
conditions	O
do	O
not	O
have	O
permission	O
,	O
under	O
copyright	O
law	O
,	O
to	O
copy	O
or	O
distribute	O
GPL-licensed	O
software	O
or	O
derivative	O
works	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
if	O
they	O
do	O
not	O
redistribute	O
the	O
GPL'ed	O
program	O
,	O
they	O
may	O
still	O
use	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
within	O
their	O
organization	O
however	O
they	O
like	O
,	O
and	O
works	O
(	O
including	O
programs	O
)	O
constructed	O
by	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
program	O
are	O
not	O
required	O
to	O
be	O
covered	O
by	O
this	O
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2017	O
,	O
a	O
US	O
federal	O
court	O
ruled	O
that	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
license	O
is	O
an	O
enforceable	O
contract	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2021	O
SFC	O
sued	O
Vizio	O
over	O
breach	O
of	O
contract	O
as	O
an	O
end	O
user	O
to	O
request	O
source	O
code	O
to	O
Vizio	O
's	O
TVs	O
,	O
a	O
federal	O
judge	O
has	O
ruled	O
in	O
the	O
interim	O
that	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
is	O
an	O
enforceable	O
contract	O
by	O
end	O
users	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
a	O
license	O
for	O
copyright	O
holders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
text	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
is	O
itself	O
copyrighted	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
copyright	O
is	O
held	O
by	O
the	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
FSF	O
permits	O
people	O
to	O
create	O
new	O
licenses	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
,	O
as	O
long	O
as	O
the	O
derived	O
licenses	O
do	O
not	O
use	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
preamble	O
without	O
permission	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
discouraged	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
since	O
such	O
a	O
license	O
might	O
be	O
incompatible	O
with	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
and	O
causes	O
a	O
perceived	O
license	B-License
proliferation	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
licenses	O
created	O
by	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
project	I-Application
include	O
the	O
GNU	B-Application
Lesser	I-Application
General	I-Application
Public	I-Application
License	I-Application
,	O
GNU	B-Application
Free	I-Application
Documentation	I-Application
License	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Affero	B-Application
General	I-Application
Public	I-Application
License	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
text	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
is	O
not	O
itself	O
under	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Copying	O
and	O
distributing	O
the	O
license	O
is	O
allowed	O
since	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
requires	O
recipients	O
to	O
get	O
"	O
a	O
copy	O
of	O
this	O
License	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
Program	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
FAQ	O
,	O
anyone	O
can	O
make	O
a	O
new	O
license	O
using	O
a	O
modified	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
as	O
long	O
as	O
they	O
use	O
a	O
different	O
name	O
for	O
the	O
license	O
,	O
do	O
not	O
mention	O
"	O
GNU	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
remove	O
the	O
preamble	O
,	O
though	O
the	O
preamble	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
modified	O
license	O
if	O
permission	O
to	O
use	O
it	O
is	O
obtained	O
from	O
the	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
(	O
FSF	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
FSF	O
,	O
"	O
The	O
GPL	B-License
does	O
not	O
require	O
you	O
to	O
release	O
your	O
modified	O
version	O
or	O
any	O
part	O
of	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
if	O
one	O
releases	O
a	O
GPL-licensed	O
entity	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
an	O
issue	O
regarding	O
linking	O
:	O
namely	O
,	O
whether	O
a	O
proprietary	B-Application
program	I-Application
that	O
uses	O
a	O
GPL	B-License
library	O
is	O
in	O
violation	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
key	O
dispute	O
is	O
whether	O
non-GPL	O
software	O
can	O
legally	O
statically	B-Library
link	I-Library
or	O
dynamically	B-Application
link	I-Application
to	O
GPL	B-License
libraries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GPL	B-License
is	O
clear	O
in	O
requiring	O
that	O
all	O
derivative	O
works	O
of	O
code	O
under	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
must	O
themselves	O
be	O
under	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ambiguity	O
arises	O
with	O
regards	O
to	O
using	O
GPL	B-License
libraries	O
,	O
and	O
bundling	O
GPL	B-License
software	O
into	O
a	O
larger	O
package	O
(	O
perhaps	O
mixed	O
into	O
a	O
binary	O
via	O
static	B-Library
linking	I-Library
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
ultimately	O
a	O
question	O
not	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
per	O
se	O
,	O
but	O
of	O
how	O
copyright	O
law	O
defines	O
derivative	O
works	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
(	O
which	O
holds	O
the	O
copyright	O
of	O
several	O
notable	O
GPL-licensed	O
software	B-Application
products	I-Application
and	O
of	O
the	O
license	O
text	O
itself	O
)	O
asserts	O
that	O
an	O
executable	B-Application
that	O
uses	O
a	O
dynamically	O
linked	O
library	O
is	O
indeed	O
a	O
derivative	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
also	O
created	O
the	O
LGPL	B-Application
,	O
which	O
is	O
nearly	O
identical	O
to	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
,	O
but	O
with	O
additional	O
permissions	O
to	O
allow	O
linking	O
for	O
the	O
purposes	O
of	O
"	O
using	O
the	O
library	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Richard	O
Stallman	O
and	O
the	O
FSF	O
specifically	O
encourage	O
library	O
writers	O
to	O
license	O
under	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
so	O
that	O
proprietary	B-Application
programs	I-Application
cannot	O
use	O
the	O
libraries	O
,	O
in	O
an	O
effort	O
to	O
protect	O
the	O
free-software	B-Application
world	O
by	O
giving	O
it	O
more	O
tools	O
than	O
the	O
proprietary	B-Application
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
people	O
believe	O
that	O
while	O
static	B-Library
linking	I-Library
produces	O
derivative	O
works	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
clear	O
whether	O
an	O
executable	B-Application
that	O
dynamically	O
links	O
to	O
a	O
GPL	B-License
code	O
should	O
be	O
considered	O
a	O
derivative	O
work	O
(	O
see	O
weak	O
copyleft	B-License
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linux	B-Operating_System
author	O
Linus	O
Torvalds	O
agrees	O
that	O
dynamic	B-Application
linking	I-Application
can	O
create	O
derived	O
works	O
but	O
disagrees	O
over	O
the	O
circumstances	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Novell	O
lawyer	O
has	O
written	O
that	O
dynamic	B-Application
linking	I-Application
not	O
being	O
derivative	O
"	O
makes	O
sense	O
"	O
