<s>
The	B-General_Concept
Fourth	I-General_Concept
Industrial	I-General_Concept
Revolution	I-General_Concept
,	O
4IR	B-General_Concept
,	O
or	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
,	O
conceptualises	O
rapid	O
change	O
to	O
technology	O
,	O
industries	O
,	O
and	O
societal	O
patterns	O
and	O
processes	O
in	O
the	O
21st	O
century	O
due	O
to	O
increasing	O
interconnectivity	O
and	O
smart	O
automation	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
part	O
of	O
this	O
phase	O
of	O
industrial	O
change	O
is	O
the	O
joining	O
of	O
technologies	O
like	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
,	O
gene	O
editing	O
,	O
to	O
advanced	O
robotics	O
that	O
blur	O
the	O
lines	O
between	O
the	O
physical	O
,	O
digital	O
,	O
and	O
biological	O
worlds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Throughout	O
this	O
,	O
fundamental	O
shifts	O
are	O
taking	O
place	O
in	O
how	O
the	O
global	O
production	O
and	O
supply	O
network	O
operates	O
through	O
ongoing	O
automation	B-Application
of	O
traditional	O
manufacturing	O
and	O
industrial	O
practices	O
,	O
using	O
modern	O
smart	O
technology	O
,	O
large-scale	O
machine-to-machine	O
communication	O
(	O
M2M	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	B-Operating_System
internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
(	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
integration	O
results	O
in	O
increasing	O
automation	B-Application
,	O
improving	O
communication	O
and	O
self-monitoring	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
smart	O
machines	O
that	O
can	O
analyse	O
and	O
diagnose	O
issues	O
without	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
human	O
intervention	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-General_Concept
Fourth	I-General_Concept
Industrial	I-General_Concept
Revolution	I-General_Concept
is	O
expected	O
to	O
be	O
followed	O
by	O
a	O
Fifth	O
Industrial	O
Revolution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
phrase	O
Fourth	B-General_Concept
Industrial	I-General_Concept
Revolution	I-General_Concept
was	O
first	O
introduced	O
by	O
a	O
team	O
of	O
scientists	O
developing	O
a	O
high-tech	O
strategy	O
for	O
the	O
German	O
government	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Mastering	O
the	B-General_Concept
Fourth	I-General_Concept
Industrial	I-General_Concept
Revolution	I-General_Concept
"	O
was	O
the	O
2016	O
theme	O
of	O
the	O
World	O
Economic	O
Forum	O
Annual	O
Meeting	O
,	O
in	O
Davos-Klosters	O
,	O
Switzerland	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
10	O
October	O
2016	O
,	O
the	O
Forum	O
announced	O
the	O
opening	O
of	O
its	O
Centre	O
for	O
the	B-General_Concept
Fourth	I-General_Concept
Industrial	I-General_Concept
Revolution	I-General_Concept
in	O
San	O
Francisco	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Schwab	O
includes	O
in	O
this	O
fourth	O
era	O
technologies	O
that	O
combine	O
hardware	O
,	O
software	O
,	O
and	O
biology	O
(	O
cyber-physical	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
and	O
emphasises	O
advances	O
in	O
communication	O
and	O
connectivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Schwab	O
expects	O
this	O
era	O
to	O
be	O
marked	O
by	O
breakthroughs	O
in	O
emerging	O
technologies	O
in	O
fields	O
such	O
as	O
robotics	O
,	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
,	O
nanotechnology	O
,	O
quantum	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
biotechnology	O
,	O
the	B-Operating_System
internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
industrial	B-Device
internet	I-Device
of	I-Device
things	I-Device
,	O
decentralised	O
consensus	O
,	O
fifth-generation	O
wireless	O
technologies	O
,	O
3D	O
printing	O
,	O
and	O
fully	O
autonomous	O
vehicles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
The	O
Great	O
Reset	O
proposal	O
by	O
the	O
WEF	O
,	O
The	B-General_Concept
Fourth	I-General_Concept
Industrial	I-General_Concept
Revolution	I-General_Concept
is	O
included	O
as	O
a	O
strategic	O
intelligence	O
in	O
the	O
solution	O
to	O
rebuild	O
the	O
economy	O
sustainably	O
following	O
the	O
COVID-19	O
pandemic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
production	O
of	O
the	O
Z1	B-Device
computer	I-Device
,	O
which	O
used	O
binary	B-Algorithm
floating-point	I-Algorithm
numbers	I-Algorithm
and	O
Boolean	O
logic	O
,	O
a	O
decade	O
later	O
,	O
was	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
more	O
advanced	O
digital	O
developments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
next	O
significant	O
development	O
in	O
communication	O
technologies	O
was	O
the	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
,	O
with	O
extensive	O
use	O
