<s>
A	O
free	B-Application
and	I-Application
open-source	I-Application
graphics	I-Application
device	I-Application
driver	I-Application
is	O
a	O
software	B-Application
stack	I-Application
which	O
controls	O
computer-graphics	B-General_Concept
hardware	I-General_Concept
and	O
supports	O
graphics-rendering	O
application	B-Application
programming	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
(	O
APIs	B-Application
)	O
and	O
is	O
released	O
under	O
a	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Graphics	O
device	B-Application
drivers	I-Application
are	O
written	O
for	O
specific	O
hardware	O
to	O
work	O
within	O
a	O
specific	O
operating	B-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
and	O
to	O
support	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
APIs	B-Application
used	O
by	O
applications	O
to	O
access	O
the	O
graphics	B-General_Concept
hardware	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
may	O
also	O
control	O
output	O
to	O
the	O
display	O
if	O
the	O
display	O
driver	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
graphics	B-General_Concept
hardware	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
free	B-Application
and	I-Application
open-source	I-Application
graphics	I-Application
device	I-Application
drivers	I-Application
are	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
Mesa	B-Application
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
driver	O
is	O
made	O
up	O
of	O
a	O
compiler	B-Language
,	O
a	O
rendering	B-Application
API	I-Application
,	O
and	O
software	O
which	O
manages	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
graphics	B-General_Concept
hardware	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Binary	O
drivers	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
operating	O
systems	O
that	O
are	O
prone	O
to	O
ongoing	O
development	O
and	O
change	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
Linux	B-Application
)	O
create	O
problems	O
for	O
end	O
users	O
and	O
package	B-Application
maintainers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
problems	O
,	O
which	O
affect	O
system	O
stability	O
,	O
security	O
and	O
performance	O
,	O
are	O
the	O
main	O
reason	O
for	O
the	O
independent	O
development	O
of	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
drivers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Based	O
on	O
this	O
understanding	O
,	O
device	B-Application
drivers	I-Application
may	O
be	O
written	O
and	O
legally	O
published	O
under	O
any	O
software	B-License
license	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
rare	O
cases	O
,	O
a	O
manufacturer	O
's	O
driver	O
source	O
code	O
is	O
available	O
on	O
the	O
Internet	O
without	O
a	O
free	B-License
license	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Solutions	O
to	O
bugs	B-Error_Name
in	O
the	O
driver	O
cannot	O
be	O
easily	O
shared	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
modified	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
driver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
the	O
utility	O
of	O
such	O
drivers	O
is	O
significantly	O
reduced	O
in	O
comparison	O
to	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
drivers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
wider	O
campaign	O
against	O
binary	O
blobs	O
,	O
OpenBSD	B-Operating_System
lead	O
developer	O
Theo	O
de	O
Raadt	O
said	O
that	O
with	O
a	O
binary	O
driver	O
there	O
is	O
"	O
no	O
way	O
to	O
fix	O
it	O
when	O
it	O
breaks	O
(	O
and	O
it	O
will	O
break	O
)	O
"	O
;	O
when	O
a	O
product	O
which	O
relies	O
on	O
binary	O
drivers	O
is	O
declared	O
to	O
be	O
end-of-life	O
by	O
the	O
manufacturer	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
effectively	O
"	O
broken	O
forever.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
has	O
also	O
stated	O
that	O
binary	O
drivers	O
"	O
hide	O
bugs	B-Error_Name
and	O
workarounds	O
for	O
bugs	B-Error_Name
"	O
,	O
an	O
observation	O
which	O
has	O
been	O
somewhat	O
vindicated	O
by	O
flaws	O
found	O
in	O
binary	O
drivers	O
(	O
including	O
an	O
exploitable	O
bug	B-Error_Name
in	O
Nvidia	O
's	O
3D	O
drivers	O
discovered	O
in	O
October	O
2006	O
by	O
Rapid7	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
speculated	O
that	O
the	O
bug	B-Error_Name
has	O
existed	O
since	O
2004	O
;	O
Nvidia	O
have	O
denied	O
this	O
,	O
asserting	O
that	O
the	O
issue	O
was	O
only	O
communicated	O
to	O
them	O
in	O
July	O
2006	O
and	O
the	O
2004	O
bug	B-Error_Name
was	O
a	O
bug	B-Error_Name
in	O
X.Org	B-Operating_System
(	O
not	O
in	O
Nvidia	O
's	O
driver	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Binary	O
drivers	O
often	O
do	O
not	O
work	O
with	O
current	O
versions	O
of	O
open-source	O
software	O
,	O
and	O
almost	O
never	O
support	O
development	O
snapshots	O
of	O
open-source	O
software	O
;	O
it	O
is	O
usually	O
not	O
directly	O
possible	O
for	O
a	O
developer	O
to	O
use	O
Nvidia	O
's	O
or	O
ATI	O
's	O
proprietary	O
drivers	O
with	O
a	O
development	O
snapshot	O
of	O
an	O
X	O
server	O
or	O
a	O
development	O
snapshot	O
of	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Features	O
like	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
mode-setting	I-Operating_System
cannot	O
be	O
added	O
to	O
binary	O
drivers	O
by	O
anyone	O
but	O
the	O
vendors	O
,	O
which	O
prevents	O
their	O
inclusion	O
if	O
the	O
vendor	O
lacks	O
capacity	O
or	O
