<s>
Foldit	B-Language
is	O
an	O
online	O
puzzle	O
video	O
game	O
about	O
protein	O
folding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
objective	O
of	O
Foldit	B-Language
is	O
to	O
fold	O
the	O
structures	O
of	O
selected	O
proteins	O
as	O
perfectly	O
as	O
possible	O
,	O
using	O
tools	O
provided	O
in	O
the	O
game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2010	O
paper	O
in	O
the	O
science	O
journal	O
Nature	O
credited	O
Foldit	B-Language
's	O
57,000	O
players	O
with	O
providing	O
useful	O
results	O
that	O
matched	O
or	O
outperformed	O
algorithmically	O
computed	O
solutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prof	O
.	O
David	O
Baker	O
,	O
a	O
protein	O
research	O
scientist	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Washington	O
,	O
founded	O
the	O
Foldit	B-Language
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rosetta	O
was	O
eventually	O
extended	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
power	O
of	O
distributed	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
:	O
The	O
Rosetta	B-Operating_System
@home	I-Operating_System
program	O
was	O
made	O
available	O
for	O
public	O
download	B-Application
,	O
and	O
displayed	O
its	O
protein-folding	O
progress	O
as	O
a	O
screensaver	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
results	O
were	O
sent	O
to	O
a	O
central	O
server	B-Application
for	O
verification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
Rosetta	B-Operating_System
@home	I-Operating_System
users	O
became	O
frustrated	O
when	O
they	O
saw	O
ways	O
to	O
solve	O
protein	O
structures	O
,	O
but	O
could	O
not	O
interact	O
with	O
the	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
people	O
who	O
created	O
Rosetta	B-Operating_System
@home	I-Operating_System
worked	O
on	O
Foldit	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2008	O
,	O
Foldit	B-Language
has	O
participated	O
in	O
Critical	O
Assessment	O
of	O
Techniques	O
for	O
Protein	O
Structure	O
Prediction	O
(	O
CASP	O
)	O
experiments	O
,	O
submitting	O
its	O
best	O
solutions	O
to	O
targets	O
based	O
on	O
unknown	O
protein	O
structures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
to	O
Rosetta	B-Operating_System
@home	I-Operating_System
,	O
Foldit	B-Language
is	O
a	O
means	O
to	O
discover	O
native	O
protein	O
structures	O
faster	O
through	O
distributed	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
Foldit	B-Language
has	O
a	O
greater	O
emphasis	O
on	O
community	O
collaboration	O
through	O
its	O
forums	O
,	O
where	O
users	O
can	O
collaborate	O
on	O
certain	O
folds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
Foldit	B-Language
's	O
crowdsourced	O
approach	O
places	O
a	O
greater	O
emphasis	O
on	O
the	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Foldit	B-Language
's	O
virtual	O
interaction	O
and	O
gamification	O
create	O
a	O
unique	O
and	O
innovative	O
environment	O
with	O
the	O
potential	O
to	O
greatly	O
advance	O
protein	O
folding	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Foldit	B-Language
attempts	O
to	O
apply	O
the	O
human	O
brain	O
's	O
three-dimensional	O
pattern	B-Language
matching	I-Language
and	O
spatial	O
reasoning	O
abilities	O
to	O
help	O
solve	O
the	O
problem	O
of	O
protein	O
structure	O
prediction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Foldit	B-Language
includes	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
tutorials	O
where	O
users	O
manipulate	O
simple	O
protein-like	O
structures	O
and	O
a	O
periodically	O
updated	O
set	O
of	O
puzzles	O
based	O
on	O
real	O
proteins	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Foldit	B-Language
's	O
developers	O
wanted	O
to	O
attract	O
as	O
many	O
people	O
as	O
possible	O
to	O
the	O
cause	O
of	O
protein	O
folding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
So	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
only	O
building	O
a	O
useful	O
science	O
tool	O
,	O
they	O
used	O
gamification	O
(	O
the	O
inclusion	O
of	O
gaming	O
elements	O
)	O
to	O
make	O
Foldit	B-Language
appealing	O
and	O
engaging	O
to	O
the	O
general	O