of	O
computer	O
and	O
communication	O
technologies	O
in	O
the	O
production	O
process	O
;	O
machinery	O
began	O
to	O
abrogate	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
human	O
power	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
essence	O
,	O
the	B-General_Concept
Fourth	I-General_Concept
Industrial	I-General_Concept
Revolution	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
trend	O
towards	O
automation	B-Application
and	O
data	O
exchange	O
in	O
manufacturing	O
technologies	O
and	O
processes	O
which	O
include	O
cyber-physical	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
(	O
CPS	O
)	O
,	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
,	O
industrial	B-Device
internet	I-Device
of	I-Device
things	I-Device
,	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
cognitive	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
The	B-General_Concept
Fourth	I-General_Concept
Industrial	I-General_Concept
Revolution	I-General_Concept
(	O
4IR	B-General_Concept
)	O
has	O
been	O
defined	O
as	O
technological	O
developments	O
in	O
cyber-physical	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
such	O
as	O
high	O
capacity	O
connectivity	O
;	O
new	O
human-machine	O
interaction	O
modes	O
such	O
as	O
touch	O
interfaces	O
and	O
virtual	O
reality	O
systems	O
;	O
and	O
improvements	O
in	O
transferring	O
digital	O
instructions	O
to	O
the	O
physical	O
world	O
including	O
robotics	O
and	O
3D	O
printing	O
(	O
additive	O
manufacturing	O
)	O
;	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
(	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
)	O
;	O
"	O
big	O
data	O
"	O
and	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
;	O
artificial	O
intelligence-based	O
systems	O
;	O
improvements	O
to	O
and	O
uptake	O
of	O
Off-Grid	O
/	O
Stand-Alone	O
Renewable	O
Energy	O
Systems	O
:	O
solar	O
,	O
wind	O
,	O
wave	O
,	O
hydroelectric	O
and	O
the	O
electric	O
batteries	O
(	O
lithium-ion	O
renewable	O
energy	O
storage	O
systems	O
(	O
ESS	O
)	O
and	O
EV	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-General_Concept
Fourth	I-General_Concept
Industrial	I-General_Concept
Revolution	I-General_Concept
marks	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
the	O
imagination	O
age	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
increases	O
operational	O
efficiency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Four	O
themes	O
are	O
presented	O
that	O
summarise	O
an	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
:	O
</s>
<s>
Information	O
transparency	O
–	O
the	O
transparency	O
afforded	O
by	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
technology	O
provides	O
operators	O
with	O
comprehensive	O
information	O
to	O
make	O
decisions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Proponents	O
of	O
the	B-General_Concept
Fourth	I-General_Concept
Industrial	I-General_Concept
Revolution	I-General_Concept
suggest	O
it	O
is	O
a	O
distinct	O
revolution	O
rather	O
than	O
simply	O
a	O
prolongation	O
of	O
the	O
Third	O
Industrial	O
Revolution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
is	O
Singapore	O
's	O
formal	O
recognition	O
of	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
in	O
its	O
innovation	O
policies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Critics	O
of	O
the	O
concept	O
dismiss	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
as	O
a	O
marketing	O
strategy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
the	O
pace	O
of	O
recognition	O
of	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
and	O
policy	O
transition	O
varies	O
across	O
countries	O
;	O
the	O
definition	O
of	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
is	O
not	O
harmonised	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
he	O
argues	O
that	O
"	O
that	O
the	O
evolution	O
of	O
digitalization	O
has	O
barely	O
begun	O
to	O
run	O
its	O
course	O
and	O
that	O
its	O
new	O
configuration	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
represents	O
the	O
next	O
stage	O
of	O
its	O
development	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
application	O
of	O
the	B-General_Concept
Fourth	I-General_Concept
Industrial	I-General_Concept
Revolution	I-General_Concept
operates	O
through	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Mainly	O
these	O
technologies	O
can	O
be	O
summarised	O
into	O
four	O
major	O
components	O
,	O
defining	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
"	O
or	O
"	O
smart	O
factory	O
"	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
On-demand	O
availability	O
of	O
computer	O
system	B-General_Concept
resources	I-General_Concept
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
