<s>
Fuzzy	B-General_Concept
Markup	I-General_Concept
Language	I-General_Concept
(	O
FML	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
specific	O
purpose	O
markup	O
language	O
based	O
on	O
XML	B-Protocol
,	O
used	O
for	O
describing	O
the	O
structure	O
and	O
behavior	O
of	O
a	O
fuzzy	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
independently	O
of	O
the	O
hardware	O
architecture	O
devoted	O
to	O
host	O
and	O
run	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
framework	O
represented	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
concrete	O
examples	O
of	O
Ambient	B-Operating_System
Intelligence	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Beyond	O
this	O
pioneering	O
application	O
,	O
the	O
major	O
advantage	O
of	O
using	O
XML	B-Protocol
to	O
describe	O
a	O
fuzzy	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
is	O
hardware/software	O
interoperability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
markup	O
approach	O
makes	O
it	O
much	O
easier	O
to	O
exchange	O
fuzzy	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
between	O
software	O
:	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
machine	O
learning	O
application	O
could	O
extract	O
fuzzy	O
rules	O
which	O
could	O
then	O
be	O
read	O
directly	O
into	O
a	O
fuzzy	O
inference	O
engine	O
or	O
uploaded	O
into	O
a	O
fuzzy	O
controller	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
with	O
technologies	O
like	O
XSLT	B-Application
,	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
compile	O
the	O
FML	O
into	O
the	O
programming	O
language	O
of	O
your	O
choice	O
,	O
ready	O
for	O
embedding	O
into	O
whatever	O
application	O
you	O
please	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Although	O
Acampora	O
's	O
motivation	O
for	O
developing	O
FML	O
seems	O
to	O
be	O
to	O
develop	O
embedded	O
fuzzy	O
controllers	O
for	O
ambient	B-Operating_System
intelligence	I-Operating_System
applications	O
,	O
FML	O
could	O
be	O
a	O
real	O
boon	O
for	O
developers	O
of	O
fuzzy	O
rule	O
extraction	O
algorithms	O
:	O
from	O
my	O
own	O
experience	O
during	O
my	O
PhD	O
,	O
I	O
know	O
that	O
having	O
to	O
design	O
a	O
file	O
format	O
and	O
implement	O
the	O
appropriate	O
parsers	O
for	O
rule	O
extraction	O
and	O
fuzzy	O
inference	O
engines	O
can	O
be	O
a	O
real	O
pain	O
,	O
taking	O
as	O
much	O
time	O
as	O
implementing	O
the	O
rule	O
extraction	O
algorithm	O
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
complete	O
overview	O
of	O
FML	O
and	O
related	O
applications	O
can	O
be	O
found	O
in	O
the	O
book	O
titled	O
On	O
the	O
power	O
of	O
Fuzzy	B-General_Concept
Markup	I-General_Concept
Language	I-General_Concept
edited	O
by	O
Giovanni	O
Acampora	O
,	O
Chang-Shing	O
Lee	O
,	O
Vincenzo	O
Loia	O
and	O
Mei-Hui	O
Wang	O
,	O
and	O
published	O
by	O
Springer	O
in	O
the	O
series	O
Studies	O
on	O
Fuzziness	O
and	O
Soft	O
Computing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FML	O
allows	O
fuzzy	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
to	O
be	O
coded	O
through	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
correlated	O
semantic	O
tags	O
capable	O
of	O
modeling	O
the	O
different	O
components	O
of	O
a	O
classical	O
fuzzy	O
controller	O
such	O
as	O
knowledge	O
base	O
,	O
rule	O
base	O
,	O
fuzzy	O
variables	O
and	O
fuzzy	O
rules	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
design	O
a	O
well-formed	O
XML-based	O
language	O
,	O
an	O
FML	O
context-free	O
grammar	O
is	O
defined	O
by	O
means	O
of	O
a	O
XML	B-Protocol
schema	O
which	O
defines	O
name	O
,	O
type	O
and	O
attributes	O
characterized	O
each	O
XML	B-Protocol
element	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
since	O
an	O
FML	O
program	O
represents	O
only	O
a	O
static	O
view	O
of	O
a	O
fuzzy	O
logic	O
controller	O
,	O
the	O
so-called	O
eXtensible	O
Stylesheet	O
Language	O
Translator	O
(	O
XSLT	B-Application
)	O
is	O
provided	O
to	O
change	O
this	O
static	O
view	O
to	O
a	O
computable	O
version	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Indeed	O
,	O
XSLTs	B-Application
modules	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
convert	O
the	O
FML-based	O
fuzzy	O
controller	O
in	O
a	O
general	O
purpose	O
computer	O
language	O
using	O
an	O
XSL	O
file	O
containing	O
the	O
translation	O
description	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
XML	B-Protocol
in	O
order	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
new	O
markup	O