interest	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
development	O
community	O
,	O
Linus	O
Torvalds	O
has	O
made	O
strong	O
statements	O
on	O
the	O
issue	O
of	O
binary-only	O
modules	B-Application
:	O
"	O
I	O
refuse	O
to	O
even	O
consider	O
tying	O
my	O
hands	O
over	O
some	O
binary-only	O
module	B-Application
...	O
</s>
<s>
I	O
want	O
people	O
to	O
know	O
that	O
when	O
they	O
use	O
binary-only	O
modules	B-Application
,	O
it	O
's	O
their	O
problem	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
developer	O
,	O
Greg	O
Kroah-Hartman	O
,	O
has	O
said	O
that	O
a	O
binary-only	O
kernel	B-Application
module	I-Application
does	O
not	O
comply	O
with	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
's	O
license	O
(	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
)	O
;	O
it	O
"	O
just	O
violates	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
due	O
to	O
fun	O
things	O
like	O
derivative	O
works	O
and	O
linking	B-Application
and	O
other	O
stuff.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Writer	O
and	O
computer	O
scientist	O
Peter	O
Gutmann	O
has	O
expressed	O
concern	O
that	O
the	O
digital	O
rights	O
management	O
scheme	O
in	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
may	O
limit	O
the	O
availability	O
of	O
the	O
documentation	O
required	O
to	O
write	O
open	O
drivers	O
,	O
since	O
it	O
"	O
requires	O
that	O
the	O
operational	O
details	O
of	O
the	O
device	O
be	O
kept	O
confidential.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
binary	O
drivers	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
objections	O
due	O
to	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
philosophy	O
,	O
software	O
quality	O
and	O
security	O
concerns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Closed	O
source	O
Linux	B-Application
kernel	I-Application
modules	I-Application
are	O
illegal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
I	O
've	O
had	O
the	O
misfortune	O
of	O
talking	O
to	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
different	O
IP	O
lawyers	O
over	O
the	O
years	O
about	O
this	O
topic	O
,	O
and	O
every	O
one	O
that	O
I	O
've	O
talked	O
to	O
all	O
agree	O
that	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
way	O
that	O
anyone	O
can	O
create	O
a	O
Linux	B-Application
kernel	I-Application
module	I-Application
,	O
today	O
,	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
closed	O
source	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
just	O
violates	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
due	O
to	O
fun	O
things	O
like	O
derivative	O
works	O
and	O
linking.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
has	O
never	O
maintained	O
a	O
stable	O
in-kernel	O
application	B-Operating_System
binary	I-Operating_System
interface	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
applications	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
3D	O
game	O
engine	O
or	O
a	O
3D	O
computer	O
graphics	O
software	O
shunt	O
calculations	O
from	O
the	O
CPU	O
to	O
the	O
GPU	B-Architecture
,	O
they	O
usually	O
use	O
a	O
special-purpose	O
API	B-Application
like	O
OpenGL	B-Application
or	O
Direct3D	B-Application
and	O
do	O
not	O
address	O
the	O
hardware	O
directly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
all	O
translation	B-Application
(	O
from	O
API	B-Application
calls	O
to	O
GPU	B-Architecture
opcodes	B-Language
)	O
is	O
done	O
by	O
the	O
device	B-Application
driver	I-Application
,	O
it	O
contains	O
specialized	O
knowledge	O
and	O
is	O
an	O
object	O
of	O
optimization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
history	O
of	O
the	O
rigidity	O
of	O
proprietary	O
driver	O
development	O
there	O
has	O
been	O
a	O
recent	O
surge	O
in	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
community-backed	O
device	B-Application
drivers	I-Application
for	O
desktop	O
and	O
mobile	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
desktop	B-Device
computer	I-Device
market	O
was	O
long	O
dominated	O
by	O
PC	O
hardware	O
using	O
the	O
x86/x86	O
-64	O
instruction	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
and	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
available	O
for	O
the	O
PC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
competing	O
factor	O
was	O
the	O
price	O
of	O
hardware	O
and	O
raw	O
performance	O
in	O
3D	O
computer	O
games	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
greatly	O
affected	O
by	O
the	O
efficient	O
translation	B-Application
of	O
API	B-Application
calls	O
into	O
GPU	B-Architecture
opcodes	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
functional	O
blocks	O
(	O
the	O
application-specific	O
integrated	O
circuit	O
display	O
driver	O
,	O
2	O
-	O
and	O
3D	B-Architecture
acceleration	I-Architecture
and	O
video	O
decoding	O
and	O
encoding	O
)	O
are	O
separate	O
semiconductor	O
intellectual	O
property	O
(	O
SIP	O
)	O
blocks	O
on	O
the	O
chip	O
,	O
since	O
hardware	O
devices	O
vary	O
substantially	O
;	O
some	O
portable	O
media	O
players	O
require	O
a	O
display	O
driver	O
that	O
accelerates	O
video	O
decoding	O
,	O
but	O
do	O
not	O
require	O
3D	B-Architecture
acceleration	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
second	O
quarter	O
of	O
2013	O
79.3	O
percent	O
of	O
smartphones	B-Application
sold	O
worldwide	O
were	O
running	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
dominates	O