networks	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
new	O
technologies	O
to	O
create	O
value	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
cyber-physical	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
that	O
monitor	O
physical	O
processes	O
,	O
a	O
virtual	O
copy	O
of	O
the	O
physical	O
world	O
can	O
be	O
designed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Characteristics	O
of	O
cyber-physical	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
include	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
make	O
decentralised	O
decisions	O
independently	O
,	O
reaching	O
a	O
high	O
degree	O
of	O
autonomy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
value	O
created	O
in	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
,	O
can	O
be	O
relied	O
upon	O
electronic	O
identification	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
smart	O
manufacturing	O
require	O
set	O
technologies	O
to	O
be	O
incorporated	O
in	O
the	O
manufacturing	O
process	O
to	O
thus	O
be	O
classified	O
as	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
path	O
of	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
and	O
no	O
longer	O
digitisation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
integrates	O
processes	O
vertically	O
,	O
across	O
the	O
entire	O
organisation	O
,	O
including	O
processes	O
in	O
product	O
development	O
,	O
manufacturing	O
,	O
structuring	O
,	O
and	O
service	O
;	O
horizontally	O
,	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
includes	O
internal	O
operations	O
from	O
suppliers	O
to	O
customers	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
all	O
key	O
value	O
chain	O
partners	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technical	O
foundations	O
on	O
which	O
the	O
Smart	O
Factory	O
–	O
the	O
intelligent	O
factory	O
–	O
is	O
based	O
are	O
cyber-physical	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
that	O
communicate	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
using	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
and	O
Services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-General_Concept
Fourth	I-General_Concept
Industrial	I-General_Concept
Revolution	I-General_Concept
fosters	O
what	O
has	O
been	O
called	O
a	O
"	O
smart	O
factory	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
modular	O
structured	O
smart	O
factories	O
,	O
cyber-physical	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
monitor	O
physical	O
processes	O
,	O
create	O
a	O
virtual	O
copy	O
of	O
the	O
physical	O
world	O
and	O
make	O
decentralised	O
decisions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
the	B-Operating_System
internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
,	O
cyber-physical	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
communicate	O
and	O
cooperate	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
and	O
with	O
humans	O
in	O
synchronic	O
time	O
both	O
internally	O
and	O
across	O
organizational	O
services	O
offered	O
and	O
used	O
by	O
participants	O
of	O
the	O
value	O
chain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
can	O
also	O
provide	O
predictive	O
maintenance	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
technology	O
and	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
sensors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-General_Concept
Fourth	I-General_Concept
Industrial	I-General_Concept
Revolution	I-General_Concept
is	O
said	O
to	O
have	O
extensive	O
dependency	O
on	O
3D	O
printing	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sensors	O
and	O
instrumentation	O
drive	O
the	O
central	O
forces	O
of	O
innovation	O
,	O
not	O
only	O
for	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
but	O
also	O
for	O
other	O
"	O
smart	O
"	O
megatrends	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
smart	O
production	O
,	O
smart	O
mobility	O
,	O
smart	O
homes	O
,	O
smart	O
cities	O
,	O
and	O
smart	O
factories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
importance	O
of	O
sensors	O
,	O
measurement	O
science	O
,	O
and	O
smart	O
evaluation	O
for	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
has	O
been	O
recognised	O
and	O
acknowledged	O
by	O
various	O
experts	O
and	O
has	O
already	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
statement	O
"	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
:	O
nothing	O
goes	O
without	O
sensor	O
systems.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
aids	O
transitions	O
into	O
knowledge	O
economy	O
by	O
increasing	O
reliance	O
on	O
intellectual	O
capabilities	O
than	O
on	O
physical	O
inputs	O
or	O
natural	O
resources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Challenges	O