but	O
is	O
not	O
"	O
clear-cut	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
evidence	O
for	O
good-intentioned	O
dynamic	B-Application
linking	I-Application
can	O
be	O
seen	O
by	O
the	O
existence	O
of	O
proprietary	B-Application
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
drivers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
an	O
article	O
in	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
Journal	O
,	O
Lawrence	O
Rosen	O
(	O
a	O
one-time	O
Open	O
Source	O
Initiative	O
general	O
counsel	O
)	O
argues	O
that	O
the	O
method	O
of	O
linking	O
is	O
mostly	O
irrelevant	O
to	O
the	O
question	O
about	O
whether	O
a	O
piece	O
of	O
software	O
is	O
a	O
derivative	O
work	O
;	O
more	O
important	O
is	O
the	O
question	O
about	O
whether	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
was	O
intended	O
to	O
interface	O
with	O
client	O
software	O
and/or	O
libraries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
also	O
the	O
specific	O
issue	O
of	O
whether	O
a	O
plugin	B-Application
or	O
module	B-Application
(	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
NVidia	O
or	O
ATI	O
graphics	B-Device
card	I-Device
kernel	B-Application
modules	I-Application
)	O
must	O
also	O
be	O
GPL	B-License
,	O
if	O
it	O
could	O
reasonably	O
be	O
considered	O
its	O
own	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
point	O
of	O
view	O
suggests	O
that	O
reasonably	O
separate	O
plugins	B-Application
,	O
or	O
plugins	B-Application
for	O
software	O
designed	O
to	O
use	O
plugins	B-Application
,	O
could	O
be	O
licensed	O
under	O
an	O
arbitrary	O
license	O
if	O
the	O
work	O
is	O
GPLv2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
case	O
study	O
,	O
some	O
supposedly	O
proprietary	B-Application
plugins	B-Application
and	O
themes/skins	O
for	O
GPLv2	O
CMS	B-Protocol
software	O
such	O
as	O
Drupal	B-Application
and	O
WordPress	B-Application
have	O
come	O
under	O
fire	O
,	O
with	O
both	O
sides	O
of	O
the	O
argument	O
taken	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
FSF	O
differentiates	O
on	O
how	O
the	O
plugin	B-Application
is	O
being	O
invoked	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
plugin	B-Application
is	O
invoked	O
through	O
dynamic	O
linkage	O
and	O
it	O
performs	O
function	O
calls	O
to	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
program	O
then	O
it	O
is	O
most	O
likely	O
a	O
derivative	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
mere	O
act	O
of	O
communicating	O
with	O
other	O
programs	O
does	O
not	O
,	O
by	O
itself	O
,	O
require	O
all	O
software	O
to	O
be	O
GPL	B-License
;	O
nor	O
does	O
distributing	O
GPL	B-License
software	O
with	O
non-GPL	O
software	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
minor	O
conditions	O
must	O
be	O
followed	O
that	O
ensures	O
the	O
rights	O
of	O
GPL	B-License
software	O
are	O
not	O
restricted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
is	O
a	O
quote	O
from	O
the	O
gnu.org	B-Application
GPL	B-License
FAQ	O
,	O
which	O
describes	O
to	O
what	O
extent	O
software	O
is	O
allowed	O
to	O
communicate	O
with	O
and	O
be	O
bundled	O
with	O
GPL	B-License
programs	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
known	O
violation	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
was	O
in	O
1989	O
,	O
when	O
NeXT	O
extended	O
the	O
GCC	B-Application
compiler	I-Application
to	O
support	O
Objective-C	B-Language
,	O
but	O
did	O
not	O
publicly	O
release	O
the	O
changes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
an	O
inquiry	O
they	O
created	O
a	O
public	O
patch	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2002	O
,	O
MySQL	B-Application
AB	O
sued	O
Progress	O
NuSphere	O
for	O
copyright	O
and	O
trademark	O
infringement	O
in	O
United	O
States	O
district	O
court	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NuSphere	O
had	O
allegedly	O
violated	O
MySQL	B-Application
's	O
copyright	O
by	O
linking	O
MySQL	B-Application
's	O
GPL'ed	O
code	O
with	O
NuSphere	O
Gemini	O
table	O
without	O
complying	O
with	O
the	O
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
hearing	O
,	O
FSF	O
commented	O
that	O
"	O
Judge	O
Saris	O
made	O
clear	O
that	O
she	O
sees	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
GPL	I-License
to	O
be	O
an	O
enforceable	O
and	O
binding	O
license.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2003	O
,	O
the	O
SCO	O
Group	O
stated	O
that	O
they	O
believed	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
to	O
have	O
no	O
legal	O
validity	O
and	O
that	O
they	O
intended	O
to	O
pursue	O
lawsuits	O
over	O
sections	O
of	O
code	O
supposedly	O
copied	O
from	O
SCO	O
Unix	O
into	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
a	O
problematic	O
stand	O
for	O
them	O
,	O
as	O
they	O
had	O
distributed	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
and	O
other	O
GPL'ed	O
code	O
in	O
their	O
Caldera	B-Operating_System
OpenLinux	I-Operating_System
distribution	O
,	O
and	O
there	O
is	O
little	O
evidence	O
that	O
they	O
had	O
any	O
legal	O
right	O
to	O
do	O
so	O
except	O
under	O
the	O
terms	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
remaining	O
claims	O
revolved	O
around	O
Project	B-Operating_System
Monterey	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
were	O
finally	O
settled	O
in	O
November	O
2021	O
by	O
IBM	O
paying	O
$14.25	O
million	O
to	O
the	O
TSG	O
(	O
previously	O
SCO	O
)	O
bankruptcy	O
trustee	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2004	O
,	O
the	O
netfilter/iptables	B-Application
project	O
was	O
granted	O
a	O
preliminary	O
injunction	O
against	O
Sitecom	O
Germany	O
by	O
Munich	O
District	O
Court	O
after	O
Sitecom	O
refused	O
to	O
desist	O
from	O
distributing	O
Netfilter	B-Application
's	O
GPL'ed	O
software	O
in	O
violation	O
of	O
the	O
terms	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Harald	O
Welte	O
,	O
of	O
Netfilter	B-Application
,	O
was	O
represented	O
by	O
ifrOSS	O
co-founder	O
Till	O
Jaeger	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Defendant	O
has	O
infringed	O
on	O
the	O
copyright	O
of	O
plaintiff	O
by	O
offering	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
'	O
netfilter/iptables	B-Application
'	O
for	O
download	O
and	O
by	O
advertising	O
its	O
distribution	O
,	O
without	O
adhering	O
to	O
the	O
license	O
conditions	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
independent	O
of	O
the	O
questions	O
whether	O
the	O
licensing	O
conditions	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
have	O
been	O
effectively	O
agreed	O
upon	O
between	O
plaintiff	O
and	O
defendant	O
or	O
not	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
were	O
not	O
agreed	O
upon	O
by	O
the	O
parties	O
,	O
defendant	O
would	O
notwithstanding	O
lack	O
the	O
necessary	O
rights	O
to	O
copy	O
,	O
distribute	O
,	O
and	O
make	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
'	O
netfilter/iptables	B-Application
'	O
publicly	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
ruling	O
was	O
important	O
because	O
it	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
that	O
a	O
court	O
had	O
confirmed	O
that	O