public	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Foldit	B-Language
users	O
may	O
create	O
and	O
join	O
groups	O
,	O
and	O
members	O
of	O
groups	O
can	O
share	O
puzzle	O
solutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Results	O
from	O
Foldit	B-Language
have	O
been	O
included	O
in	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
scientific	O
publications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Foldit	B-Language
players	O
have	O
been	O
cited	O
collectively	O
as	O
"	O
Foldit	B-Language
players	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
Players	O
,	O
F.	O
"	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
August	O
2010	O
paper	O
in	O
the	O
journal	O
Nature	O
credited	O
Foldit	B-Language
's	O
57,000	O
players	O
with	O
providing	O
useful	O
results	O
that	O
matched	O
or	O
outperformed	O
algorithmically	O
computed	O
solutions	O
,	O
stating	O
"[p]layers	O
working	O
collaboratively	O
develop	O
a	O
rich	O
assortment	O
of	O
new	O
strategies	O
and	O
algorithms	O
;	O
unlike	O
computational	O
approaches	O
,	O
they	O
explore	O
not	O
only	O
conformational	O
space	O
but	O
also	O
the	O
space	O
of	O
possible	O
search	O
strategies	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
November	O
2011	O
article	O
in	O
PNAS	O
compared	O
"	O
recipes	O
"	O
developed	O
by	O
Foldit	B-Language
players	O
to	O
Rosetta	O
scripts	O
developed	O
by	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
Baker	O
Lab	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Washington	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
,	O
Foldit	B-Language
players	O
helped	O
decipher	O
the	O
crystal	O
structure	O
of	O
a	O
retroviral	O
protease	O
from	O
Mason-Pfizer	O
monkey	O
virus	O
(	O
M-PMV	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
monkey	O
virus	O
which	O
causes	O
HIV/AIDS	O
-like	O
symptoms	O
,	O
a	O
scientific	O
problem	O
that	O
had	O
been	O
unsolved	O
for	O
15	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2012	O
,	O
Scientific	O
American	O
reported	O
that	O
Foldit	B-Language
gamers	O
achieved	O
the	O
first	O
crowdsourced	O
redesign	O
of	O
a	O
protein	O
,	O
an	O
enzyme	O
that	O
catalysed	O
the	O
Diels	O
–	O
Alder	O
reactions	O
widely	O
used	O
in	O
synthetic	O
chemistry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Foldit	B-Language
players	O
reengineered	O
the	O
enzyme	O
by	O
adding	O
13	O
amino	O
acids	O
,	O
increasing	O
its	O
activity	O
by	O
more	O
than	O
18	O
times	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
September	O
2016	O
article	O
in	O
Nature	O
Communications	O
detailed	O
a	O
"	O
crystallographic	O
model-building	O
competition	O
between	O
trained	O
crystallographers	O
,	O
undergraduate	O
students	O
,	O
Foldit	B-Language
players	O
and	O
automatic	O
model-building	O
algorithms	O
"	O
in	O
which	O
"	O
a	O
team	O
of	O
Foldit	B-Language
players	O
achieved	O
the	O
most	O
accurate	O
structure	O
"	O
fitting	O
a	O
protein	O
to	O
the	O
results	O
of	O
an	O
X-ray	O
crystallography	O
experiment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
July	O
2018	O
article	O
in	O
Nature	O
Communications	O
reviewed	O
the	O
collaboration	O
between	O
Foldit	B-Language
players	O
and	O
teams	O
in	O
the	O
WeFold	O
consortium	O
in	O
biennial	O
CASP	O
competitions	O
CASP11	O
and	O
CASP12	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
June	O
2019	O
letter	O
in	O
Nature	O
described	O
the	O
analysis	O
of	O
proteins	O
designed	O
by	O
Foldit	B-Language
players	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2019	O
,	O
an	O
article	O
in	O
PLOS	O
Biology	O
reported	O
how	O
Foldit	B-Language
players	O
were	O
able	O
to	O
"	O
build	O
protein	O
structures	O
into	O
crystallographic	O
,	O
high-resolution	O
maps	O
more	O
accurately	O
than	O
expert	O
crystallographers	O
or	O
automated	O
model-building	O
algorithms	O
"	O
using	O
data	O
from	O
cryo	O
EM	O
experiments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Foldit	B-Language
's	O
toolbox	O
is	O
mainly	O
for	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
protein	O
molecules	O
.	O
</s>