language	O
for	O
fuzzy	O
logic	O
control	O
;	O
</s>
<s>
a	O
XML	B-Protocol
Schema	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
define	O
the	O
legal	O
building	O
blocks	O
;	O
</s>
<s>
eXtensible	B-Application
Stylesheet	I-Application
Language	I-Application
Transformations	I-Application
(	O
XSLT	B-Application
)	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
convert	O
a	O
fuzzy	O
controller	O
description	O
into	O
a	O
specific	O
programming	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FML	O
syntax	O
is	O
composed	O
of	O
XML	B-Protocol
tags	O
and	O
attributes	O
which	O
describe	O
the	O
different	O
components	O
of	O
a	O
fuzzy	O
logic	O
controller	O
listed	O
below	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
attributes	O
of	O
<FuzzyVariable>	O
tag	O
are	O
:	O
name	O
,	O
scale	O
,	O
domainLeft	O
,	O
domainRight	O
,	O
type	O
and	O
,	O
for	O
only	O
an	O
output	O
,	O
accumulation	O
,	O
defuzzifier	B-General_Concept
and	O
defaultValue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
attribute	O
defines	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
fuzzy	O
concept	O
,	O
for	O
instance	O
,	O
temperature	O
;	O
scale	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
define	O
the	O
scale	O
used	O
to	O
measure	O
the	O
fuzzy	O
concept	O
,	O
for	O
instance	O
,	O
Celsius	O
degree	O
;	O
domainLeft	O
and	O
domainRight	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
model	O
the	O
universe	O
of	O
discourse	O
of	O
fuzzy	O
concept	O
,	O
that	O
is	O
,	O
the	O
set	O
of	O
real	O
values	O
related	O
to	O
fuzzy	O
concept	O
,	O
for	O
instance	O
 [ 0° , 40° ] 	O
in	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
Celsius	O
degree	O
;	O
the	O
position	O
of	O
fuzzy	O
concept	O
into	O
rule	O
(	O
consequent	O
part	O
or	O
antecedent	O
part	O
)	O
is	O
defined	O
by	O
type	O
attribute	O
(	O
input/output	O
)	O
;	O
accumulation	O
attribute	O
defines	O
the	O
method	O
of	O
accumulation	O
that	O
is	O
a	O
method	O
that	O
permits	O
the	O
combination	O
of	O
results	O
of	O
a	O
variable	O
of	O
each	O
rule	O
in	O
a	O
final	O
result	O
;	O
defuzzifier	B-General_Concept
attribute	O
defines	O
the	O
method	O
used	O
to	O
execute	O
the	O
conversion	O
from	O
a	O
fuzzy	O
set	O
,	O
obtained	O
after	O
aggregation	O
process	O
,	O
into	O
a	O
numerical	O
value	O
to	O
give	O
it	O
in	O
output	O
to	O
system	O
;	O
defaultValue	O
attribute	O
defines	O
a	O
real	O
value	O
used	O
only	O
when	O
no	O
rule	O
has	O
fired	O
for	O
the	O
variable	O
at	O
issue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FML	O
code	O
for	O
modeling	O
part	O
of	O
knowledge	O
base	O
of	O
this	O
fuzzy	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
containing	O
variables	O
food	O
and	O
tip	O
is	O
shown	O
below	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
realize	O
a	O
well-formed	O
XML-based	O
language	O
,	O
an	O
FML	O
context-free	O
grammar	O
is	O
necessary	O
and	O
described	O
in	O
the	O
following	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
FML	O
context-free	O
grammar	O
is	O
modeled	O
by	O
XML	B-Protocol
file	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
a	O
XML	B-Protocol
Schema	O
Document	O
(	O
XSD	O
)	O
which	O
expresses	O
the	O
set	O
of	O
rules	O
to	O
which	O
a	O
document	O
must	O
conform	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
be	O
considered	O
a	O
valid	O
FML	O
document	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
an	O
FML	O
program	O
realizes	O
only	O
a	O
static	O
view	O
of	O
a	O
fuzzy	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
so-called	O
eXtensible	O
Stylesheet	O
Language	O
Translator	O
(	O
XSLT	B-Application
)	O
is	O
provided	O
to	O
change	O
this	O
static	O
view	O
to	O
a	O
computable	O
version	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
particular	O
,	O
the	O
XSLT	B-Application
technology	O
is	O
used	O
convert	O
a	O
fuzzy	O
controller	O
description	O
into	O
a	O
general-purpose	O
computer	O
language	O
to	O
be	O
computed	O
on	O
several	O
hardware	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
,	O
a	O
XSLT	B-Application
converting	O
FML	O
program	O
in	O
runnable	O
Java	O
code	O
has	O
been	O
implemented	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
XSLT	B-Application
can	O
be	O
also	O
used	O
for	O
converting	O
FML	O
programs	O
in	O
legacy	O
languages	O
related	O
to	O
a	O
particular	O
hardware	O
or	O
in	O
other	O
general	O
purpose	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
