<s>
Fugaku	B-Device
is	O
a	O
petascale	B-General_Concept
supercomputer	B-Architecture
at	O
the	O
Riken	O
Center	O
for	O
Computational	O
Science	O
in	O
Kobe	O
,	O
Japan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
started	O
development	O
in	O
2014	O
as	O
the	O
successor	O
to	O
the	O
K	B-Device
computer	I-Device
and	O
made	O
its	O
debut	O
in	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
became	O
the	O
fastest	B-Operating_System
supercomputer	I-Operating_System
in	O
the	O
world	O
in	O
the	O
June	O
2020	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
list	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
becoming	O
the	O
first	O
ARM	O
architecture-based	O
computer	O
to	O
achieve	O
this	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fugaku	B-Device
was	O
superseded	O
as	O
the	O
fastest	B-Operating_System
supercomputer	I-Operating_System
in	O
the	O
world	O
by	O
Frontier	B-Device
in	O
May	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
is	O
built	O
with	O
the	O
Fujitsu	B-Device
A64FX	I-Device
microprocessor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
CPU	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
ARM	B-Architecture
version	O
8.2A	O
processor	O
architecture	O
,	O
and	O
adopts	O
the	O
Scalable	O
Vector	O
Extensions	O
for	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fugaku	B-Device
was	O
aimed	O
to	O
be	O
about	O
100	O
times	O
more	O
powerful	O
than	O
the	O
K	B-Device
computer	I-Device
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
a	O
performance	O
target	O
of	O
1	B-General_Concept
exaFLOPS	I-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
initial	O
(	O
June	O
2020	O
)	O
configuration	O
of	O
Fugaku	B-Device
used	O
158,976	O
A64FX	B-Device
CPUs	O
joined	O
using	O
Fujitsu	O
's	O
proprietary	O
torus	O
fusion	O
interconnect	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fugaku	B-Device
will	O
use	O
a	O
"	O
light-weight	O
multi-kernel	O
operating	O
system	O
"	O
named	O
IHK/McKernel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
operating	O
system	O
uses	O
both	O
Linux	B-Application
and	O
the	O
McKernel	O
light-weight	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
operating	O
simultaneously	O
and	O
side	O
by	O
side	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
infrastructure	O
that	O
both	O
kernels	B-Operating_System
run	O
on	O
is	O
termed	O
the	O
Interface	O
for	O
Heterogeneous	O
Kernels	B-Operating_System
(	O
IHK	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
high-performance	O
simulations	O
are	O
run	O
on	O
McKernel	O
,	O
with	O
Linux	B-Application
available	O
for	O
all	O
other	O
POSIX-compatible	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Besides	O
the	O
system	O
software	O
,	O
the	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
has	O
run	O
many	O
kinds	O
of	O
applications	O
,	O
including	O
several	O
benchmarks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Running	O
the	O
mainstream	O
HPL	O
benchmark	O
,	O
used	O
by	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
,	O
Fugaku	B-Device
is	O
at	O
petascale	B-General_Concept
and	O
almost	O
halfway	O
to	O
exascale	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
Fugaku	B-Device
has	O
set	O
world	O
records	O
on	O
at	O
least	O
three	O
other	O
benchmarks	O
,	O
including	O
HPL-AI	O
;	O
at	O
2.0	O
exaflops	O
,	O
the	O
system	O
has	O
exceeded	O
the	O
exascale	B-General_Concept
threshold	O
for	O
the	O
benchmark	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
reported	O
initial	O
performance	O
of	O
Fugaku	B-Device
was	O
a	O
Rmax	O
of	O
416	O
petaFLOPS	O
in	O
the	O
FP64	O
high	B-Device
performance	I-Device
LINPACK	I-Device
benchmark	I-Device
used	O
by	O
the	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
November	O
2020	O
upgrade	O
in	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
processors	O
,	O
Fugaku	B-Device
's	O
performance	O
increased	O
to	O
a	O
Rmax	O
of	O
442	O
petaFLOPS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
Fugaku	B-Device
also	O
attained	O
top	O
spots	O
in	O
other	O
rankings	O
that	O
test	O
computers	O
on	O
different	O
workloads	O
,	O
including	O
Graph500	B-Device
,	O
HPL-AI	O
,	O
and	O
HPCG	B-Operating_System