violating	O
terms	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
could	O
be	O
a	O
copyright	O
violation	O
and	O
established	O
jurisprudence	O
as	O
to	O
the	O
enforceability	O
of	O
the	O
GPLv2	O
under	O
German	O
law	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2005	O
,	O
Daniel	B-Application
Wallace	I-Application
filed	B-Application
suit	I-Application
against	O
the	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
in	O
the	O
Southern	O
District	O
of	O
Indiana	O
,	O
contending	O
that	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
is	O
an	O
illegal	O
attempt	O
to	O
fix	O
prices	O
(	O
at	O
zero	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
suit	O
was	O
dismissed	O
in	O
March	O
2006	O
,	O
on	O
the	O
grounds	O
that	O
Wallace	O
had	O
failed	O
to	O
state	O
a	O
valid	O
antitrust	O
claim	O
;	O
the	O
court	O
noted	O
that	O
"	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
encourages	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
discourages	O
,	O
free	O
competition	O
and	O
the	O
distribution	O
of	O
computer	O
operating	O
systems	O
,	O
the	O
benefits	O
of	O
which	O
directly	O
pass	O
to	O
consumers	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
8	O
September	O
2005	O
,	O
the	O
Seoul	O
Central	O
District	O
Court	O
ruled	O
that	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
was	O
not	O
material	O
to	O
a	O
case	O
dealing	O
with	O
trade	O
secrets	O
derived	O
from	O
GPL-licensed	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Defendants	O
argued	O
that	O
since	O
it	O
is	O
impossible	O
to	O
maintain	O
trade	O
secrets	O
while	O
being	O
compliant	O
with	O
GPL	B-License
and	O
distributing	O
the	O
work	O
,	O
they	O
are	O
not	O
in	O
breach	O
of	O
trade	O
secrets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
6	O
September	O
2006	O
,	O
the	O
gpl-violations.org	B-Application
project	O
prevailed	O
in	O
court	O
litigation	O
against	O
D-Link	B-General_Concept
Germany	O
GmbH	O
regarding	O
D-Link	B-General_Concept
'	O
s	O
copyright-infringing	O
use	O
of	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
in	O
storage	B-Application
devices	O
they	O
distributed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
judgment	O
stated	O
that	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
is	O
valid	O
,	O
legally	O
binding	O
,	O
and	O
stands	O
in	O
German	O
court	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
2007	O
,	O
the	O
BusyBox	B-Application
developers	O
and	O
the	B-Application
Software	I-Application
Freedom	O
Law	O
Center	O
embarked	O
upon	O
a	O
program	O
to	O
gain	O
GPL	B-License
compliance	O
from	O
distributors	O
of	O
BusyBox	B-Application
in	O
embedded	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
,	O
suing	O
those	O
who	O
would	O
not	O
comply	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
were	O
claimed	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
first	O
US	O
uses	O
of	O
courts	O
for	O
enforcement	O
of	O
GPL	B-License
obligations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
See	O
BusyBox	B-Application
GPL	B-License
lawsuits	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
11	O
December	O
2008	O
,	O
the	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
sued	B-Application
Cisco	I-Application
Systems	I-Application
,	I-Application
Inc	I-Application
.	I-Application
for	O
copyright	O
violations	O
by	O
its	O
Linksys	O
division	O
,	O
of	O
the	O
FSF	O
's	O
GPL-licensed	O
coreutils	B-Application
,	O
readline	B-Application
,	O
Parted	B-Application
,	O
Wget	B-Protocol
,	O
GNU	B-Application
Compiler	I-Application
Collection	I-Application
,	O
binutils	B-Application
,	O
and	O
GNU	B-Language
Debugger	I-Language
software	B-Architecture
packages	I-Architecture
,	O
which	O
Linksys	O
distributes	O
in	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
firmware	O
of	O
its	O
WRT54G	B-Application
wireless	B-Device
routers	I-Device
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
numerous	O
other	O
devices	O
including	O
DSL	O
and	O
Cable	O
modems	O
,	O
Network	B-Application
Attached	I-Application
Storage	I-Application
devices	O
,	O
Voice-Over-IP	O
gateways	O
,	O
virtual	B-Application
private	I-Application
network	I-Application
devices	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
home	O
theater/media	O
player	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cisco	O
settled	O
the	O
case	O
six	O
months	O
later	O
by	O
agreeing	O
"	O
to	O
appoint	O
a	O
Free	B-Application
Software	I-Application
Director	O
for	O
Linksys	O
"	O
to	O
ensure	O
compliance	O
,	O
"	O
to	O
notify	O
previous	O
recipients	O
of	O
Linksys	O
products	O
containing	O
FSF	O
programs	O
of	O
their	O
rights	O
under	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
,	O
"	O
to	O
make	O
source	O
code	O
of	O
FSF	O
programs	O
freely	O
available	O
on	O
its	O
website	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
make	O
a	O
monetary	O
contribution	O
to	O
the	O
FSF	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
noticed	O
that	O
GNU	B-Application
Emacs	I-Application
had	O
been	O
accidentally	O
releasing	O
some	O
binaries	O
without	O
corresponding	O
source	O
code	O
for	O
two	O
years	O
,	O
in	O
opposition	O
to	O
the	O
intended	O
spirit	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
a	O
copyright	O
violation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
FSF	O
did	O
not	O
sue	O
any	O
downstream	O
redistributors	O
who	O
also	O
unknowingly	O
violated	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
by	O
distributing	O
these	O
binaries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
Artifex	O
,	O
the	O
maker	O
of	O
Ghostscript	B-Language
,	O
sued	O
Hancom	O
,	O
the	O
maker	O
of	O
an	O
office	O
suite	O
which	O
included	O
Ghostscript	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Artifex	O
offers	O
two	O
licenses	O
for	O
Ghostscript	B-Language
;	O
one	O
is	O
the	O
Affero	O
GPL	B-License
License	I-License
and	O
the	O
other	O
is	O
a	O
commercial	O
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hancom	O
did	O
not	O
acquire	O
a	O
commercial	O
license	O
from	O
Artifex	O
nor	O
did	O
it	O
release	O
its	O
office	O
suite	O
as	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
First	O
,	O
Hancom	O
's	O
use	O
of	O
Ghostscript	B-Language
was	O
a	O
violation	O
of	O
copyright	O
;	O
and	O
second	O
,	O
Hancom	O
's	O
use	O
of	O
Ghostscript	B-Language
was	O
a	O
license	O
violation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Judge	O
Jacqueline	O
Scott	O
Corley	O
found	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
license	I-License
was	O
an	O
enforceable	O
contract	O
and	O
Hancom	O
was	O
in	O
breach	O
of	O
contract	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
20	O
July	O
2021	O
,	O
the	O
developers	O
of	O
the	O
open-source	B-Application
Stockfish	B-Application
chess	I-Application
engine	I-Application
sued	O
ChessBase	O
,	O
the	O
creator	O
of	O
chess	O
software	O
,	O
for	O
violating	O
the	O
GPLv3	O
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
claimed	O
that	O
Chessbase	O
had	O
made	O
only	O
slight	O
modifications	O
to	O
the	O
