<s>
A	O
foreign	B-Application
language	I-Application
writing	I-Application
aid	I-Application
is	O
a	O
computer	B-Application
program	I-Application
or	O
any	O
other	O
instrument	O
that	O
assists	O
a	O
non-native	O
language	O
user	O
(	O
also	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
a	O
foreign	O
language	O
learner	O
)	O
in	O
writing	O
decently	O
in	O
their	O
target	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Assisted	O
aspects	O
of	O
writing	O
include	O
:	O
lexical	B-Application
,	O
syntactic	B-Application
(	O
syntactic	B-Application
and	O
semantic	O
roles	O
of	O
a	O
word	O
's	O
frame	O
)	O
,	O
lexical	B-Application
semantic	O
(	O
context/collocation	O
-influenced	O
word	O
choice	O
and	O
user-intention-driven	O
synonym	B-Application
choice	O
)	O
and	O
idiomatic	O
expression	O
transfer	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Different	O
types	O
of	O
foreign	B-Application
language	I-Application
writing	I-Application
aids	I-Application
include	O
automated	O
proofreading	O
applications	O
,	O
text	O
corpora	O
,	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
,	O
translation	O
aids	O
and	O
orthography	O
aids	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
writing	O
in	O
a	O
foreign	O
language	O
,	O
this	O
anxiety	O
can	O
be	O
alleviated	O
via	O
foreign	B-Application
language	I-Application
writing	I-Application
aids	I-Application
as	O
they	O
assist	O
non-native	O
language	O
users	O
in	O
independently	O
producing	O
decent	O
written	O
work	O
at	O
their	O
own	O
pace	O
,	O
hence	O
increasing	O
confidence	O
about	O
themselves	O
and	O
their	O
own	O
learning	O
abilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
advancements	O
in	O
technology	O
,	O
aids	O
in	O
foreign	O
language	O
writing	O
are	O
no	O
longer	O
restricted	O
to	O
traditional	O
mediums	O
such	O
as	O
teacher	O
feedback	O
and	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Known	O
as	O
computer-assisted	B-Application
language	I-Application
learning	I-Application
(	O
CALL	O
)	O
,	O
use	O
of	O
computers	O
in	O
language	O
classrooms	O
has	O
become	O
more	O
common	O
,	O
and	O
one	O
example	O
would	O
be	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
to	O
assist	O
learners	O
of	O
a	O
foreign	O
language	O
in	O
the	O
technical	O
aspects	O
of	O
their	O
writing	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
grammar	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
comparison	O
with	O
correction	O
feedback	O
from	O
the	O
teacher	O
,	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
is	O
found	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
better	O
tool	O
in	O
improving	O
the	O
writing	O
skills	O
of	O
students	O
who	O
are	O
learning	O
English	O
as	O
a	O
foreign	O
language	O
(	O
EFL	O
)	O
,	O
possibly	O
because	O
students	O
find	O
it	O
more	O
encouraging	O
to	O
learn	O
their	O
mistakes	O
from	O
a	O
neutral	O
and	O
detached	O
source	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
a	O
foreign	B-Application
language	I-Application
writing	I-Application
aid	I-Application
should	O
provide	O
interaction	O
and	O
feedback	O
so	O
as	O
to	O
ease	O
the	O
learning	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Spell	B-Application
checkers	I-Application
and	O
grammar	B-Application
checkers	I-Application
are	O
two	O
applications	O
that	O
aid	O
in	O
the	O
automatic	O
proofreading	O
process	O
of	O
written	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
spell	B-Application
checker	I-Application
application	O
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
writing	O
aid	O
that	O
non-native	O
language	O
learners	O
can	O
rely	O
on	O
to	O
detect	O
and	O
correct	O
their	O
misspellings	O
in	O
the	O
target	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
general	O
,	O
spell	B-Application
checkers	I-Application
can	O
operate	O
one	O
of	O
two	O
modes	O
,	O
the	O
interactive	O
spell	B-Application
checking	I-Application
mode	O
or	O
the	O
batch	O
spell	B-Application
checking	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
interactive	O
mode	O
,	O
the	O
spell	B-Application
checker	I-Application
detects	O
and	O
marks	O
misspelled	O
words	O
with	O
a	O
squiggly	O
underlining	O
as	O
the	O
words	O
are	O
being	O