smartphones	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hardware	O
developers	O
have	O
an	O
incentive	O
to	O
deliver	O
Linux	B-Application
drivers	I-Application
for	O
their	O
hardware	O
but	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
competition	O
,	O
no	O
incentive	O
to	O
make	O
these	O
drivers	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additional	O
problems	O
are	O
the	O
Android-specific	O
augmentations	O
to	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
which	O
have	O
not	O
been	O
accepted	O
in	O
mainline	B-Protocol
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Atomic	O
Display	O
Framework	O
(	O
ADF	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ADF	O
is	O
a	O
feature	O
of	O
3.10	O
AOSP	O
kernels	B-Operating_System
which	O
provides	O
a	O
dma-buf-centric	O
framework	O
between	O
Android	B-Application
's	O
hwcomposer	O
HAL	B-Application
and	O
the	O
kernel	B-Application
driver	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
ADF	O
significantly	O
overlaps	O
with	O
the	O
DRM-KMS	O
framework	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ADF	O
has	O
not	O
been	O
accepted	O
into	O
mainline	B-Protocol
,	O
but	O
a	O
different	O
set	O
of	O
solutions	O
addressing	O
the	O
same	O
problems	O
(	O
known	O
as	O
atomic	B-Application
mode	I-Application
setting	I-Application
)	O
is	O
under	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Projects	O
such	O
as	O
libhybris	B-Application
harness	O
Android	B-Application
device	B-Application
drivers	I-Application
to	O
run	O
on	O
Linux	B-Application
platforms	O
other	O
than	O
Android	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
drivers	O
are	O
primarily	O
developed	O
on	O
and	O
for	O
Linux	B-Application
by	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
developers	O
,	O
third-party	O
programming	O
enthusiasts	O
and	O
employees	O
of	O
companies	O
such	O
as	O
Advanced	O
Micro	O
Devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Mesa	B-Application
3D	I-Application
user-space	O
component	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
component	O
is	O
hardware-specific	O
;	O
it	O
is	O
executed	O
on	O
the	O
CPU	O
and	O
translates	O
OpenGL	B-Application
commands	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
into	O
machine	O
code	O
for	O
the	O
GPU	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
the	O
device	B-Application
driver	I-Application
is	O
split	O
,	O
marshalling	B-Application
is	O
possible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mesa	B-Application
3D	I-Application
is	O
the	O
only	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
implementation	O
of	O
OpenGL	B-Application
,	O
OpenGL	B-Application
ES	I-Application
,	O
OpenVG	B-Library
,	O
GLX	B-Device
,	O
EGL	B-Application
and	O
OpenCL	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
fully	O
functional	O
State	O
Tracker	O
for	O
Direct3D	B-Application
version	O
9	O
is	O
written	O
in	O
C	B-Language
,	O
and	O
an	O
unmaintained	O
tracker	O
for	O
Direct3D	B-Application
versions	O
10	O
and	O
11	O
is	O
written	O
in	O
C++	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wine	B-Application
has	O
Direct3D	B-Application
version	O
9	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
Wine	B-Application
component	O
translates	O
Direct3D	B-Application
calls	O
into	O
OpenGL	B-Application
calls	O
,	O
working	O
with	O
OpenGL	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DRM	B-Application
is	O
kernel-specific	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
VESA	O
driver	O
supports	O
most	O
graphics	O
cards	O
without	O
acceleration	O
and	O
at	O
display	B-General_Concept
resolutions	I-General_Concept
limited	O
to	O
a	O
set	O
programmed	O
in	O
the	O
Video	B-Device
BIOS	I-Device
by	O
the	O
manufacturer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Linux	B-Application
graphics	O
stack	O
has	O
evolved	O
,	O
detoured	O
by	O
the	O
X	B-Device
Window	I-Device
System	I-Device
core	I-Device
protocol	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
AMD	O
's	O
proprietary	O
driver	O
,	O
AMD	B-Application
Catalyst	I-Application
for	O
their	O
Radeon	B-Device
,	O
is	O
available	O
for	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
and	O
Linux	B-Application
(	O
formerly	O
fglrx	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
current	O
version	O
can	O
be	O
downloaded	O
from	O
AMD	O
's	O
site	O
,	O
and	O
some	O
Linux	B-Application
distributions	O
contain	O
it	O
in	O
their	O
repositories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
in	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
being	O
replaced	O
with	O
an	O
AMDGPU-PRO	O
hybrid	O
driver	O
combining	O
the	O
open-source	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
,	O
X	O
and	O
Mesa	B-Application
multimedia	O
drivers	O
with	O
closed-source	O
OpenGL	B-Application
,	O
OpenCL	B-Application
and	O
Vulkan	O
drivers	O
derived	O
from	O
Catalyst	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
FOSS	B-License
drivers	O
for	O
ATI-AMD	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
are	O
being	O
developed	O
under	O
the	O
name	O
Radeon	B-Device
(	O
xf86-video-ati	O
or	O
xserver-xorg-video-radeon	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
still	O
must	O
load	O
proprietary	O
microcode	O
into	O
the	O
GPU	B-Architecture
to	O
enable	O
hardware	O
