<s>
The	O
free-culture	B-Application
movement	I-Application
is	O
a	O
social	O
movement	O
that	O
promotes	O
the	O
freedom	O
to	O
distribute	O
and	O
modify	O
the	O
creative	O
works	O
of	O
others	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
free	O
content	O
or	O
open	O
content	O
without	O
compensation	O
to	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
consent	O
of	O
,	O
the	O
work	O
's	O
original	O
creators	O
,	O
by	O
using	O
the	O
Internet	O
and	O
other	O
forms	O
of	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
free-culture	B-Application
movement	I-Application
,	O
with	O
its	O
ethos	O
of	O
free	O
exchange	O
of	O
ideas	O
,	O
is	O
aligned	O
with	O
the	O
free	O
and	O
open-source-software	O
movement	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
other	O
movements	O
and	O
philosophies	O
such	O
as	O
open	O
access	O
(	O
OA	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
remix	O
culture	O
,	O
the	O
hacker	O
culture	O
,	O
the	O
access	B-Application
to	I-Application
knowledge	I-Application
movement	I-Application
,	O
the	O
copyleft	B-License
movement	O
and	O
the	O
public	O
domain	O
movement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
foundation	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
chapter	O
of	O
the	O
Students	O
for	O
Free	B-Application
Culture	I-Application
at	O
Swarthmore	O
College	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
free	B-Application
culture	I-Application
"	O
was	O
originally	O
used	O
since	O
2003	O
during	O
the	O
World	O
Summit	O
on	O
Information	O
Society	O
to	O
present	O
the	O
first	O
free	O
license	O
for	O
artistic	O
creation	O
at	O
large	O
,	O
initiated	O
by	O
the	O
Copyleft	B-License
attitude	O
team	O
in	O
France	O
since	O
2001	O
(	O
named	O
free	O
art	O
license	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
then	O
developed	O
in	O
Lawrence	O
Lessig	O
's	O
book	O
Free	B-Application
Culture	I-Application
in	O
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2005/2006	O
within	O
the	O
free-culture	B-Application
movement	I-Application
,	O
Creative	O
Commons	O
was	O
criticized	O
by	O
Erik	O
Möller	O
and	O
Benjamin	O
Mako	O
Hill	O
for	O
lacking	O
minimum	O
standards	O
for	O
freedom	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2014	O
the	O
Open	O
Knowledge	O
Foundation	O
described	O
their	O
definition	O
of	O
"	O
open	O
"	O
,	O
for	O
open	O
content	O
and	O
open	O
knowledge	O
,	O
as	O
synonymous	O
to	O
the	O
definition	O
of	O
"	O
free	O
"	O
in	O
the	O
"	O
Definition	O
of	O
Free	O
Cultural	O
Works	O
"	O
,	O
noting	O
that	O
both	O
are	O
rooted	O
in	O
the	B-License
Open	I-License
Source	I-License
Definition	I-License
and	O
Free	B-Application
Software	I-Application
Definition	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Open	O
Knowledge	O
foundation	O
additionally	O
defined	O
three	O
specialized	O
licenses	O
for	O
data	O
and	O
databases	O
,	O
previously	O
unavailable	O
:	O
the	O
Open	O
Data	O
Commons	O
Public	O
Domain	O
Dedication	O
and	O
License	O
(	O
PDDL	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
Open	O
Data	O
Commons	O
Attribution	O
License	O
(	O
ODC-BY	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
Open	B-General_Concept
Data	I-General_Concept
Commons	I-General_Concept
Open	I-General_Concept
Database	I-General_Concept
License	I-General_Concept
(	O
ODbL	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
organization	O
commonly	O
associated	O
with	O
free	B-Application
culture	I-Application
is	O
Creative	O
Commons	O
(	O
CC	O
)	O
,	O
founded	O
by	O
Lawrence	O
Lessig	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
student	O
organization	O
Students	O
for	O
Free	B-Application
Culture	I-Application
is	O
sometimes	O
confusingly	O
called	O
"	O
the	O
Free	B-Application
Culture	I-Application
Movement	I-Application
"	O
,	O
but	O
that	O
is	O
not	O
its	O
official	O
name	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
free-culture	B-Application
movement	I-Application
takes	O
the	O
ideals	O
of	O
the	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
movement	O
and	O
extends	O
them	O
from	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
software	B-Application
to	O
all	O
cultural	O
and	O
creative	O
works	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
in	O
Creative	O
Commons	O
 '	O
life	O
,	O
Richard	O
Stallman	O
(	O
the	O
founder	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
and	O
the	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