typed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
other	O
hand	O
,	O
batch	O
spell	B-Application
checking	I-Application
is	O
performed	O
on	O
a	O
batch-by-batch	O
basis	O
as	O
the	O
appropriate	O
command	O
is	O
entered	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Spell	B-Application
checkers	I-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
those	O
used	O
in	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Word	I-Application
,	O
can	O
operate	O
in	O
either	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
spell	B-Application
checkers	I-Application
are	O
commonplace	O
in	O
numerous	O
software	O
products	O
,	O
errors	O
specifically	O
made	O
by	O
learners	O
of	O
a	O
target	O
language	O
may	O
not	O
be	O
sufficiently	O
catered	O
for	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
because	O
generic	O
spell	B-Application
checkers	I-Application
function	O
on	O
the	O
assumption	O
that	O
their	O
users	O
are	O
competent	O
speakers	O
of	O
the	O
target	O
language	O
,	O
whose	O
misspellings	O
are	O
primarily	O
due	O
to	O
accidental	O
typographical	O
errors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
majority	O
of	O
misspellings	O
were	O
found	O
to	O
be	O
attributed	O
to	O
systematic	O
competence	O
errors	O
instead	O
of	O
accidental	O
typographical	O
ones	O
,	O
with	O
up	O
to	O
48%	O
of	O
these	O
errors	O
failing	O
to	O
be	O
detected	O
or	O
corrected	O
by	O
the	O
generic	O
spell	B-Application
checker	I-Application
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
view	O
of	O
the	O
deficiency	O
of	O
generic	O
spell	B-Application
checkers	I-Application
,	O
programs	O
have	O
been	O
designed	O
to	O
gear	O
towards	O
non-native	O
misspellings	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
FipsCor	O
and	O
Spengels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
FipsCor	O
,	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
methods	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
alpha-code	O
method	O
,	O
phonological	O
reinterpretation	O
method	O
and	O
morphological	O
treatment	O
method	O
,	O
has	O
been	O
adopted	O
in	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
spell	B-Application
checker	I-Application
tailored	O
to	O
French	O
language	O
learners	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Grammar	B-Application
checkers	I-Application
are	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
computerised	O
application	O
which	O
non-native	O
speakers	O
can	O
make	O
use	O
of	O
to	O
proofread	O
their	O
writings	O
as	O
such	O
programs	O
endeavor	O
to	O
identify	O
syntactical	O
errors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Grammar	O
and	O
style	O
checking	O
is	O
recognized	O
as	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
seven	O
major	O
applications	O
of	O
Natural	B-Language
Language	I-Language
Processing	I-Language
and	O
every	O
project	O
in	O
this	O
field	O
aims	O
to	O
build	O
grammar	B-Application
checkers	I-Application
into	O
a	O
writing	O
aid	O
instead	O
of	O
a	O
robust	O
man-machine	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
,	O
grammar	B-Application
checkers	I-Application
are	O
incapable	O
of	O
inspecting	O
the	O
linguistic	O
or	O
even	O
syntactic	B-Application
correctness	O
of	O
text	O
as	O
a	O
whole	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
are	O
restricted	O
in	O
their	O
usefulness	O
in	O
that	O
they	O
are	O
only	O
able	O
to	O
check	O
a	O
small	O
fraction	O
of	O
all	O
the	O
possible	O
syntactic	B-Application
structures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Grammar	B-Application
checkers	I-Application
are	O
unable	O
to	O
detect	O
semantic	O
errors	O
in	O
a	O
correctly	O
structured	O
syntax	B-Application
order	O
;	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
grammar	B-Application
checkers	I-Application
do	O
not	O
register	O
the	O
error	O
when	O
the	O
sentence	O
structure	O
is	O
syntactically	O
correct	O
but	O
semantically	O
meaningless	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
grammar	B-Application
checkers	I-Application
have	O
largely	O
been	O
concentrated	O
on	O
ensuring	O
grammatical	O
writing	O
,	O
majority	O
of	O
them	O
are	O
modelled	O
after	O
native	O
writers	O
,	O
neglecting	O
the	O
needs	O
of	O
non-native	O