acceleration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Radeon	B-Device
3D	O
code	O
is	O
split	O
into	O
six	O
drivers	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
GPU	B-Architecture
technology	O
:	O
the	O
radeon	B-Device
,	O
r200	B-Device
and	O
r300	B-Device
classic	O
drivers	O
and	O
r300g	O
,	O
r600g	O
and	O
radeonsi	O
Gallium3D	O
drivers	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Radeon	B-Device
supports	O
the	O
R100	B-Device
series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
R200	B-Device
supports	O
the	O
R200	B-Device
series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
R300g	O
supports	O
pre-unified	O
shader	O
model	O
microarchitectures	O
:	O
R300	B-Device
,	O
R400	B-Device
and	O
R500	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
R600g	O
supports	O
all	O
TeraScale	B-Architecture
(	O
VLIW5/4	O
)	O
-based	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
:	O
R600	O
,	O
R700	B-Device
,	O
HD	O
5000	O
(	O
Evergreen	O
)	O
and	O
HD	O
6000	O
(	O
Northern	O
Islands	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Radeonsi	O
supports	O
all	O
Graphics	O
Core	O
Next-based	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
:	O
HD	O
7000	O
,	O
HD	B-General_Concept
8000	I-General_Concept
and	O
Rx	B-Device
200	I-Device
(	O
Southern	O
Islands	O
,	O
Sea	B-General_Concept
Islands	I-General_Concept
and	O
Volcanic	B-Device
Islands	I-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
Radeon	B-Device
graphics	O
device	B-Application
drivers	I-Application
are	O
not	O
reverse-engineered	O
,	O
but	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
documentation	O
released	O
by	O
AMD	O
without	O
the	O
requirement	O
to	O
sign	O
a	O
non-disclosure	O
agreement	O
(	O
NDA	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
components	O
of	O
the	O
Radeon	B-Device
graphics	O
device	B-Application
driver	I-Application
are	O
developed	O
by	O
core	O
contributors	O
and	O
interested	O
parties	O
worldwide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
2014	O
Game	O
Developers	O
Conference	O
,	O
AMD	O
announced	O
that	O
they	O
were	O
exploring	O
a	O
strategy	O
change	O
to	O
re-base	O
the	O
user-space	O
part	O
of	O
Catalyst	O
on	O
a	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
DRM	B-Application
kernel	B-Application
module	I-Application
instead	O
of	O
their	O
proprietary	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
blob	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
new	O
AMDGPU	O
kernel	B-Application
module	I-Application
and	O
stack	O
was	O
announced	O
on	O
the	O
dri-devel	O
mailing	O
list	O
in	O
April	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
AMDGPU	O
only	O
officially	O
supports	O
GCN	O
1.2	O
and	O
later	O
graphics	O
cards	O
,	O
experimental	O
support	O
for	O
GCN	O
1.0	O
and	O
1.1	O
graphics	O
cards	O
(	O
which	O
are	O
only	O
officially	O
supported	O
by	O
the	O
Radeon	B-Device
driver	O
)	O
may	O
be	O
enabled	O
via	O
a	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
parameter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
separate	O
libdrm	B-Application
,	O
libdrm-amdgpu	O
,	O
has	O
been	O
included	O
since	O
libdrm	B-Application
2.4.63	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
radeonsi	O
3D	O
code	O
mentioned	O
in	O
the	O
previous	O
Radeon	B-Device
paragraph	O
is	O
also	O
used	O
with	O
amdgpu	O
;	O
the	O
3D	O
driver	O
has	O
back	O
ends	O
for	O
both	O
radeon	B-Device
and	O
amdgpu	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nvidia	O
's	O
proprietary	O
driver	O
,	O
Nvidia	B-Application
GeForce	I-Application
driver	I-Application
for	O
GeForce	B-Application
,	O
is	O
available	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
x86/x86	O
-64	O
,	O
Linux	B-Application
x86/x86-64/ARM	O
,	O
OS	B-Application
X	I-Application
10.5	I-Application
and	O
later	O
,	O
Solaris	B-Application
x86/x86	O
-64	O
and	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
x86/x86	O
-64	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
current	O
version	O
can	O
be	O
downloaded	O
from	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
and	O
some	O
Linux	B-Application
distributions	O
contain	O
it	O
in	O
their	O
repositories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
4	O
October	O
2013	O
beta	O
Nvidia	B-Application
GeForce	I-Application
driver	I-Application
331.13	O
supports	O
the	O
EGL	B-Application
interface	O
,	O
enabling	O
support	O
for	O
Wayland	B-Language
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
this	O
driver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nvidia	O
's	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
driver	O
is	O
named	O
nv	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nvidia	O
decided	O
to	O
deprecate	O
nv	O
,	O
not	O
adding	O
support	O
for	O
Fermi	B-General_Concept
or	O
later	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
and	O
DisplayPort	B-Protocol
,	O
in	O
March	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
23	O
September	O
2013	O
The	O
company	O
announced	O
that	O
they	O
would	O
release	O
some	O
documentation	O
of	O
their	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
project	O
aims	O
to	O
produce	O
3D	B-Architecture
acceleration	I-Architecture
for	O
X.Org/Wayland	O
using	O
Gallium3D	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
26	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
Nouveau	O
's	O