Stockfish	B-Application
code	O
and	O
sold	O
the	O
new	O
engines	O
(	O
Fat	O
Fritz	O
2	O
and	O
Houdini	O
6	O
)	O
to	O
their	O
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ChessBase	O
had	O
infringed	O
on	O
the	O
license	O
by	O
not	O
distributing	O
these	O
products	O
as	O
Free	B-Application
Software	I-Application
in	O
accordance	O
with	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
near	O
future	O
ChessBase	O
will	O
no	O
longer	O
sell	O
products	O
containing	O
Stockfish	B-Application
code	O
,	O
while	O
informing	O
their	O
customers	O
of	O
this	O
fact	O
with	O
an	O
appropriate	O
notice	O
on	O
their	O
web	O
pages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stockfish	B-Application
did	O
not	O
seek	O
damages	O
or	O
financial	O
compensation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Code	O
licensed	O
under	O
several	O
other	O
licenses	O
can	O
be	O
combined	O
with	O
a	O
program	O
under	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
without	O
conflict	O
,	O
as	O
long	O
as	O
the	O
combination	O
of	O
restrictions	O
on	O
the	O
work	O
as	O
a	O
whole	O
does	O
not	O
put	O
any	O
additional	O
restrictions	O
beyond	O
what	O
GPL	B-License
allows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
regular	O
terms	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
,	O
there	O
are	O
additional	O
restrictions	O
and	O
permissions	O
one	O
can	O
apply	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
user	O
wants	O
to	O
combine	O
code	O
licensed	O
under	O
different	O
versions	O
of	O
GPL	B-License
,	O
then	O
this	O
is	O
only	O
allowed	O
if	O
the	O
code	O
with	O
the	O
earlier	O
GPL	B-License
version	O
includes	O
an	O
"	O
or	O
any	O
later	O
version	O
"	O
statement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
the	O
GPLv3-licensed	O
GNU	B-Algorithm
LibreDWG	I-Algorithm
library	O
cannot	O
be	O
used	O
anymore	O
by	O
LibreCAD	B-Language
and	O
FreeCAD	B-Language
who	O
have	O
GPLv2-only	O
dependencies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Code	O
licensed	O
under	O
LGPL	B-Application
is	O
permitted	O
to	O
be	O
linked	O
with	O
any	O
other	O
code	O
no	O
matter	O
what	O
license	O
that	O
code	O
has	O
,	O
though	O
the	O
LGPL	B-Application
does	O
add	O
additional	O
requirements	O
for	O
the	O
combined	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LGPLv3	B-Application
and	O
GPLv2-only	O
can	O
thus	O
commonly	O
not	O
be	O
linked	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
combined	O
Code	O
work	O
would	O
add	O
additional	O
LGPLv3	B-Application
requirements	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
GPLv2-only	O
licensed	O
software	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
FSF	O
maintains	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
GPL-compatible	O
free	B-License
software	I-License
licenses	I-License
containing	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
free	B-License
software	I-License
licenses	I-License
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
original	O
MIT/X	B-License
license	I-License
,	O
the	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
license	I-Operating_System
(	O
in	O
its	O
current	O
3-clause	O
form	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Artistic	B-License
License	I-License
2.0	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
from	O
GPLv3	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
unilaterally	O
compatible	O
for	O
materials	O
(	O
like	O
text	O
and	O
other	O
media	O
)	O
under	O
Creative	O
Commons	O
Attribution-ShareAlike	O
4.0	O
International	O
License	O
to	O
be	O
remixed	O
into	O
the	O
GPL-licensed	O
materials	O
(	O
prominently	O
software	O
)	O
,	O
not	O
vice	O
versa	O
,	O
for	O
niche	O
use	O
cases	O
like	O
game	O
engine	O
(	O
GPL	B-License
)	O
with	O
game	O
scripts	O
(	O
CC	O
BY-SA	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
David	O
A	O
.	O
Wheeler	O
has	O
advocated	O
that	O
free/open	B-License
source	I-License
software	I-License
developers	O
use	O
only	O
GPL-compatible	O
licenses	O
,	O
because	O
doing	O
otherwise	O
makes	O
it	O
difficult	O
for	O
others	O
to	O
participate	O
and	O
contribute	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
specific	O
example	O
of	O
license	O
incompatibility	O
,	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
 '	O
ZFS	B-Application
cannot	O
be	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
GPL-licensed	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
,	O
because	O
it	O
is	O
licensed	O
under	O
the	O
GPL-incompatible	O
Common	B-Application
Development	I-Application
and	I-Application
Distribution	I-Application
License	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
ZFS	B-Application
is	O
protected	O
by	O
patents	O
,	O
so	O
distributing	O
an	O
independently	O
developed	O
GPL-ed	O
implementation	O
would	O
still	O
require	O
Oracle	O
's	O
permission	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
number	O
of	O
businesses	O
use	O
multi-licensing	B-License
to	O
distribute	O
a	O
GPL	B-License
version	O
and	O
sell	O
a	O
proprietary	B-Application
license	I-Application
to	O
companies	O
wishing	O
to	O
combine	O
the	O
package	O
with	O
proprietary	B-Application
code	O
,	O
using	O
dynamic	B-Application
linking	I-Application
or	O
not	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
such	O
companies	O
include	O
MySQL	B-Application
AB	O
,	O
Digia	O
PLC	O
(	O
Qt	B-Language
framework	I-Language
,	O
before	O
2011	O
from	O
Nokia	O
)	O
,	O
Red	O
Hat	O
(	O
Cygwin	B-Language
)	O
,	O
and	O
Riverbank	O
Computing	O
(	O
PyQt	B-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
companies	O
,	O
like	O
the	B-Operating_System
Mozilla	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
(	O
products	O
include	O
Mozilla	B-Language
Application	I-Language
Suite	I-Language
,	O
Mozilla	B-Application
Thunderbird	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Mozilla	B-Application
Firefox	I-Application
)	O
,	O
used	O
multi-licensing	B-License
to	O
distribute	O
versions	O
under	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
and	O
some	O
other	O
open-source	B-Application
licenses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
for	O
text	O
documents	O
instead	O
of	O
computer	B-Application
programs	I-Application
,	O
or	O
more	O
generally	O
for	O
all	O
kinds	O
of	O
media	O
,	O
if	O
it	O
is	O
clear	O
what	O
constitutes	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
(	O
defined	O
as	O
"	O
the	O
preferred	O
form	O
of	O
the	O
work	O
for	O
making	O
changes	O
in	O
it	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
manuals	O
and	O
textbooks	O
,	O
though	O
,	O
the	O
FSF	O
recommends	O
the	O
GNU	B-Application
Free	I-Application
Documentation	I-Application
License	I-Application
(	O
GFDL	B-Application
)	O
instead	O
,	O
which	O
it	O
created	O
for	O
this	O
purpose	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nevertheless	O
,	O
the	O
Debian	O
developers	O
recommended	O
(	O
in	O
a	O
resolution	O
adopted	O
in	O
2006	O
)	O
to	O
license	O
documentation	O
for	O
their	O
project	O
under	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
