<s>
Force	B-Device
Touch	I-Device
is	O
a	O
haptic	B-Device
technology	I-Device
developed	O
by	O
Apple	O
Inc	O
.	O
that	O
enables	O
trackpads	B-Application
and	O
touchscreens	B-Device
to	O
distinguish	O
between	O
various	O
levels	O
of	O
force	O
being	O
applied	O
to	O
their	O
surfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technology	O
was	O
first	O
unveiled	O
on	O
September	O
9	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
during	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
Apple	B-Device
Watch	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
with	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
Watch	I-Device
,	O
Force	B-Device
Touch	I-Device
has	O
been	O
incorporated	O
into	O
many	O
products	O
within	O
Apple	O
's	O
lineup	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
notably	O
includes	O
MacBooks	B-Device
and	O
the	O
Magic	B-Device
Trackpad	I-Device
2	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technology	O
is	O
known	O
as	O
3D	O
Touch	O
on	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Device
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technology	O
brings	O
usability	B-General_Concept
enhancements	O
to	O
the	O
software	O
by	O
offering	O
a	O
third	O
dimension	O
to	O
accept	O
input	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
enables	O
users	O
to	O
customize	O
a	O
preference	O
of	O
light	O
,	O
medium	O
,	O
or	O
firm	O
press	O
on	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Device
's	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Force	B-Device
Touch	I-Device
on	O
the	O
other	O
hand	O
,	O
has	O
two	O
layers	O
of	O
interaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
's	O
haptic	B-Device
engine	O
called	O
the	O
Taptic	O
Engine	O
resides	O
in	O
these	O
devices	O
,	O
which	O
houses	O
a	O
linear	B-Algorithm
actuator	I-Algorithm
producing	O
vibratory	O
effects	O
as	O
feedback	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
allows	O
application	B-Application
developers	I-Application
to	O
leverage	O
the	O
pressure	O
sensitivity	O
of	O
trackpads	B-Application
and	O
touchscreens	B-Device
into	O
their	O
own	O
apps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
3D	O
Touch	O
was	O
discontinued	O
with	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
11	I-Operating_System
and	O
onwards	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
Haptic	B-Device
Touch	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Haptic	B-Device
Touch	I-Device
is	O
a	O
feature	O
on	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
XR	I-Operating_System
(	O
but	O
not	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
XS	I-Operating_System
)	O
and	O
later	O
iPhone	B-Device
models	O
replacing	O
3D	O
Touch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
touchscreen	B-Device
,	O
which	O
no	O
longer	O
has	O
a	O
pressure	O
sensitive	O
layer	O
,	O
distinguishes	O
between	O
a	O
tap	O
and	O
a	O
long-press	O
using	O
a	O
timed	O
delay	O
to	O
activate	O
certain	O
3D	O
Touch	O
features	O
(	O
only	O
ones	O
for	O
elements	O
that	O
do	O
not	O
have	O
an	O
action	O
assigned	O
to	O
long	O
press	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
feature	O
was	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
SE	I-Operating_System
(	O
1st	O
generation	O
)	O
with	O
the	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
13	I-Operating_System
update	O
and	O
to	O
any	O
iPad	B-Device
capable	O
of	O
running	O
iPadOS	B-Operating_System
13	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
watchOS	O
7	O
,	O
only	O
Haptic	B-Device
Touch	I-Device
is	O
recognized	O
,	O
and	O
Force	B-Device
Touch	I-Device
is	O
discontinued	O
on	O
all	O
subsequent	O
Apple	B-Device
Watches	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Force	B-Device
Touch	I-Device
on	O
Macs	O
bring	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Look	O
up	O
text	O
to	O
show	O
more	O
information	O
from	O
Dictionary	B-Operating_System
,	O
Wikipedia	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Show	O
an	O
Apple	B-Application
Maps	I-Application
preview	O
of	O
an	O
address	O
location	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Add	O
dates	O
and	O
events	O
to	O
Calendar	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Accelerate	O
fast-forwarding	O
and	O
rewinding	O
on	O
QuickTime	B-Application
and	O