DRM	B-Application
component	O
was	O
marked	O
stable	O
and	O
promoted	O
from	O
the	O
staging	O
area	O
of	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nouveau	O
supports	O
Tesla	B-Operating_System
-	O
(	O
and	O
earlier	O
)	O
,	O
Fermi-	O
,	O
Kepler	B-General_Concept
-	O
and	O
Maxwell-based	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
31	O
January	O
2014	O
,	O
Nvidia	O
employee	O
Alexandre	O
Courbot	O
committed	O
an	O
extensive	O
patch	O
set	O
which	O
adds	O
initial	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
GK20A	O
(	O
Tegra	B-Operating_System
K1	O
)	O
to	O
Nouveau	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2014	O
,	O
Codethink	O
reportedly	O
ran	O
a	O
Wayland-based	O
Weston	B-Application
compositor	O
with	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
3.15	O
,	O
using	O
EGL	B-Application
and	O
a	O
"	O
100%	O
open-source	O
graphics	O
driver	O
stack	O
"	O
on	O
a	O
Tegra	B-Operating_System
K1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2014	O
,	O
Nouveau	O
was	O
unable	O
to	O
outperform	O
the	O
Nvidia	B-Application
GeForce	I-Application
driver	I-Application
due	O
to	O
missing	O
re-clocking	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tegra-re	O
is	O
a	O
project	O
which	O
is	O
working	O
to	O
reverse-engineer	O
nVidia	O
's	O
VLIW-based	O
Tegra	B-Operating_System
series	O
of	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
that	O
predate	O
Tegra	B-Operating_System
K1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nvidia	O
distributes	O
proprietary	O
device	B-Application
drivers	I-Application
for	O
Tegra	B-Operating_System
through	O
OEMs	O
and	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
its	O
Linux	B-Application
for	O
Tegra	B-Operating_System
(	O
formerly	O
L4T	O
)	O
development	O
kit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nvidia	O
and	O
a	O
partner	O
,	O
Avionic	O
Design	O
,	O
were	O
working	O
on	O
submitting	O
Grate	O
(	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
drivers	O
for	O
Tegra	B-Operating_System
)	O
upstream	O
of	O
the	O
mainline	B-Protocol
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
in	O
April	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
's	O
co-founder	O
and	O
CEO	O
laid	O
out	O
the	O
Tegra	B-Operating_System
processor	O
roadmap	O
with	O
Ubuntu	O
Unity	O
at	O
the	O
2013	O
GPU	B-Architecture
Technology	O
Conference	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nvidia	O
's	O
Unified	O
Memory	O
driver	O
(	O
nvidia-uvm.ko	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
implements	O
memory	O
management	O
for	O
Pascal	O
and	O
Volta	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
on	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
is	O
MIT	O
licensed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
source	O
code	O
is	O
available	O
in	O
the	O
Nvidia	O
Linux	B-Application
driver	I-Application
downloads	O
on	O
systems	O
that	O
support	O
nvidia-uvm.ko	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2022	O
Nvidia	O
Announced	O
a	O
new	O
initiative	O
and	O
policy	O
to	O
open	O
source	O
its	O
GPU	B-Architecture
Loadable	B-Application
Kernel	I-Application
Modules	I-Application
with	O
dual	O
GPL/MIT	O
license	O
,	O
but	O
only	O
new	O
models	O
at	O
alpha	O
quality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
said	O
"	O
These	O
changes	O
are	O
for	O
the	O
kernel	B-Application
modules	I-Application
,	O
while	O
the	O
user-mode	O
components	O
are	O
untouched	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intel	O
has	O
a	O
history	O
of	O
producing	O
(	O
or	O
commissioning	O
)	O
open-source	O
drivers	O
for	O
its	O
graphics	O
chips	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
exception	O
of	O
their	O
PowerVR-based	O
chips	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
2D	O
X.Org	B-Operating_System
driver	O
is	O
called	O
xf86-video-intel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
mode-setting	I-Operating_System
driver	O
in	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
does	O
not	O
use	O
the	O
Video	B-Device
BIOS	I-Device
for	O
switching	O
video	B-General_Concept
modes	I-General_Concept
;	O
since	O
some	O
BIOSes	O
have	O
a	O
limited	O
range	O
of	O
modes	O
,	O
this	O
provides	O
more	O
reliable	O
access	O
to	O
those	O
supported	O
by	O
Intel	O
video	O
adapters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
worked	O
on	O
optimizing	O
their	O
free	O
Linux	B-Application
drivers	I-Application
for	O
performance	O
approaching	O
their	O
Windows	B-Application
counterparts	O
,	O
especially	O
on	O
Sandy	B-Device
Bridge	I-Device
and	O
newer	O
hardware	O
where	O
performance	O
optimizations	O
have	O
allowed	O
the	O
Intel	O
driver	O
to	O
outperform	O
their	O
proprietary	O
Windows	B-Application
drivers	O
in	O
certain	O
tasks	O
,	O
in	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Support	O
for	O
Intel	O
's	O
LLC	O
(	O
Last	O
Level	O
Cache	O
,	O
L4-Cache	O
,	O
Crystalwell	O
and	O
Iris	O
Pro	O
)	O
was	O
added	O
in	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
3.12	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
company	O
has	O
20	O
to	O
30	O
full-time	O
Linux	B-Application
graphics	O
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Matrox	B-Application
develops	O
and	O
manufactures	O
the	O
Matrox	B-Device
Mystique	I-Device
,	O
Parhelia	B-Device
,	O
G200	B-General_Concept
