<s>
Functional	B-Algorithm
neuroimaging	I-Algorithm
is	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
neuroimaging	B-Algorithm
technology	O
to	O
measure	O
an	O
aspect	O
of	O
brain	O
function	O
,	O
often	O
with	O
a	O
view	O
to	O
understanding	O
the	O
relationship	O
between	O
activity	O
in	O
certain	O
brain	O
areas	O
and	O
specific	O
mental	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PET	O
,	O
fMRI	B-Algorithm
,	O
fNIRS	B-Algorithm
and	O
fUS	O
can	O
measure	O
localized	O
changes	O
in	O
cerebral	O
blood	O
flow	O
related	O
to	O
neural	O
activity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
methods	O
of	O
neuroimaging	B-Algorithm
involve	O
recording	O
of	O
electrical	O
currents	O
or	O
magnetic	O
fields	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
EEG	B-Application
and	O
MEG	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Different	O
methods	O
have	O
different	O
advantages	O
for	O
research	O
;	O
for	O
instance	O
,	O
MEG	O
measures	O
brain	B-Application
activity	I-Application
with	O
high	O
temporal	O
resolution	O
(	O
down	O
to	O
the	O
millisecond	O
level	O
)	O
,	O
but	O
is	O
limited	O
in	O
its	O
ability	O
to	O
localize	O
that	O
activity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
fMRI	B-Algorithm
does	O
a	O
much	O
better	O
job	O
of	O
localizing	O
brain	B-Application
activity	I-Application
for	O
spatial	O
resolution	O
,	O
but	O
with	O
a	O
much	O
lower	O
time	O
resolution	O
while	O
functional	B-Algorithm
ultrasound	I-Algorithm
(	O
fUS	O
)	O
can	O
reach	O
an	O
interesting	O
spatio-temporal	O
resolution	O
(	O
down	O
to	O
100	O
micrometer	O
,	O
100	O
milliseconds	O
,	O
at	O
15MHz	O
in	O
preclinical	O
models	O
)	O
but	O
is	O
also	O
limited	O
by	O
the	O
neurovascular	O
coupling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recently	O
,	O
Magnetic	O
particle	O
imaging	O
has	O
been	O
proposed	O
as	O
a	O
new	O
sensitive	O
imaging	O
technique	O
that	O
has	O
sufficient	O
temporal	O
resolution	O
for	O
functional	B-Algorithm
neuroimaging	I-Algorithm
based	O
on	O
the	O
increase	O
of	O
cerebral	O
blood	O
volume	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
MEG	O
and	O
EEG	B-Application
record	O
the	O
magnetic	O
or	O
electrical	O
fluctuations	O
that	O
occur	O
when	O
a	O
population	O
of	O
neurons	O
is	O
active	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PET	O
and	O
fMRI	B-Algorithm
measure	O
changes	O
in	O
the	O
composition	O
of	O
blood	O
near	O
a	O
neural	O
event	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traditional	O
"	O
activation	O
studies	O
"	O
focus	O
on	O
determining	O
distributed	O
patterns	O
of	O
brain	B-Application
activity	I-Application
associated	O
with	O
specific	O
tasks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
active	O
area	O
of	O
neuroimaging	B-Algorithm
research	O
involves	O
examining	O
the	O
functional	O
connectivity	O
of	O
spatially	O
remote	O
brain	O
regions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FMRI	B-Algorithm
and	O
PET	O
enable	O
creation	O
of	O
functional	O
connectivity	O
maps	O
of	O
distinct	O
spatial	O
distributions	O
of	O
temporally	O
correlated	O
brain	O
regions	O
called	O
functional	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
studies	O
using	O
neuroimaging	B-Algorithm
techniques	O
have	O
also	O
established	O
that	O
posterior	O
visual	O
areas	O
in	O
blind	O
individuals	O
may	O
be	O
active	O
during	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
nonvisual	O
tasks	O
such	O
as	O
Braille	O
reading	O
,	O
memory	O
retrieval	O
,	O
and	O
auditory	O
localization	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
other	O
auditory	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
can	O
be	O
done	O
noninvasively	O
in	O
humans	O
by	O
combining	O
transcranial	O
magnetic	O
stimulation	O
with	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
neuroimaging	B-Algorithm
tools	O
such	O
as	O
PET	O
,	O
fMRI	B-Algorithm
,	O
or	O
EEG	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
Science	O
,	O
September	O
30	O
,	O
2005	O
)	O
used	O
EEG	B-Application
to	O
record	O
how	O
activity	O
spreads	O
from	O
the	O
stimulated	O
site	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Functional	B-Algorithm
neuroimaging	I-Algorithm
draws	O
on	O
data	O
from	O
many	O
areas	O
other	O
than	O
cognitive	O
neuroscience	O
and	O
social	O
neuroscience	O
,	O
including	O
other	O
biological	O
sciences	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
neuroanatomy	O
and	O
neurophysiology	O
)	O
,	O
physics	O
and	O
maths	O
,	O
to	O
further	O
develop	O
and	O
refine	O
the	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Functional	B-Algorithm
neuroimaging	I-Algorithm
studies	O
have	O
to	O
be	O
carefully	O
designed	O
and	O
interpreted	O
with	O
care	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Functional	B-Algorithm
neuroimaging	I-Algorithm
of	O
interesting	O
phenomena	O
often	O
gets	O
cited	O
in	O
the	O
press	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
one	O
case	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
prominent	O
functional	B-Algorithm
neuroimaging	I-Algorithm
researchers	O
felt	O
compelled	O
to	O
write	O
a	O
letter	O
to	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
an	O
op-ed	O
article	O
about	O
a	O
study	O
of	O
so-called	O
neuropolitics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
report	O
briefly	O
explains	O
neuroimaging	B-Algorithm
technologies	O
and	O
mostly	O
critiques	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
somewhat	O
defends	O
,	O
their	O
current	O
state	O
,	O
import	O
and	O
prospects	O
.	O
</s>