iMovie	B-Operating_System
using	O
variable	O
pressure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
3D	O
Touch	O
on	O
iPhones	B-Device
bring	O
the	O
following	O
features	O
,	O
but	O
are	O
not	O
limited	O
to	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Holding	O
down	O
to	O
:	O
preview	O
Live	O
Photos	O
;	O
open	O
the	O
App	O
Switcher	O
(	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
6s	I-Operating_System
,	O
6s	O
Plus	O
,	O
7	O
,	O
7	O
Plus	O
,	O
8	O
,	O
and	O
8	O
Plus	O
only	O
)	O
;	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Force	B-Device
Touch	I-Device
on	O
Apple	B-Device
Watch	I-Device
brings	O
some	O
significant	O
features	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Toggle	O
between	O
day	O
,	O
list	O
,	O
or	O
today	O
view	O
on	O
the	O
calendar	B-Operating_System
app	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
allows	O
application	B-Application
developers	I-Application
to	O
integrate	O
the	O
force	B-Device
touch	I-Device
functionality	O
into	O
their	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
APIs	B-Application
facilitate	O
the	O
following	O
interactions	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
iPhones	B-Device
with	O
3D	O
Touch	O
,	O
the	O
capacitive	B-Device
sensors	I-Device
are	O
directly	O
integrated	O
into	O
the	O
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
a	O
press	O
is	O
detected	O
,	O
these	O
capacitive	B-Device
sensors	I-Device
measure	O
microscopic	O
changes	O
in	O
the	O
distance	O
between	O
the	O
back	O
light	O
and	O
the	O
cover	O
glass	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
Watch	I-Device
,	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
electrodes	O
line	O
the	O
curvature	O
of	O
the	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
trackpads	B-Application
deploy	O
a	O
similar	O
mechanism	O
,	O
although	O
sensory	O
information	O
is	O
determined	O
by	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
four	O
sensors	O
that	O
align	O
with	O
the	O
corners	O
of	O
the	O
trackpad	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
detected	O
pressure	O
is	O
then	O
relayed	O
to	O
the	O
Taptic	O
Engine	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
Apple	O
's	O
haptic	B-Device
feedback	I-Device
engine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
electromagnetic	O
linear	B-Algorithm
actuator	I-Algorithm
within	O
the	O
Taptic	O
engine	O
is	O
capable	O
of	O
reaching	O
its	O
peak	O
output	O
in	O
just	O
one	O
cycle	O
and	O
producing	O
vibrations	O
that	O
last	O
10	O
milliseconds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
typical	O
motors	O
,	O
the	O
linear	B-Algorithm
actuator	I-Algorithm
does	O
not	O
rotate	O
but	O
oscillates	O
back	O
and	O
forth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Taptic	O
Engine	O
produces	O
immediate	O
haptic	B-Device
feedback	I-Device
,	O
without	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
offset	O
the	O
balance	O
of	O
mass	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
haptic	B-Device
feedback	I-Device
produced	O
may	O
be	O
accompanied	O
by	O
an	O
audible	O
tone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
haptic	B-Device
type	O
is	O
defined	O
for	O
a	O
specific	O
purpose	O
,	O
to	O
convey	O
a	O
specific	O
meaning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
touch	O
sensitive	O
interface	O
could	O
either	O
be	O
a	O
trackpad	O
or	O
a	O
touch	B-Device
screen	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
actuators	O
are	O
distributed	O
along	O
the	O
surface	O
,	O
each	O
at	O
a	O
separate	O
contact	O
location	O
,	O
to	O
provide	O
localized	O
haptic	B-Device
feedback	I-Device
to	O
the	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
controller	B-Architecture
is	O
configured	O
to	O
activate	O
the	O
actuators	O
in	O
and	O
around	O
the	O
point	O
of	O
contact	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
may	O
be	O
achieved	O
by	O
producing	O
waveforms	O
that	O
provides	O
interference	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
amplitude	B-Application
,	O
frequency	O
or	O
both	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Force	B-Device
Touch	I-Device
or	O
Haptic	B-Device
Touch	I-Device
technology	O
is	O
featured	O
on	O
the	O
following	O
Apple	O
devices	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
Inc	O
.	O
was	O
subjected	O