,	O
G400	B-Device
and	O
G550	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
company	O
provides	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
drivers	O
for	O
their	O
chipsets	O
which	O
are	O
older	O
than	O
the	O
G550	O
;	O
chipsets	O
newer	O
than	O
the	O
G550	O
are	O
supported	O
by	O
a	O
closed-source	O
driver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
S3	O
Graphics	O
develops	O
the	O
S3	B-Device
Trio	I-Device
,	O
ViRGE	B-Device
,	O
Savage	B-Device
and	O
Chrome	B-Application
,	O
supported	O
by	O
OpenChrome	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Arm	B-Architecture
Holdings	O
is	O
a	O
fabless	O
semiconductor	O
company	O
which	O
licenses	O
semiconductor	B-Architecture
intellectual	I-Architecture
property	I-Architecture
cores	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
they	O
are	O
known	O
for	O
the	O
licensing	O
the	O
ARM	B-Architecture
instruction	I-Architecture
set	I-Architecture
and	O
CPUs	O
based	O
on	O
it	O
,	O
they	O
also	O
develop	O
and	O
license	O
the	O
Mali	B-General_Concept
series	I-General_Concept
of	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
21	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
Phoronix	O
reported	O
that	O
Luc	O
Verhaegen	O
was	O
driving	O
a	O
reverse-engineering	O
attempt	O
aimed	O
at	O
the	O
Arm	B-Architecture
Holdings	O
Mali	B-General_Concept
series	I-General_Concept
of	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
(	O
specifically	O
,	O
the	O
Mali-200	O
and	O
Mali-400	O
versions	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
2	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
Verhaegen	O
demonstrated	O
Quake	B-Application
III	I-Application
Arena	I-Application
in	O
timedemo	O
mode	O
,	O
running	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
Lima	O
driver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2018	O
,	O
a	O
Lima	O
developer	O
posted	O
the	O
driver	O
for	O
inclusion	O
in	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
May	O
2019	O
,	O
the	O
Lima	O
driver	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
mainline	B-Protocol
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Panfrost	O
is	O
a	O
reverse-engineered	O
driver	O
effort	O
for	O
Mali	B-General_Concept
Txxx	O
(	O
Midgard	O
)	O
and	O
Gxx	O
(	O
Bifrost	O
)	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
talk	O
was	O
presented	O
at	O
X.Org	B-Operating_System
Developer	O
's	O
Conference	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
May	O
2019	O
,	O
the	O
Panfrost	O
driver	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
mainline	B-Protocol
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
ARM	B-Architecture
has	O
indicated	O
no	O
intention	O
of	O
providing	O
support	O
for	O
their	O
graphics	B-Architecture
acceleration	I-Architecture
hardware	O
licensed	O
under	O
a	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
ARM	B-Architecture
employees	O
sent	O
patches	O
for	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
to	O
support	O
their	O
ARM	B-Architecture
HDLCD	O
display	O
controller	O
and	O
Mali	B-General_Concept
DP500	O
,	O
DP550	O
and	O
DP650	O
SIP	O
blocks	O
in	O
December	O
2015	O
and	O
April	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Imagination	O
Technologies	O
is	O
a	O
fabless	O
semiconductor	O
company	O
which	O
develops	O
and	O
licenses	O
semiconductor	B-Architecture
intellectual	I-Architecture
property	I-Architecture
cores	I-Architecture
,	O
among	O
which	O
are	O
the	O
PowerVR	B-Device
GPUs	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intel	O
has	O
manufactured	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
PowerVR-based	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerVR	B-Device
GPUs	B-Architecture
are	O
widely	O
used	O
in	O
mobile	O
SoCs	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
its	O
wide	O
use	O
in	O
embedded	O
devices	O
,	O
the	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
has	O
put	O
reverse-engineering	O
of	O
the	O
PowerVR	B-Device
driver	O
on	O
its	O
high-priority	O
project	O
list	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vivante	O
Corporation	O
is	O
a	O
fabless	O
semiconductor	O
company	O
which	O
licenses	O
semiconductor	B-Architecture
intellectual	I-Architecture
property	I-Architecture
cores	I-Architecture
and	O
develops	O
the	O
GCxxxx	O
series	O
of	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Vivante	O
proprietary	O
,	O
closed-source	O
Linux	B-Application
driver	I-Application
consists	O
of	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
-	O
and	O
user-space	O
parts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
component	O
is	O
open-source	O
(	O
GPL	B-License
)	O
,	O
the	O
user-space	O
components	O
—	O
consisting	O
of	O
the	O
GLES(2 )	O
implementations	O
and	O
a	O
HAL	B-Application
library	O
—	O
are	O
not	O
;	O
these	O
contain	O
the	O
bulk	O
of	O
the	O
driver	O
logic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Van	O
der	O
Laan	O
's	O
work	O
was	O
inspired	O
by	O
the	O
Lima	O
driver	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
project	O
has	O
produced	O
a	O
functional-but-unoptimized	O
Gallium3D	O
LLVM	B-Application
driver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2017	O
,	O
Etnaviv	O
was	O
added	O
to	O
Mesa	B-Application
with	O
both	O
OpenGL	B-Application
ES	I-Application
2.0	O
and	O
Desktop	O