,	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
incompatibility	O
of	O
the	O
GFDL	B-Application
with	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
(	O
text	O
licensed	O
under	O
the	O
GFDL	B-Application
cannot	O
be	O
incorporated	O
into	O
GPL	B-License
software	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
the	O
FLOSS	B-Application
Manuals	I-Application
foundation	O
,	O
an	O
organization	O
devoted	O
to	O
creating	O
manuals	O
for	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
decided	O
to	O
eschew	O
the	O
GFDL	B-Application
in	O
favor	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
for	O
its	O
texts	O
in	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
is	O
used	O
for	O
computer	O
fonts	O
,	O
any	O
documents	O
or	O
images	O
made	O
with	O
such	O
fonts	O
might	O
also	O
have	O
to	O
be	O
distributed	O
under	O
the	O
terms	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
not	O
the	O
case	O
in	O
countries	O
that	O
recognize	O
typefaces	O
(	O
the	O
appearance	O
of	O
fonts	O
)	O
as	O
being	O
a	O
useful	O
article	O
and	O
thus	O
not	O
eligible	O
for	O
copyright	O
,	O
but	O
font	O
files	O
as	O
copyrighted	O
computer	B-Application
software	I-Application
(	O
which	O
can	O
complicate	O
font	O
embedding	O
,	O
since	O
the	O
document	O
could	O
be	O
considered	O
'	O
linked	O
 '	O
to	O
the	O
font	O
;	O
in	O
other	O
words	O
,	O
embedding	O
a	O
vector	O
font	O
in	O
a	O
document	O
could	O
force	O
it	O
to	O
be	O
released	O
under	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
,	O
but	O
a	O
rasterized	O
rendering	O
of	O
the	O
font	O
would	O
not	O
be	O
subject	O
to	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
FSF	O
provides	O
an	B-Application
exception	I-Application
for	O
cases	O
where	O
this	O
is	O
not	O
desired	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Historically	O
,	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
license	I-License
family	O
has	O
been	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
software	O
licenses	O
in	O
the	O
FOSS	B-License
domain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
1997	O
survey	O
of	O
MetaLab	O
,	O
then	O
the	O
largest	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
archive	O
,	O
showed	O
that	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
accounted	O
for	O
about	O
half	O
of	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
licensed	O
therein	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
a	O
2000	O
survey	O
of	O
Red	O
Hat	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
7.1	O
found	O
that	O
53%	O
of	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
was	O
licensed	O
under	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
about	O
68%	O
of	O
all	O
projects	O
and	O
82.1	O
%	O
of	O
the	O
open	O
source	O
industry	O
certified	O
licensed	O
projects	O
listed	O
on	O
SourceForge.net	B-Application
were	O
from	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
license	I-License
family	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
family	O
accounted	O
for	O
70.9	O
%	O
of	O
the	O
44,927	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
projects	O
listed	O
on	O
Freecode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
GPLv3	O
in	O
June	O
2007	O
,	O
adoption	O
of	O
this	O
new	O
GPL	B-License
version	O
was	O
much	O
discussed	O
and	O
some	O
projects	O
decided	O
against	O
upgrading	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
,	O
MySQL	B-Application
,	O
BusyBox	B-Application
,	O
AdvFS	B-Application
,	O
Blender	B-Application
,	O
VLC	B-Application
media	I-Application
player	I-Application
,	O
and	O
MediaWiki	B-Application
decided	O
against	O
adopting	O
GPLv3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
other	O
hand	O
,	O
in	O
2009	O
,	O
two	O
years	O
after	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
GPLv3	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
open-source	B-Application
programs	I-Application
office	O
manager	O
Chris	O
DiBona	O
reported	O
that	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
project	O
licensed	O
software	O
that	O
had	O
moved	O
from	O
GPLv2	O
to	O
GPLv3	O
was	O
50%	O
,	O
counting	O
the	O
projects	O
hosted	O
at	O
Google	B-Protocol
Code	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
,	O
four	O
years	O
after	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
GPLv3	O
,	O
6.5	O
%	O
of	O
all	O
open-source	B-Application
license	O
projects	O
are	O
GPLv3	O
while	O
42.5	O
%	O
are	O
GPLv2	O
according	O
to	O
Black	O
Duck	O
Software	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
in	O
2011	O
451	O
Group	O
analyst	O
Matthew	O
Aslett	O
argued	O
in	O
a	O
blog	O
post	O
that	O
copyleft	B-License
licenses	I-License
went	O
into	O
decline	O
and	O
permissive	B-License
licenses	I-License
increased	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
statistics	O
from	O
Black	O
Duck	O
Software	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
in	O
February	O
2012	O
Jon	O
Buys	O
reported	O
that	O
among	O
the	O
top	O
50	O
projects	O
on	O
GitHub	B-Application
five	O
projects	O
were	O
under	O
a	O
GPL	B-License
license	I-License
,	O
including	O
dual	B-License
licensed	I-License
and	O
AGPL	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GPL	B-License
usage	O
statistics	O
from	O
2009	O
to	O
2013	O
was	O
extracted	O
from	O
Freecode	O
data	O
by	O
Walter	O
van	O
Holst	O
while	O
analyzing	O
license	B-License
proliferation	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
+Usage	O
of	O
GPL	B-License
family	O
licenses	O
in	O
%	O
on	O
Freecode200920102011201220132014-06-18tags	O
letter	O
g	O
tagged	O
as	O
GPL	B-License
family	O
(	O
including	O
misnamed	O
variants	O
)	O
21000+100+3000+2000+400	O
of	O
47985	O
projects	O
on	O
freecode	O
(	O
18	O
June	O
2014	O
frozen	O
)	O
About	O
Freecode	O
on	O
freecode.com	O
"	O
The	O
Freecode	O
site	O
has	O
been	O
moved	O
to	O
a	O
static	O
state	O
effective	O
18	O
June	O
2014	O
due	O
to	O
low	O
traffic	O
levels	O
and	O
so	O
that	O
folks	O
will	O
focus	O
on	O
more	O
useful	O
endeavors	O
than	O
site	O
upkeep	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2013	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
Black	O
Duck	O
Software	O
,	O
the	O
website	O
's	O
data	O
shows	O
that	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
license	I-License
family	O
is	O
used	O
by	O
54%	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
projects	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
breakdown	O
of	O
the	O
individual	O
licenses	O
shown	O
in	O
the	O
following	O
table	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
a	O
later	O
study	O
in	O
2013	O
showed	O
that	O
software	O
licensed	O
under	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
license	I-License
family	O
has	O
increased	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
even	O
the	O
data	O
from	O
Black	O
Duck	O
Software	O
has	O
shown	O
a	O
total	O
increase	O
of	O
software	O
projects	O
licensed	O
under	O
GPL	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
study	O
used	O
public	O
information	O
gathered	O