language	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Much	O
research	O
have	O
attempted	O
to	O
tailor	O
grammar	B-Application
checkers	I-Application
to	O
the	O
needs	O
of	O
non-native	O
language	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Granska	O
,	O
a	O
Swedish	O
grammar	B-Application
checker	I-Application
,	O
has	O
been	O
greatly	O
worked	O
upon	O
by	O
numerous	O
researchers	O
in	O
the	O
investigation	O
of	O
grammar	B-Application
checking	I-Application
properties	O
for	O
foreign	O
language	O
learners	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Universidad	O
Nacional	O
de	O
Educación	O
a	O
Distancia	O
has	O
a	O
computerised	O
grammar	B-Application
checker	I-Application
for	O
native	O
Spanish	O
speakers	O
of	O
EFL	O
to	O
help	O
identify	O
and	O
correct	O
grammatical	O
mistakes	O
without	O
feedback	O
from	O
teachers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Theoretically	O
,	O
the	O
functions	O
of	O
a	O
conventional	O
spell	B-Application
checker	I-Application
can	O
be	O
incorporated	O
into	O
a	O
grammar	B-Application
checker	I-Application
entirely	O
and	O
this	O
is	O
likely	O
the	O
route	O
that	O
the	O
language	O
processing	O
industry	O
is	O
working	O
towards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
reality	O
,	O
internationally	O
available	O
word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
such	O
as	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Word	I-Application
have	O
difficulties	O
combining	O
spell	B-Application
checkers	I-Application
and	O
grammar	B-Application
checkers	I-Application
due	O
to	O
licensing	O
issues	O
;	O
various	O
proofing	O
instrument	O
mechanisms	O
for	O
a	O
certain	O
language	O
would	O
have	O
been	O
licensed	O
under	O
different	O
providers	O
at	O
different	O
times	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Collocational	O
information	O
also	O
enable	O
non-native	O
language	O
users	O
to	O
make	O
clearer	O
distinctions	O
between	O
words	O
and	O
expressions	O
commonly	O
regarded	O
as	O
synonyms	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
corpora	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
check	O
for	O
the	O
acceptability	O
or	O
syntactic	B-Application
"	O
grammaticality	O
"	O
of	O
their	O
written	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dictionaries	B-Operating_System
of	O
the	O
target	O
learning	O
languages	O
are	O
commonly	O
recommended	O
to	O
non-native	O
language	O
learners	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
found	O
that	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
dictionary	B-Operating_System
can	O
help	O
learners	O
of	O
a	O
foreign	O
language	O
write	O
better	O
if	O
they	O
know	O
how	O
to	O
use	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Foreign	O
language	O
learners	O
can	O
make	O
use	O
of	O
grammar-related	O
information	O
from	O
the	O
dictionary	B-Operating_System
to	O
select	O
appropriate	O
words	O
,	O
check	O
the	O
correct	O
spelling	O
of	O
a	O
word	O
and	O
look	O
up	O
synonyms	B-Application
to	O
add	O
more	O
variety	O
to	O
their	O
writing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nonetheless	O
,	O
learners	O
have	O
to	O
be	O
careful	O
when	O
using	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
as	O
the	O
lexical-semantic	O
information	O
contained	O
in	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
might	O
not	O
be	O
sufficient	O
with	O
regards	O
to	O
language	O
production	O
in	O
a	O
particular	O
context	O
and	O
learners	O
may	O
be	O
misled	O
into	O
choosing	O
incorrect	O
words	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Presently	O
,	O
many	O
notable	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
are	O
available	O
online	O
and	O
basic	O
usage	O
is	O
usually	O
free	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
online	B-Application
dictionaries	I-Application
allow	O
learners	O
of	O
a	O
foreign	O
language	O
to	O
find	O
references	O
for	O
a	O
word	O
much	O
faster	O
and	O
more	O
conveniently	O
than	O
with	O
a	O
manual	O
version	O
,	O
thus	O
minimising	O
the	O
disruption	O
to	O
the	O
flow	O
of	O
writing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	B-Application
dictionaries	I-Application
available	O
can	O
be	O
found	O
under	O
the	O