OpenGL	B-Application
2.1	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Qualcomm	O
develops	O
the	O
Adreno	B-General_Concept
(	O
formerly	O
ATI	B-General_Concept
Imageon	I-General_Concept
)	O
mobile	O
GPU	B-Architecture
series	O
,	O
and	O
includes	O
it	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
their	O
Snapdragon	B-Architecture
mobile	I-Architecture
SoC	I-Architecture
series	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Phoronix	O
and	O
Slashdot	O
reported	O
in	O
2012	O
that	O
Rob	O
Clark	O
,	O
inspired	O
by	O
the	O
Lima	O
driver	O
,	O
was	O
working	O
on	O
reverse-engineering	O
drivers	O
for	O
the	O
Adreno	B-General_Concept
GPU	B-Architecture
series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
His	O
employers	O
(	O
Texas	O
Instruments	O
and	O
Linaro	O
)	O
were	O
affiliated	O
with	O
the	O
Imagination	O
PowerVR	B-Device
and	O
ARM	B-General_Concept
Mali	I-General_Concept
cores	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
have	O
been	O
his	O
primary	O
targets	O
;	O
he	O
had	O
working	O
command	O
streams	O
for	O
2D	O
support	O
,	O
and	O
3D	O
commands	O
seemed	O
to	O
have	O
the	O
same	O
characteristics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
driver	O
code	O
was	O
published	O
on	O
Gitorious	B-Application
"	O
freedreno	O
"	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
and	O
has	O
been	O
moved	O
to	O
Mesa	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
demonstration	O
versions	O
were	O
developed	O
for	O
texture	O
mapping	O
and	O
phong	O
shading	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
reverse-engineered	O
shader	O
compiler	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Clark	O
demonstrated	O
Freedreno	O
running	O
desktop	O
compositing	O
,	O
the	O
XBMC	B-Application
media	O
player	O
and	O
Quake	B-Application
III	I-Application
Arena	I-Application
at	O
FOSDEM	O
on	O
February	O
2	O
,	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2013	O
,	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
component	O
of	O
freedreno	O
(	O
MSM	O
driver	O
)	O
was	O
accepted	O
into	O
mainline	B-Protocol
and	O
is	O
available	O
in	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
3.12	O
and	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DDX	O
driver	O
gained	O
support	O
for	O
server-managed	O
file	B-Application
descriptors	I-Application
requiring	O
X.Org	B-Operating_System
Server	I-Operating_System
version	O
1.16	O
and	O
above	O
in	O
July	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2016	O
,	O
the	O
Mesa	B-Application
Gallium3D-style	O
driver	O
gained	O
support	O
for	O
Adreno	B-General_Concept
430	O
;	O
in	O
November	O
of	O
that	O
year	O
,	O
the	O
driver	O
added	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
Adreno	B-General_Concept
500	O
series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Freedreno	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
on	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
96Boards	O
Dragonboard	O
410c	O
and	O
Nexus	B-Device
7	I-Device
(	O
2013	O
)	O
in	O
traditional	O
Linux	B-Application
distributions	O
(	O
like	O
Debian	O
and	O
Fedora	O
)	O
and	O
on	O
Android	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Broadcom	O
develops	O
and	O
designs	O
the	O
VideoCore	B-General_Concept
GPU	B-Architecture
series	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
their	O
SoCs	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
it	O
is	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
Raspberry	B-Operating_System
Pi	I-Operating_System
,	O
there	O
has	O
been	O
considerable	O
interest	O
in	O
a	O
FOSS	B-License
driver	O
for	O
VideoCore	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Raspberry	B-Operating_System
Pi	I-Operating_System
Foundation	O
,	O
in	O
co-operation	O
with	O
Broadcom	O
,	O
announced	O
on	O
October	O
24	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
that	O
they	O
open-sourced	O
"	O
all	O
the	O
ARM	B-Architecture
(	O
CPU	O
)	O
code	O
that	O
drives	O
the	O
GPU	B-Architecture
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
announcement	O
was	O
misleading	O
;	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
author	O
of	O
the	O
reverse-engineered	O
Lima	O
driver	O
,	O
the	O
newly	O
open-sourced	O
components	O
only	O
allowed	O
message-passing	O
between	O
the	O
ARM	B-Architecture
CPU	O
and	O
VideoCore	B-General_Concept
but	O
offered	O
little	O
insight	O
into	O
Videocore	B-General_Concept
and	O
little	O
additional	O
programability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Videocore	B-General_Concept
GPU	B-Architecture
runs	O
an	O
RTOS	B-Operating_System
which	O
handles	O
the	O
processing	O
;	O
video	O
acceleration	O
is	O
done	O
with	O
RTOS	B-Operating_System
firmware	O
coded	O
for	O
its	O
proprietary	O
GPU	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
the	O
firmware	O
was	O
not	O
open-sourced	O
on	O
that	O
date	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
there	O
was	O
neither	O
a	O
toolchain	B-General_Concept
targeting	O
the	O
proprietary	O
GPU	B-Architecture
nor	O
a	O
documented	O
instruction	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
,	O
no	O
advantage	O
could	O
be	O
taken	O
if	O
the	O
firmware	O
source	O
code	O
became	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Videocoreiv	O
project	O
attempted	O
to	O
document	O
the	O
VideoCore	B-General_Concept