in	O
implementation	O
of	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
:	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
countries	O
have	O
set	O
up	O
institutional	O
mechanisms	O
to	O
foster	O
the	O
adoption	O
of	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2015	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
Prime	O
Minister	O
's	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
Taskforce	O
(	O
est	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
Industrie	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
"	O
,	O
shortened	O
to	O
I4.0	O
or	O
simply	O
I4	O
,	O
originated	O
in	O
2011	O
from	O
a	O
project	O
in	O
the	O
high-tech	O
strategy	O
of	O
the	O
German	O
government	O
and	O
specifically	O
relates	O
to	O
that	O
project	O
policy	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
a	O
wider	O
notion	O
of	O
a	O
Fourth	B-General_Concept
Industrial	I-General_Concept
Revolution	I-General_Concept
of	O
4IR	B-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
promotes	O
the	O
computerisation	O
of	O
manufacturing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
Industrie	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
"	O
was	O
publicly	O
introduced	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
year	O
at	O
the	O
Hannover	O
Fair	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Renowned	O
German	O
professor	O
Wolfgang	O
Wahlster	O
is	O
sometimes	O
called	O
the	O
inventor	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
"	O
term	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2012	O
,	O
the	O
Working	O
Group	O
on	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
presented	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
implementation	O
recommendations	O
to	O
the	O
German	O
federal	O
government	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
workgroup	O
members	O
and	O
partners	O
are	O
recognised	O
as	O
the	O
founding	O
fathers	O
and	O
driving	O
force	O
behind	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
8	O
April	O
2013	O
at	O
the	O
Hannover	O
Fair	O
,	O
the	O
final	O
report	O
of	O
the	O
Working	O
Group	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
was	O
presented	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
principles	O
have	O
been	O
applied	O
by	O
companies	O
,	O
they	O
have	O
sometimes	O
been	O
rebranded	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
aerospace	O
parts	O
manufacturer	O
Meggitt	O
PLC	O
has	O
branded	O
its	O
own	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
research	O
project	O
M4	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
discussion	O
of	O
how	O
the	O
shift	O
to	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
,	O
especially	O
digitisation	O
,	O
will	O
affect	O
the	O
labour	O
market	O
is	O
being	O
discussed	O
in	O
Germany	O
under	O
the	O
topic	O
of	O
Work	B-Device
4.0	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
characteristics	O
of	O
the	O
German	O
government	O
's	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
strategy	O
involve	O
the	O
strong	O
customisation	O
of	O
products	O
under	O
the	O
conditions	O
of	O
highly	O
flexible	O
(	O
mass	O
-	O
)	O
production	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
required	O
automation	B-Application
technology	O
is	O
improved	O
by	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
methods	O
of	O
self-optimization	O
,	O
self-configuration	O
,	O
self-diagnosis	O
,	O
cognition	O
and	O
intelligent	O
support	O
of	O
workers	O
in	O
their	O
increasingly	O
complex	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
largest	O
project	O
in	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
as	O
of	O
July	O
2013	O
is	O
the	O
German	O
Federal	O
Ministry	O
of	O
Education	O
and	O
Research	O
(	O
BMBF	O
)	O
leading-edge	O
cluster	O
"	O
Intelligent	O
Technical	O
Systems	O
Ostwestfalen-Lippe	O
(	O
its	O
OWL	O
)	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
the	O
European	O
Commission	O
started	O
the	O
international	O
Horizon	O
2020	O
research	O
project	O
CREMA	O
(	O
Providing	O
Cloud-based	B-Architecture
Rapid	O
Elastic	O
Manufacturing	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
XaaS	O
and	O
Cloud	O
model	O
)	O
as	O
a	O
major	O
initiative	O
to	O
foster	O
the	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
topic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Estonia	O
,	O
the	O
digital	O
transformation	O
dubbed	O
as	O
the	O
4th	B-General_Concept
Industrial	I-General_Concept
Revolution	I-General_Concept
by	O
Klaus	O
Schwab	O
and	O
the	O
World	O
Economic	O
Forum	O
in	O
2015	O
started	O
with	O
the	O
restoration	O
of	O
independence	O
in	O