list	B-Application
of	I-Application
online	I-Application
dictionaries	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dictionaries	B-Operating_System
come	O
in	O
different	O
levels	O
of	O
proficiency	O
;	O
such	O
as	O
advanced	O
,	O
intermediate	O
and	O
beginner	O
,	O
which	O
learners	O
can	O
choose	O
accordingly	O
to	O
the	O
level	O
best	O
suited	O
to	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
many	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
available	O
;	O
such	O
as	O
thesaurus	O
or	O
bilingual	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
cater	O
to	O
the	O
specific	O
needs	O
of	O
a	O
learner	O
of	O
a	O
foreign	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
recent	O
years	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
also	O
specialised	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
for	O
foreign	O
language	O
learners	O
that	O
employ	O
natural	B-Language
language	I-Language
processing	I-Language
tools	O
to	O
assist	O
in	O
the	O
compilations	O
of	O
dictionary	B-Operating_System
entries	O
by	O
generating	O
feedback	O
on	O
the	O
vocabulary	O
that	O
learners	O
use	O
and	O
automatically	O
providing	O
inflectional	O
and/or	O
derivational	O
forms	O
for	O
referencing	O
items	O
in	O
the	O
explanations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
word	O
thesaurus	O
means	O
'	O
treasury	O
 '	O
or	O
'	O
storehouse	O
 '	O
in	O
Greek	O
and	O
Latin	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
several	O
varieties	O
of	O
language	O
resources	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
most	O
commonly	O
known	O
as	O
a	O
book	O
that	O
groups	O
words	O
in	O
synonym	B-Application
clusters	O
and	O
related	O
meanings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
original	O
sense	O
of	O
'	O
dictionary	B-Operating_System
or	O
encyclopedia	O
 '	O
has	O
been	O
overshadowed	O
by	O
the	O
emergence	O
of	O
the	O
Roget-style	O
thesaurus	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
considered	O
as	O
a	O
writing	O
aid	O
as	O
it	O
helps	O
writers	O
with	O
the	O
selection	O
of	O
words	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
differences	O
between	O
a	O
Roget-style	O
thesaurus	O
and	O
a	O
dictionary	B-Operating_System
would	O
be	O
the	O
indexing	O
and	O
information	O
given	O
;	O
the	O
words	O
in	O
thesaurus	O
are	O
grouped	O
by	O
meaning	O
,	O
usually	O
without	O
definitions	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
latter	O
is	O
by	O
alphabetical	O
order	O
with	O
definitions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
users	O
are	O
unable	O
to	O
find	O
a	O
word	O
in	O
a	O
dictionary	B-Operating_System
,	O
it	O
is	O
usually	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
constraint	O
of	O
searching	O
alphabetically	O
by	O
common	O
and	O
well-known	O
headwords	O
and	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
thesaurus	O
eliminates	O
this	O
issue	O
by	O
allowing	O
users	O
to	O
search	O
for	O
a	O
word	O
through	O
another	O
word	O
based	O
on	O
concept	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Foreign	O
language	O
learners	O
can	O
make	O
use	O
of	O
thesaurus	O
to	O
find	O
near	O
synonyms	B-Application
of	O
a	O
word	O
to	O
expand	O
their	O
vocabulary	O
skills	O
and	O
add	O
variety	O
to	O
their	O
writing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
are	O
equipped	O
with	O
a	O
basic	O
function	O
of	O
thesaurus	O
,	O
allowing	O
learners	O
to	O
change	O
a	O
word	O
to	O
another	O
similar	O
word	O
with	O
ease	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
learners	O
must	O
be	O
mindful	O
that	O
even	O
if	O
the	O
words	O
are	O
near	O
synonyms	B-Application
,	O
they	O
might	O
not	O
be	O
suitable	O
replacements	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
context	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Spelling	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
are	O
referencing	O
materials	O
that	O
specifically	O
aid	O
users	O
in	O
finding	O
the	O
correct	O
spelling	O
of	O
a	O
word	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
common	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
,	O
spelling	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
do	O
not	O
typically	O
provide	O
definitions	O