to	O
a	O
lawsuit	O
by	O
Immersion	O
Corporation	O
on	O
February	O
11	B-Operating_System
,	O
2016	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
allegations	O
of	O
infringing	O
patents	O
owned	O
by	O
Immersion	O
on	O
3D	O
Touch	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
8,619,051	O
:	O
Relates	O
to	O
a	O
haptic	B-Device
feedback	I-Device
system	O
including	O
a	O
controller	B-Architecture
,	O
an	O
associated	O
memory	O
,	O
actuator	O
drive	O
and	O
the	O
drive	O
's	O
circuit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
memory	O
stores	O
at	O
least	O
one	O
haptic	B-Device
effect	O
that	O
is	O
executed	O
by	O
the	O
controller	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
8,773,356	O
:	O
Relates	O
to	O
systems	O
and	O
methods	O
for	O
providing	O
tactile	O
sensations	O
which	O
are	O
disclosed	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
steps	O
of	O
outputting	O
a	O
display	O
signal	O
configured	O
to	O
preview	O
a	O
graphical	O
object	O
on	O
a	O
touch-sensitive	B-Device
input	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
8,659,571	O
:	O
Relates	O
to	O
a	O
system	O
that	O
produces	O
a	O
dynamic	O
haptic	B-Device
effect	O
and	O
generates	O
a	O
drive	O
signal	O
that	O
includes	O
a	O
gesture	O
signal	O
and	O
a	O
real	O
or	O
virtual	O
device	O
sensor	O
signal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2018	O
,	O
a	O
second	O
lawsuit	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
District	O
of	O
Delaware	O
court	O
made	O
the	O
claim	O
that	O
Apple	O
had	O
knowingly	O
infringed	O
on	O
four	O
patents	O
in	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
6s	I-Operating_System
and	O
models	O
of	O
the	O
MacBook	B-Device
and	O
MacBook	B-Device
Pro	I-Device
lines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
7,808,488	O
:	O
Relates	O
to	O
systems	O
and	O
methods	O
for	O
generating	O
an	O
actuator	O
signal	O
to	O
output	O
a	O
haptic	B-Device
effect	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
interaction	O
with	O
a	O
graphical	O
object	O
on	O
a	O
touchscreen	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
8,581,710	O
:	O
Relates	O
to	O
systems	O
and	O
methods	O
for	O
generating	O
an	O
actuator	O
signal	O
to	O
output	O
a	O
haptic	B-Device
effect	O
indicating	O
whether	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
input	O
is	O
recognised	O
or	O
unrecognised	O
and	O
that	O
a	O
corresponding	O
command	O
was	O
or	O
was	O
not	O
found	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
version	O
of	O
Force	B-Device
Touch	I-Device
was	O
once	O
in	O
development	O
by	O
Nokia	O
in	O
a	O
project	O
called	O
'	O
Goldfinger	O
 '	O
from	O
2013	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
have	O
been	O
a	O
Lumia	B-Device
smartphone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
built	O
for	O
users	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
the	O
phone	O
by	O
merely	O
hovering	O
their	O
hands	O
over	O
it	O
,	O
unlike	O
the	O
Force	B-Device
Touch	I-Device
present	O
in	O
Apple	O
's	O
ecosystem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
renamed	O
to	O
Nokia	B-Device
Lumia	I-Device
McLaren	I-Device
and	O
under	O
development	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
Mobile	O
,	O
the	O
device	O
was	O
eventually	O
cancelled	O
in	O
July	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Phones	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
ZTE	O
Axon	O
mini	O
,	O
Meizu	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
6	I-Application
,	O
Huawei	B-Application
Mate	I-Application
S	I-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
Huawei	O
P9	O
Plus	O
also	O
feature	O
a	O
pressure	O
sensitive	O
display	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Google	B-Device
Pixel	I-Device
4	I-Device
features	O
a	O
software-based	O
technology	O
called	O
Firm	O
Press	O
,	O
which	O
tries	O
to	O
guess	O
the	O
force	O
of	O
pressure	O
using	O
machine	O
learning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
application	B-Application
programming	I-Application
interface	I-Application
of	O
Android	B-Application
OS	I-Application
added	O
support	O
for	O
pressure-sensitive	O
touching	O
in	O
2009	O
with	O
Android	B-Application
2.0	O
Éclair	O
,	O
even	O
though	O
no	O
according	O
hardware	O
existed	O
at	O
that	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