1991	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
goals	O
set	O
in	O
the	O
Estonia	O
's	O
Digital	O
Agenda	O
2030	O
,	O
next	O
leaps	O
in	O
the	O
country	O
's	O
digital	O
transformation	O
will	O
be	O
switching	O
to	O
event	O
based	O
and	O
proactive	O
services	O
,	O
both	O
in	O
private	O
and	O
business	O
environment	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
developing	O
a	O
green	O
,	O
AI-powered	O
and	O
human-centric	O
digital	O
government	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
South	O
Africa	O
appointed	O
a	O
Presidential	O
Commission	O
on	O
the	B-General_Concept
Fourth	I-General_Concept
Industrial	I-General_Concept
Revolution	I-General_Concept
in	O
2019	O
,	O
consisting	O
of	O
about	O
30	O
stakeholders	O
with	O
a	O
background	O
in	O
academia	O
,	O
industry	O
and	O
government	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
South	O
Africa	O
has	O
also	O
established	O
an	O
Inter	O
ministerial	O
Committee	O
on	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Republic	O
of	O
Korea	O
has	O
had	O
a	O
Presidential	O
Committee	O
on	O
the	B-General_Concept
Fourth	I-General_Concept
Industrial	I-General_Concept
Revolution	I-General_Concept
since	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Republic	O
of	O
Korea	O
's	O
I-Korea	O
strategy	O
(	O
2017	O
)	O
is	O
focusing	O
on	O
new	O
growth	O
engines	O
that	O
include	O
AI	B-Application
,	O
drones	O
and	O
autonomous	O
cars	O
,	O
in	O
line	O
with	O
the	O
government	O
's	O
innovation-driven	O
economic	O
policy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Uganda	O
adopted	O
its	O
own	O
National	O
4IR	B-General_Concept
Strategy	O
in	O
October	O
2020	O
with	O
emphasis	O
on	O
e-governance	O
,	O
urban	O
management	O
(	O
smart	O
cities	O
)	O
,	O
health	O
care	O
,	O
education	O
,	O
agriculture	O
and	O
the	O
digital	O
economy	O
;	O
to	O
support	O
local	O
businesses	O
,	O
the	O
government	O
was	O
contemplating	O
introducing	O
a	O
local	O
start-ups	O
bill	O
in	O
2020	O
which	O
would	O
require	O
all	O
accounting	O
officers	O
to	O
exhaust	O
the	O
local	O
market	O
prior	O
to	O
procuring	O
digital	O
solutions	O
from	O
abroad	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
policy	O
paper	O
published	O
in	O
2019	O
,	O
the	O
UK	O
's	O
Department	O
for	O
Business	O
,	O
Energy	O
&	O
Industrial	O
Strategy	O
,	O
titled	O
"	O
Regulation	O
for	O
the	B-General_Concept
Fourth	I-General_Concept
Industrial	I-General_Concept
Revolution	I-General_Concept
"	O
,	O
outlined	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
evolve	O
current	O
regulatory	O
models	O
to	O
remain	O
competitive	O
in	O
evolving	O
technological	O
and	O
social	O
settings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Department	O
of	O
Homeland	O
Security	O
in	O
2019	O
published	O
a	O
paper	O
called	O
'	O
The	O
Industrial	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
of	I-Device
things	I-Device
(	O
IIOT	B-Device
)	O
:	O
Opportunities	O
,	O
Risks	O
,	O
Mitigation	O
 '	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
paper	O
discusses	O
not	O
only	O
applications	O
of	O
IIOT	B-Device
but	O
also	O
the	O
associated	O
risks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
aerospace	O
industry	O
has	O
sometimes	O
been	O
characterised	O
as	O
"	O
too	O
low	O
volume	O
for	O
extensive	O
automation	B-Application
"	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
principles	O
have	O
been	O
investigated	O
by	O
several	O
aerospace	O
companies	O
,	O
and	O
technologies	O
have	O
been	O
developed	O
to	O
improve	O
productivity	O
where	O
the	O
upfront	O
cost	O
of	O
automation	B-Application
cannot	O
be	O
justified	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
increasing	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
industrial	B-Device
internet	I-Device
of	I-Device
things	I-Device
is	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
at	O
Bosch	O
,	O
and	O
generally	O
in	O
Germany	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
in	O
2017	O
,	O
Bosch	O
launched	O
the	O
Connectory	O
,	O
a	O
Chicago	O
,	O
Illinois	O
based	O
innovation	O
incubator	O
that	O
specializes	O
in	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
,	O
including	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
inspired	O
Innovation	O
4.0	O
,	O
a	O
move	O
toward	O
digitisation	O
for	O
academia	O
and	O
research	O
and	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
consistent	O
development	O
on	O
automation	B-Application
of	O
everyday	O
tasks	O
,	O
some	O
saw	O
the	O
benefit	O
in	O
the	O
exact	O
opposite	O
of	O
automation	B-Application
where	O
self-made	O
products	O
are	O
valued	O
more	O
than	O
those	O
that	O
involved	O
automation	B-Application
.	O
</s>