GPUs	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
28	O
,	O
2014	O
(	O
the	O
Raspberry	B-Operating_System
Pi	I-Operating_System
's	O
second	O
anniversary	O
)	O
,	O
Broadcom	O
and	O
the	O
Raspberry	B-Operating_System
Pi	I-Operating_System
Foundation	O
announced	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
full	O
documentation	O
for	O
the	O
VideoCore	B-General_Concept
IV	O
graphics	O
core	O
and	O
a	O
complete	O
source	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
graphics	O
stack	O
under	O
a	O
3-clause	O
BSD	O
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
free-license	B-License
3D	O
graphics	O
code	O
was	O
committed	O
to	O
Mesa	B-Application
on	O
29	O
August	O
2014	O
,	O
and	O
first	O
appeared	O
on	O
Mesa	B-Application
's	O
10.3	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
Silicon	O
Integrated	O
Systems	O
and	O
VIA	O
Technologies	O
have	O
expressed	O
limited	O
interest	O
in	O
open-source	O
drivers	O
,	O
both	O
have	O
released	O
source	O
code	O
which	O
has	O
been	O
integrated	O
into	O
X.Org	B-Operating_System
by	O
FOSS	B-License
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2008	O
,	O
VIA	O
opened	O
documentation	O
of	O
their	O
products	O
to	O
improve	O
its	O
image	O
in	O
the	O
Linux	B-Application
and	O
open-source	O
communities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
has	O
failed	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
the	O
open-source	O
community	O
to	O
provide	O
documentation	O
and	O
a	O
working	O
DRM	B-Application
driver	O
,	O
leaving	O
expectations	O
of	O
Linux	B-Application
support	O
unfulfilled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DisplayLink	O
announced	O
an	O
open-source	O
project	O
,	O
Libdlo	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
goal	O
of	O
bringing	O
support	O
for	O
their	O
USB	O
graphics	O
technology	O
to	O
Linux	B-Application
and	O
other	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
code	O
is	O
available	O
under	O
the	O
LGPL	B-Application
license	I-Application
,	O
but	O
it	O
has	O
not	O
been	O
integrated	O
into	O
an	O
X.Org	B-Operating_System
driver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DisplayLink	O
graphics	O
support	O
is	O
available	O
through	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
udlfb	O
driver	O
(	O
with	O
fbdev	O
)	O
in	O
mainline	B-Protocol
and	O
udl/drm	O
driver	O
,	O
which	O
in	O
March	O
2012	O
was	O
only	O
available	O
in	O
the	O
drm-next	O
tree	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Red	O
Hat	O
has	O
two	O
full-time	O
employees	O
(	O
David	O
Airlie	O
and	O
Jérôme	O
Glisse	O
)	O
working	O
on	O
Radeon	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
Fedora	O
Project	O
sponsors	O
a	O
Fedora	O
Graphics	O
Test	O
Week	O
event	O
before	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
their	O
new	O
Linux	B-Application
distribution	O
versions	O
to	O
test	O
free	O
graphics	O
drivers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Project	O
VGA	B-Protocol
aims	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
low-budget	O
,	O
open-source	O
VGA-compatible	O
video	O
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Open	B-Device
Graphics	I-Device
Project	I-Device
aims	O
to	O
create	O
an	O
open-hardware	O
GPU	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Open	B-Device
Graphics	I-Device
Device	O
v1	O
has	O
dual	O
DVI-I	O
outputs	O
and	O
a	O
100-pin	O
IDC	O
connector	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Milkymist	O
system	B-Architecture
on	I-Architecture
a	I-Architecture
chip	I-Architecture
,	O
targeted	O
at	O
embedded	O
graphics	O
instead	O
of	O
desktop	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
supports	O
a	O
VGA	B-Protocol
output	O
,	O
a	O
limited	O
vertex	O
shader	O
and	O
a	O
2D	O
texturing	O
unit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Nyuzi	O
,	O
an	O
experimental	O
GPGPU	O
processor	O
,	O
includes	O
a	O
synthesizable	O
hardware	O
design	O
written	O
in	O
System	B-Language
Verilog	I-Language
,	O
an	O
instruction	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
emulator	O
,	O
an	O
LLVM-based	O
C-C	O
++	O
compiler	B-Language
,	O
software	O
libraries	O
and	O
tests	O
and	O
explores	O
parallel	O
software	O
and	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
run	O
on	O
a	O
Terasic	O
DE2-115	O
field-programmable	B-Architecture
gate	I-Architecture
array	I-Architecture
board	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
project	O
uses	O
FPGAs	B-Architecture
,	O
it	O
generally	O
has	O
a	O
partially	O
(	O
or	O
completely	O
)	O
closed-source	O
toolchain	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
currently	O
a	O
couple	O
of	O
open-source	O
toolchains	B-General_Concept
available	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
for	O
Lattice-based	O
FPGAs	B-Architecture
(	O
notably	O
for	O
iCE40	O
and	O
ECP5	O
boards	O
)	O
which	O
utilize	O
Project	O
IceStorm	O
,	O
and	O
Trellis	O
,	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
also	O
a	O
larger	O
,	O
ongoing	O
effort	O
to	O
create	O
the	O
"	O
GCC	O
of	O
FPGAs	B-Architecture
"	O
called	O
SymbiFlow	O
which	O
includes	O
the	O
aforementioned	O
FPGA	B-Architecture
toolchains	B-General_Concept
as	O
well	O
as	O
an	O
early-stage	O
open-source	O
toolchain	B-General_Concept
for	O
Xilinx-based	O
FPGAs	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