and	O
other	O
grammar-related	O
information	O
of	O
the	O
words	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
typical	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
check	O
or	O
search	O
for	O
correct	O
spellings	O
,	O
new	O
and	O
improved	O
spelling	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
can	O
assist	O
users	O
in	O
finding	O
the	O
correct	O
spelling	O
of	O
words	O
even	O
when	O
the	O
first	O
alphabet	O
is	O
unknown	O
or	O
incorrect	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
circumvents	O
the	O
alphabetic	O
ordering	O
limitations	O
of	O
a	O
classic	O
dictionary	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
spelling	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
are	O
especially	O
useful	O
to	O
foreign	O
language	O
learners	O
as	O
inclusion	O
of	O
concise	O
definitions	O
and	O
suggestions	O
for	O
commonly	O
confused	O
words	O
help	O
learners	O
to	O
choose	O
the	O
correct	O
spellings	O
of	O
words	O
that	O
sound	O
alike	O
or	O
are	O
pronounced	O
wrongly	O
by	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
personal	O
spelling	O
dictionary	B-Operating_System
,	O
being	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
a	O
single	O
learner	O
’s	O
regularly	O
misspelled	O
words	O
,	O
is	O
tailored	O
to	O
the	O
individual	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
expanded	O
with	O
new	O
entries	O
that	O
the	O
learner	O
does	O
not	O
know	O
how	O
to	O
spell	O
or	O
contracted	O
when	O
the	O
learner	O
had	O
mastered	O
the	O
words	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Learners	O
also	O
use	O
the	O
personal	O
spelling	O
dictionary	B-Operating_System
more	O
than	O
electronic	O
spellcheckers	B-Application
,	O
and	O
additions	O
can	O
be	O
easily	O
made	O
to	O
better	O
enhance	O
it	O
as	O
a	O
learning	O
tool	O
as	O
it	O
can	O
include	O
things	O
like	O
rules	O
for	O
writing	O
and	O
proper	O
nouns	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
not	O
included	O
in	O
electronic	O
spellcheckers	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Studies	O
also	O
suggest	O
that	O
personal	O
spelling	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
are	O
better	O
tools	O
for	O
learners	O
to	O
improve	O
their	O
spelling	O
as	O
compared	O
to	O
trying	O
to	O
memorize	O
words	O
that	O
are	O
unrelated	O
from	O
lists	O
or	O
books	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Current	O
research	O
have	O
shown	O
that	O
language	O
learners	O
utilise	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
predominantly	O
to	O
check	O
for	O
meanings	O
and	O
that	O
bilingual	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
are	O
preferred	O
over	O
monolingual	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
for	O
these	O
uses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bilingual	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
have	O
proved	O
to	O
be	O
helpful	O
for	O
learners	O
of	O
a	O
new	O
language	O
,	O
although	O
in	O
general	O
,	O
they	O
hold	O
less	O
extensive	O
coverage	O
of	O
information	O
as	O
compared	O
to	O
monolingual	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nonetheless	O
,	O
good	O
bilingual	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
capitalize	O
on	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
they	O
are	O
useful	O
for	O
learners	O
to	O
integrate	O
helpful	O
information	O
about	O
commonly	O
known	O
errors	O
,	O
false	O
friends	O
and	O
contrastive	O
predicaments	O
from	O
the	O
two	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Studies	O
have	O
shown	O
that	O
learners	O
of	O
English	O
have	O
benefited	O
from	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
bilingual	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
on	O
their	O
production	O
and	O
comprehension	O
of	O
unknown	O
words	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
using	O
bilingual	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
,	O
learners	O
also	O
tend	O
to	O
read	O
entries	O
in	O
both	O
native	O
and	O
target	O
languages	O
and	O
this	O
helps	O
them	O
to	O
map	O
the	O
meanings	O
of	O
the	O
target	O
word	O
in	O
the	O
foreign	O
language	O
onto	O
its	O
counterpart	O
in	O
their	O
native	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