from	O
repositories	B-Application
of	O
the	O
Debian	O
Project	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
study	O
criticized	O
Black	O
Duck	O
Software	O
for	O
not	O
publishing	O
their	O
methodology	O
used	O
in	O
collecting	O
statistics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Daniel	O
German	O
,	O
Professor	O
in	O
the	O
Department	O
of	O
Computer	O
Science	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Victoria	O
in	O
Canada	O
,	O
presented	O
a	O
talk	O
in	O
2013	O
about	O
the	O
methodological	O
challenges	O
in	O
determining	O
which	O
are	O
the	O
most	O
widely	O
used	O
free	B-License
software	I-License
licenses	I-License
,	O
and	O
showed	O
how	O
he	O
could	O
not	O
replicate	O
the	O
result	O
from	O
Black	O
Duck	O
Software	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
Black	O
Duck	O
,	O
GPLv2	O
lost	O
its	O
first	O
position	O
to	O
the	B-License
MIT	I-License
license	I-License
and	O
is	O
now	O
second	O
,	O
the	O
GPLv3	O
dropped	O
to	O
fourth	O
place	O
while	O
the	O
Apache	B-Application
license	I-Application
kept	O
its	O
third	O
position	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
+Usage	O
of	O
GPL	B-License
family	O
licenses	O
in	O
the	O
FOSS	B-License
domain	O
in	O
%	O
according	O
to	O
Black	O
Duck	O
Software	O
License	O
2008-05-08	O
2009-03-11Top	O
20	O
Most	O
Commonly	O
Used	O
Open	O
Source	O
Licenses	O
Shaun	O
Connolly	O
,	O
11	O
March	O
2009	O
2011-11-22	O
2013-08-12	O
2015-11-19	O
2016-06-06	O
2017-01-02	O
2018-06-04	O
GPLv2	O
58.69	O
%	O
52.2	O
%	O
42.5	O
%	O
33%	O
23%	O
21%	O
19%	O
14%	O
GPLv3	O
1.64	O
%	O
4.15	O
%	O
6.5	O
%	O
12%	O
9%	O
9%	O
8%	O
6%	O
LGPLv2.1	B-Application
11.39	O
%	O
9.84	O
%	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
6%	O
5%	O
4%	O
4%	O
3%	O
LGPLv3	B-Application
?	O
</s>
<s>
3%	O
2%	O
2%	O
2%	O
1%	O
GPL	B-License
family	O
together	O
71.72	O
%	O
( +	O
<	O
0.64	O
%	O
)	O
66.56	O
%	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
March	O
2015	O
analysis	O
of	O
the	O
GitHub	B-Application
repositories	B-Application
revealed	O
,	O
for	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
license	I-License
family	O
,	O
a	O
usage	O
percentage	O
of	O
approximately	O
25%	O
among	O
licensed	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2016	O
,	O
an	O
analysis	O
of	O
Fedora	O
Project	O
's	O
packages	O
revealed	O
the	O
GNU	O
GPLv2	O
or	O
later	O
as	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
license	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
GPL	I-License
family	O
as	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
license	O
family	O
(	O
followed	O
by	O
the	O
MIT	B-License
,	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
GNU	B-Application
LGPL	I-Application
families	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
analysis	O
of	O
whitesourcesoftware.com	O
in	O
April	O
2018	O
of	O
the	O
FOSS	B-License
ecosystem	O
saw	O
the	O
GPLv3	O
on	O
third	O
place	O
(	O
18%	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
GPLv2	O
on	O
fourth	O
place	O
(	O
11%	O
)	O
,	O
after	O
MIT	B-License
license	I-License
(	O
26%	O
)	O
and	O
Apache	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
license	I-Application
(	O
21%	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GPL	B-License
is	O
incompatible	O
with	O
many	O
application	O
digital	O
distribution	O
systems	O
,	O
like	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
App	I-Application
Store	I-Application
,	O
and	O
certain	O
other	O
software	O
distribution	O
platforms	O
(	O
on	O
smartphones	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
PCs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
problem	O
lies	O
in	O
the	O
right	O
"	O
to	O
make	O
a	O
copy	O
for	O
your	O
neighbour	O
"	O
,	O
as	O
this	O
right	O
is	O
violated	O
by	O
digital	O
rights	O
management	O
systems	O
embedded	O
within	O
the	O
platform	O
to	O
prevent	O
copying	O
of	O
paid	O
software	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
a	O
distinction	O
between	O
an	O
app	B-Application
store	I-Application
,	O
which	O
sells	O
DRM-restricted	O
software	O
under	O
proprietary	B-Application
licenses	I-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
more	O
general	O
concept	O
of	O
digital	O
distribution	O
via	O
some	O
form	O
of	O
online	O
software	B-Application
repository	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtually	O
all	O
modern	O
Unix	O
systems	O
and	O
Linux	B-Application
distributions	I-Application
have	O
application	O
repositories	B-Application
,	O
including	O
NetBSD	B-Device
,	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
,	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
,	O
Fedora	O
,	O
and	O
Debian	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
specific	O
application	O
repositories	B-Application
all	O
contain	O
GPL-licensed	O
software	O
apps	O
,	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
even	O
when	O
the	O
core	O
project	O
does	O
not	O
permit	O
GPL-licensed	O
code	O
in	O
the	O
base	O
system	O
(	O
for	O
instance	O
OpenBSD	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
other	O
cases	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Ubuntu	B-Language
App	I-Language
Store	I-Language
,	O
proprietary	B-Application
commercial	O
software	O
applications	O
and	O
GPL-licensed	O
applications	O
are	O
both	O
available	O
via	O
the	O
same	O
system	O
;	O
the	O
reason	O
that	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
App	I-Application
Store	I-Application
(	O
and	O
similar	O
projects	O
)	O
is	O
incompatible	O
with	O
GPL-licensed	O
apps	O
is	O
not	O
inherent	O
in	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
an	O
app	B-Application
store	I-Application
,	O
but	O
is	O
rather	O
specifically	O
due	O
to	O
Apple	O
's	O
terms-of-use	O
requirement	O
that	O
all	O
apps	O
in	O
the	O
store	O
utilize	O
Apple	O
DRM	O
restrictions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
's	O
app	B-Application
store	I-Application
does	O
not	O
demand	O
any	O
such	O
requirement	O
:	O
"	O
These	O
terms	O
do	O
not	O
limit	O
or	O
restrict	O
your	O
rights	O
under	O
any	O
applicable	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
licenses.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2001	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
CEO	O
Steve	O
Ballmer	O
referred	O
to	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
as	O
"	O
a	O
cancer	O
that	O
attaches	O
itself	O
in	O
an	O
intellectual	O
property	O
sense	O
to	O
everything	O
it	O
touches	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
to	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
attacks	O
on	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
,	O
several	O
prominent	O
Free	B-Application
Software	I-Application
developers	O
and	O
advocates	O
released	O
a	O
joint	O
statement	O
supporting	O
the	O
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
has	O
released	O
Microsoft	O
Windows	O
Services	O
for	O
UNIX	O
,	O
which	O
contains	O
GPL-licensed	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2009	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