movement	O
)	O
supported	O
the	O
organization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
free	O
music	O
movement	O
,	O
a	O
subset	O
of	O
the	O
free-culture	B-Application
movement	I-Application
,	O
started	O
out	O
just	O
as	O
the	O
Web	O
rose	O
in	O
popularity	O
with	O
the	O
Free	O
Music	O
Philosophy	O
by	O
Ram	O
Samudrala	O
in	O
early	O
1994	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
also	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
by	O
Richard	O
Stallman	O
and	O
coincided	O
with	O
nascent	O
open	O
art	O
and	O
open	O
information	O
movements	O
(	O
referred	O
to	O
here	O
as	O
collectively	O
as	O
the	O
"	O
free-culture	B-Application
movement	I-Application
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Along	O
with	O
the	O
explosion	O
of	O
the	O
Web	O
driven	O
by	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
and	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
P2P	O
and	O
lossy	B-Algorithm
compression	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
despite	O
the	O
efforts	O
of	O
the	O
music	O
industry	O
,	O
free	O
music	O
became	O
largely	O
a	O
reality	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
21st	O
century	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Organizations	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Electronic	O
Frontier	O
Foundation	O
and	O
Creative	O
Commons	O
with	O
free	O
information	O
champions	O
like	O
Lawrence	O
Lessig	O
were	O
devising	O
numerous	O
licenses	O
that	O
offered	O
different	O
flavors	O
of	O
copyright	O
and	O
copyleft	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
,	O
Free	B-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
founder	O
Richard	O
Stallman	O
did	O
not	O
see	O
the	O
importance	O
of	O
free	O
works	O
beyond	O
software	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
for	O
manuals	O
and	O
books	O
Stallman	O
stated	O
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
:	O
Similarly	O
,	O
in	O
1999	O
Stallman	O
said	O
that	O
he	O
sees	O
"	O
no	O
social	O
imperative	O
for	O
free	O
hardware	O
designs	O
like	O
the	O
imperative	O
for	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
authors	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Joshua	O
Pearce	O
,	O
have	O
argued	O
that	O
there	O
is	O
an	O
ethical	O
imperative	O
for	O
open-source	B-License
hardware	O
,	O
specifically	O
with	O
respect	O
to	O
open-source-appropriate	O
technology	O
for	O
sustainable	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
,	O
in	O
2011	O
Stallman	O
commented	O
on	O
the	O
Megaupload	B-Application
founder	O
's	O
arrest	O
,	O
"	O
I	O
think	O
all	O
works	O
meant	O
for	O
practical	O
uses	O
must	O
be	O
free	O
,	O
but	O
that	O
does	O
not	O
apply	O
to	O
music	O
,	O
since	O
music	O
is	O
meant	O
for	O
appreciation	O
,	O
not	O
for	O
practical	O
use.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
essay	O
in	O
2012	O
Stallman	O
argued	O
that	O
video	O
games	O
as	O
software	B-Application
should	O
be	O
free	O
but	O
not	O
their	O
artwork	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vocal	O
criticism	O
against	O
the	O
free-culture	B-Application
movement	I-Application
comes	O
from	O
copyright	O
proponents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prominent	O
technologist	O
and	O
musician	O
Jaron	O
Lanier	O
discusses	O
this	O
perspective	O
of	O
free	B-Application
culture	I-Application
in	O
his	O
2010	O
book	O
You	O
Are	O
Not	O
a	O
Gadget	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Andrew	O
Keen	O
,	O
a	O
critic	O
of	O
Web	O
2.0	O
,	O
criticizes	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
free	B-Application
culture	I-Application
ideas	O
in	O
his	O
book	O
,	O
Cult	O
of	O
the	O
Amateur	O
,	O
describing	O
Lessig	O
as	O
an	O
"	O
intellectual	O
property	O
communist	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
decline	O
of	O
the	O
news	O
media	O
industry	O
's	O
market	O
share	O
is	O
blamed	O
on	O
free	B-Application
culture	I-Application
but	O
scholars	O
like	O
Clay	O
Shirky	O
claim	O
that	O
the	O
market	O
itself	O
,	O
not	O
free	B-Application
culture	I-Application
,	O
is	O
what	O
is	O
killing	O
the	O
journalism	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
free	O
art	O
movement	O
is	O
distinct	O
from	O
the	O
free	B-Application
culture	I-Application
movement	I-Application
as	O
the	O
artist	O
retains	O
full	O
copyright	O
for	O
the	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