also	O
found	O
that	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
bilingual	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
improves	O
the	O
results	O
of	O
translation	O
tasks	O
by	O
learners	O
of	O
ESL	O
,	O
thus	O
showing	O
that	O
language	O
learning	O
can	O
be	O
enhanced	O
with	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
bilingual	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
bilingual	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
in	O
foreign	O
language	O
writing	O
tests	O
remains	O
a	O
debate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
studies	O
support	O
the	O
view	O
that	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
dictionary	B-Operating_System
in	O
a	O
foreign	O
language	O
examination	O
increases	O
the	O
mean	O
score	O
of	O
the	O
test	O
,	O
and	O
hence	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
factors	O
that	O
influenced	O
the	O
decision	O
to	O
ban	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
in	O
several	O
foreign	O
language	O
tests	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
recent	O
studies	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
present	O
that	O
further	O
research	O
into	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
bilingual	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
during	O
writing	O
tests	O
have	O
shown	O
that	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
significant	O
differences	O
in	O
the	O
test	O
scores	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
attributed	O
to	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
dictionary	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nevertheless	O
,	O
from	O
the	O
perspective	O
of	O
foreign	O
language	O
learners	O
,	O
being	O
able	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
bilingual	O
dictionary	B-Operating_System
during	O
a	O
test	O
is	O
reassuring	O
and	O
increases	O
their	O
confidence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
many	O
free	O
translation	O
aids	O
online	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
machine	B-Application
translation	I-Application
(	O
MT	O
)	O
engines	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
and	O
Babel	B-Application
Fish	I-Application
(	O
now	O
defunct	O
)	O
,	O
that	O
allow	O
foreign	O
language	O
learners	O
to	O
translate	O
between	O
their	O
native	O
language	O
and	O
the	O
target	O
language	O
quickly	O
and	O
conveniently	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Out	O
of	O
the	O
three	O
major	O
categories	O
in	O
computerised	O
translation	O
tools	O
;	O
computer-assisted	B-Application
translation	I-Application
(	O
CAT	O
)	O
,	O
Terminology	O
data	O
banks	O
and	O
machine	B-Application
translation	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Machine	B-Application
translation	I-Application
is	O
the	O
most	O
ambitious	O
as	O
it	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
handle	O
the	O
whole	O
process	O
of	O
translation	O
entirely	O
without	O
the	O
intervention	O
of	O
human	O
assistance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Machine	B-Application
translation	I-Application
aids	O
help	O
beginner	O
learners	O
of	O
a	O
foreign	O
language	O
to	O
write	O
more	O
and	O
produce	O
better	O
quality	O
work	O
in	O
the	O
target	O
language	O
;	O
writing	O
directly	O
in	O
the	O
target	O
language	O
without	O
any	O
aid	O
requires	O
more	O
effort	O
on	O
the	O
learners	O
 '	O
part	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
the	O
difference	O
in	O
quantity	O
and	O
quality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
teachers	O
advise	O
learners	O
against	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
machine	B-Application
translation	I-Application
aids	O
as	O
output	O
from	O
the	O
machine	B-Application
translation	I-Application
aids	O
are	O
highly	O
misleading	O
and	O
unreliable	O
;	O
producing	O
the	O
wrong	O
answers	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Handwriting	B-Application
recognition	I-Application
is	O
supported	O
on	O
certain	O
programs	O
,	O
which	O
help	O
language	O
learners	O
in	O
learning	O
the	O
orthography	O
of	O
the	O
target	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