benchmark	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
No	O
previous	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
has	O
ever	O
led	O
all	O
four	O
rankings	O
at	O
once	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
a	O
hardware	O
upgrade	O
,	O
as	O
of	O
November	O
2020	O
,	O
"	O
Fugaku	B-Device
increased	O
its	O
performance	O
on	O
the	O
new	O
mixed	O
precision	O
HPC-AI	O
benchmark	O
to	O
2.0	O
exaflops	O
,	O
besting	O
its	O
1.4	O
exaflops	O
mark	O
recorded	O
six	O
months	O
ago	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
a	O
42%	O
increase	O
)	O
Interestingly	O
,	O
the	O
Arm	B-Architecture
A64FX	B-Device
core-count	O
was	O
only	O
increased	O
by	O
4.5	O
%	O
,	O
to	O
7	O
,	O
630	O
,	O
848	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
measured	O
performance	O
rose	O
much	O
more	O
on	O
that	O
benchmark	O
(	O
and	O
the	O
system	O
does	O
not	O
use	O
other	O
compute	O
capabilities	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
little	O
more	O
on	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
,	O
or	O
by	O
6.4	O
%	O
,	O
to	O
442	O
petaflops	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
world	O
record	O
and	O
widening	O
the	O
gap	O
to	O
the	O
next	O
computer	O
by	O
that	O
much	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
HPCG	B-Operating_System
benchmark	I-Operating_System
,	O
it	O
is	O
5.4	O
times	O
faster	O
,	O
at	O
16.0	O
HPCG-petaflops	O
,	O
than	O
the	O
number	O
two	O
system	O
,	O
Summit	B-Device
,	O
which	O
happens	O
to	O
also	O
be	O
second	O
on	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fugaku	B-Device
's	O
performance	O
surpasses	O
the	O
combined	O
performance	O
of	O
the	O
next	O
4	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
on	O
the	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
list	O
(	O
almost	O
next	O
5	O
)	O
and	O
surpasses	O
by	O
a	O
45%	O
margin	O
all	O
the	O
other	O
top-10	O
computers	O
on	O
the	O
HPCG	B-Operating_System
benchmark	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Note	O
that	O
it	O
has	O
been	O
reported	O
since	O
at	O
least	O
before	O
May	O
2021	O
that	O
China	O
had	O
developed	O
a	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
with	O
its	O
own	O
technology	O
that	O
exceeds	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
Fugaku	B-Device
by	O
a	O
factor	O
of	O
two	O
or	O
more	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
secretly	O
operating	O
it	O
to	O
avoid	O
sanctions	O
by	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
May	O
2022	O
,	O
China	O
is	O
reportedly	O
operating	O
two	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
with	O
exascale	B-General_Concept
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
May	O
23	O
,	O
2019	O
,	O
Riken	O
announced	O
that	O
the	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
was	O
to	O
be	O
named	O
Fugaku	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2019	O
,	O
the	O
logo	O
for	O
Fugaku	B-Device
was	O
unveiled	O
;	O
it	O
depicts	O
Mount	O
Fuji	O
,	O
symbolising	O
"	O
Fugaku	B-Device
's	O
high	O
performance	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
the	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
its	O
users	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2019	O
,	O
the	O
prototype	O
of	O
Fugaku	B-Device
won	O
first	O
place	O
in	O
the	O
Green500	B-Application
list	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2020	O
,	O
Fugaku	B-Device
became	O
the	O
fastest	B-Operating_System
supercomputer	I-Operating_System
in	O
the	O
world	O
in	O
the	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
list	O
,	O
displacing	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
Summit	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fugaku	B-Device
has	O
been	O
used	O
for	O
research	O
on	O
masks	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
COVID-19	O
pandemic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
+Performance	O
and	O
cost	O
comparison	O
chart	O
against	O
computers	O
ranked	O
#1	O
in	O
TOP500NameStart	O
yearEnd	O
year	O
Performance(PFLOPS )	O
This	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
Rmax	O
measurement	O
using	O
the	O
LINPACK	B-Device
benchmark	I-Device
at	O
FP64	O
precision	O
.	O
</s>