itself	O
released	O
a	O
body	O
of	O
around	O
20,000	O
lines	O
of	O
Linux	B-Application
driver	I-Application
code	O
under	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Hyper-V	O
code	O
that	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
submitted	O
code	O
used	O
open-source	B-Application
components	O
licensed	O
under	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
and	O
was	O
originally	O
statically	O
linked	O
to	O
proprietary	B-Application
binary	O
parts	O
,	O
the	O
latter	O
being	O
inadmissible	O
in	O
GPL-licensed	O
software	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
The	O
description	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
as	O
"	O
viral	O
"	O
,	O
when	O
called	O
'	O
General	B-License
Public	I-License
Virus	I-License
 '	O
or	O
'	O
GNU	B-License
Public	I-License
Virus	I-License
 '	O
(	O
GPV	O
)	O
,	O
dates	O
back	O
to	O
a	O
year	O
after	O
the	O
GPLv1	O
was	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2001	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
received	O
broader	O
public	O
attention	O
when	O
Craig	O
Mundie	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
Senior	O
Vice	O
President	O
,	O
described	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
as	O
being	O
"	O
viral	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mundie	O
argues	O
that	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
has	O
a	O
"	O
viral	O
"	O
effect	O
in	O
that	O
it	O
only	O
allows	O
the	O
conveyance	O
of	O
whole	O
programs	O
,	O
which	O
means	O
programs	O
that	O
link	B-Application
to	O
GPL	B-License
libraries	O
must	O
themselves	O
be	O
under	O
a	O
GPL-compatible	O
license	O
,	O
else	O
they	O
cannot	O
be	O
combined	O
and	O
distributed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2006	O
,	O
Richard	O
Stallman	O
responded	O
in	O
an	O
interview	O
that	O
Mundie	O
's	O
metaphor	O
of	O
a	O
"	O
virus	O
"	O
is	O
wrong	O
as	O
software	O
under	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
does	O
not	O
"	O
attack	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
infect	O
"	O
other	O
software	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Accordingly	O
,	O
Stallman	O
believes	O
that	O
comparing	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
to	O
a	O
virus	O
is	O
inappropriate	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
a	O
better	O
metaphor	O
for	O
software	O
under	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
would	O
be	O
a	O
spider	O
plant	O
:	O
if	O
one	O
takes	O
a	O
piece	O
of	O
it	O
and	O
puts	O
it	O
somewhere	O
else	O
,	O
it	O
grows	O
there	O
too	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
other	O
hand	O
,	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
a	O
viral	O
nature	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
was	O
taken	O
up	O
by	O
others	O
later	O
too	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
a	O
2008	O
article	O
stated	O
:	O
"	O
The	O
GPL	B-License
license	I-License
is	O
'	O
viral	O
,	O
'	O
meaning	O
any	O
derivative	O
work	O
you	O
create	O
containing	O
even	O
the	O
smallest	O
portion	O
of	O
the	O
previously	O
GPL	B-License
licensed	O
software	O
must	O
also	O
be	O
licensed	O
under	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
license.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
project	I-Operating_System
has	O
stated	O
that	O
"	O
a	O
less	O
publicized	O
and	O
unintended	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
is	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
very	O
favorable	O
to	O
large	O
companies	O
that	O
want	O
to	O
undercut	O
software	O
companies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
other	O
words	O
,	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
is	O
well	O
suited	O
for	O
use	O
as	O
a	O
marketing	O
weapon	O
,	O
potentially	O
reducing	O
overall	O
economic	O
benefit	O
and	O
contributing	O
to	O
monopolistic	O
behavior	O
"	O
and	O
that	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
can	O
"	O
present	O
a	O
real	O
problem	O
for	O
those	O
wishing	O
to	O
commercialize	O
and	O
profit	O
from	O
software.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Richard	O
Stallman	O
wrote	O
about	O
the	O
practice	O
of	O
selling	O
license	O
exceptions	O
to	O
free	B-License
software	I-License
licenses	I-License
as	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
ethically	O
acceptable	O
commercialization	O
practice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Selling	O
exceptions	O
here	O
means	O
that	O
the	O
copyright	O
holder	O
of	O
a	O
given	O
software	O
releases	O
it	O
(	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
corresponding	O
source	O
code	O
)	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
under	O
a	O
free	B-License
software	I-License
license	I-License
,	O
"	O
then	O
lets	O
customers	O
pay	O
for	O
permission	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
same	O
code	O
under	O
different	O
terms	O
,	O
for	O
instance	O
allowing	O
its	O
inclusion	O
in	O
proprietary	B-Application
applications	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sometimes	O
this	O
approach	O
has	O
made	O
it	O
possible	O
for	O
important	O
programs	O
to	O
become	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
FSF	O
does	O
not	O
practice	O
selling	O
exceptions	O
,	O
a	O
comparison	O
with	O
the	O
X11	B-License
license	I-License
(	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
non-copyleft	B-License
free	B-License
software	I-License
license	I-License
)	O
is	O
proposed	O
for	O
suggesting	O
that	O
this	O
commercialization	O
technique	O
should	O
be	O
regarded	O
as	O
ethically	O
acceptable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Releasing	O
a	O
given	O
program	O
under	O
a	O
non-copyleft	B-License
free	B-License
software	I-License
license	I-License
would	O
permit	O
embedding	O
the	O
code	O
in	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stallman	O
comments	O
that	O
"	O
either	O
we	O
have	O
to	O
conclude	O
that	O
it	O
's	O
wrong	O
to	O
release	O
anything	O
under	O
the	O
X11	B-License
license	I-License
—	O
a	O
conclusion	O
I	O
find	O
unacceptably	O
extreme	O
—	O
or	O
reject	O
this	O
implication	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
a	O
non-copyleft	B-License
license	O
is	O
weak	O
,	O
and	O
usually	O
an	O
inferior	O
choice	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
's	O
not	O
wrong	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
other	O
words	O
,	O
selling	O
exceptions	O
permits	O
some	O
embedding	O
in	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
X11	B-License
license	I-License
permits	O
even	O
more	O
embedding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
this	O
does	O
n't	O
make	O
the	O
X11	B-License
license	I-License
unacceptable	O
,	O
it	O
does	O
n't	O
make	O
selling	O
exceptions	O
unacceptable	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2000	O
,	O
developer	O
and	O
author	O
Nikolai	O
Bezroukov	O
published	O
an	O
analysis	O
and	O
comprehensive	O
critique	O
of	O
GPL	B-License
's	O
foundations	O
and	O
Stallman	O
's	O
software	O
development	O
model	O
,	O
called	O
"	O
Labyrinth	O
of	O
Software	O
Freedom	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
2	O
of	O
the	O
WTFPL	B-License
(	O
Do	B-License
What	I-License
The	I-License
Fuck	I-License
You	I-License
Want	I-License
To	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
)	O
was	O
created	O
by	O
Debian	O
project	O
leader	O
Sam	O
Hocevar	O
in	O
2004	O
as	O
a	O
parody	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2005	O
,	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
advocate	O
Eric	O
S	O
.	O
Raymond	O
questioned	O
the	O
relevance	O
of	O
GPL	B-License
then	O
for	O
the	O
FOSS	B-License
ecosystem	O
,	O
stating	O
:	O
"	O
We	O
do	O
n't	O
need	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
anymore	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
's	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
belief	O
that	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
is	O
weak	O
and	O
needs	O
to	O
be	O
protected	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	O
source	O
would	O
be	O
succeeding	O
faster	O
if	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
did	O
n't	O
make	O
lots	O
of	O
people	O
nervous	O
about	O
adopting	O
it.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Richard	O
Stallman	O
replied	O
:	O
"	O
GPL	B-License
is	O
designed	O
to	O
...	O
ensure	O
that	O
every	O
user	O
of	O
a	O
program	O
gets	O
the	O
essential	O
freedoms	O
—	O
to	O
run	O
it	O
,	O
to	O
study	O
and	O
change	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
,	O
to	O
redistribute	O
copies	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
publish	O
modified	O
versions	O
...	O
 [ Raymond ] 	O
addresses	O
the	O
issue	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
different	O
goals	O
and	O
values	O
—	O
those	O
of	O
'	O
open	O
source	O
,	O
'	O
which	O
do	O
not	O
include	O
defending	O
software	O
users	O
 '	O
freedom	O
to	O
share	O
and	O
change	O
software.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2007	O
,	O
Allison	O
Randal	O
,	O
who	O
took	O
part	O
in	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
draft	O
committee	O
,	O
criticized	O
the	O
GPLv3	O
for	O
being	O
incompatible	O
with	O
the	O
GPLv2	O
and	O
for	O
missing	O
clarity	O
in	O
the	O
formulation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
Whurley	O
prophesied	O
in	O
2007	O
the	O
downfall	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
due	O
to	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
focus	O
for	O
the	O
developers	O
with	O
GPLv3	O
which	O
would	O
drive	O
them	O
towards	O
permissive	B-License
licenses	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
,	O
David	O
Chisnall	O
described	O
in	O
an	O
InformIT	O
article	O
,	O
"	O
The	O
Failure	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
"	O
,	O
the	O
problems	O
with	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
,	O
among	O
them	O
incompatibility	O
and	O
complexity	O
of	O
the	O
license	O
text	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
dtrace	B-Application
developer	O
and	O
Joyent	B-General_Concept
CTO	O
Bryan	O
Cantrill	O
called	O
the	O
copyleft	B-License
GPL	B-License
a	O
"	O
Corporate	O
Open	O
Source	O
Anti-pattern	O
"	O
by	O
being	O
"	O
anti-collaborative	O
"	O
and	O
recommended	O
instead	O
permissive	B-License
software	I-License
licenses	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Already	O
in	O
September	O
2006	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
draft	O
process	O
of	O
the	O
GPLv3	O
,	O
several	O
high-profile	O
developers	O
of	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
,	O
for	O
instance	O
Linus	O
Torvalds	O
,	O
Greg	O
Kroah-Hartman	O
,	O
and	O
Andrew	O
Morton	O
,	O
warned	O
on	O
a	O
splitting	O
of	O
the	O
FOSS	B-License
community	O
:	O
"	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
GPLv3	O
portends	O
the	O
Balkanisation	O
of	O
the	O
entire	O
Open	O
Source	O
Universe	O
upon	O
which	O
we	O
rely.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
the	O
GPLv3	O
release	O
in	O
2007	O
,	O
some	O
journalists	O
and	O
Toybox	B-Language
developer	O
Rob	O
Landley	O
criticized	O
that	O
with	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
GPLv3	O
the	O
split	O
between	O
the	O
open	O
source	O
and	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
community	O
became	O
wider	O
than	O
ever	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
significantly	O
extended	O
GPLv3	O
is	O
essentially	O
incompatible	O
with	O
the	O
GPLv2	O
,	O
compatibility	O
between	O
both	O
is	O
only	O
given	O
under	O
the	O
optional	O
"	O
or	O
later	O
"	O
clause	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
,	O
which	O
was	O
not	O
taken	O
for	O
instance	O
by	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bruce	O
Byfield	O
noted	O
that	O
before	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
GPLv3	O
,	O
the	O
GPLv2	O
was	O
a	O
unifying	O
element	O
between	O
the	O
open-source	B-Application
and	O
the	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
LGPLv3	B-Application
,	O
GNU	B-Application
TLS	I-Application
maintainer	O
Nikos	O
Mavrogiannopoulos	O
similarly	O
argued	O
,	O
"	O
If	O
we	O
assume	O
that	O
its	O
[	O
the	O
LGPLv3 ]	O
primary	O
goal	O
is	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
then	O
it	O
blatantly	O
fails	O
that	O
"	O
,	O
after	O
he	O
re-licensed	O
GNU	B-Application
TLS	I-Application
from	O
LGPLv3	B-Application
back	O
to	O
LGPLv2.1	B-Application
due	O
to	O
license	O
compatibility	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lawrence	O
Rosen	O
,	O
attorney	O
and	O
computer	O
specialist	O
,	O
praised	O
in	O
2007	O
how	O
the	O
community	O
using	O
the	O
Apache	B-Application
license	I-Application
was	O
now	O
able	O
to	O
work	O
together	O
with	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
community	O
in	O
a	O
compatible	O
manner	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
problems	O
of	O
GPLv2	O
compatibility	O
with	O
Apache	B-Application
licensed	O
software	O
were	O
resolved	O
with	O
the	O
GPLv3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
said	O
,	O
"	O
I	O
predict	O
that	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
biggest	O
success	O
stories	O
of	O
GPLv3	O
will	O
be	O
the	O
realization	O
that	O
the	O
entire	O
universe	O
of	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
can	O
thus	O
be	O
combined	O
into	O
comprehensive	O
open	O
source	O
solutions	O
for	O
customers	O
worldwide.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2013	O
,	O
Flask	B-Language
developer	O
Armin	O
Ronacher	O
draws	O
a	O
less	O
optimistic	O
conclusion	O
on	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
compatibility	O
in	O
the	O
FOSS	B-License
ecosystem	O
:	O
"	O
When	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
is	O
involved	O
the	O
complexities	O
of	O
licensing	O
becomes	O
a	O
non	O
fun	O
version	O
of	O
a	O
riddle	O
"	O
,	O
also	O
noting	O
that	O
the	O
conflict	O
between	O
Apache	B-Application
License	I-Application
2.0	O
and	O
GPLv2	O
still	O
has	O
impact	O
on	O
the	O
ecosystem	O
.	O
</s>
