<s>
Fog	B-Device
computing	I-Device
or	O
fog	B-Device
networking	I-Device
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
fogging	O
,	O
is	O
an	O
architecture	O
that	O
uses	O
edge	B-Device
devices	I-Device
to	O
carry	O
out	O
a	O
substantial	O
amount	O
of	O
computation	O
(	O
edge	B-Device
computing	I-Device
)	O
,	O
storage	O
,	O
and	O
communication	O
locally	O
and	O
routed	O
over	O
the	O
Internet	B-General_Concept
backbone	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
,	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
extend	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
with	O
fog	B-Device
computing	I-Device
emerged	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
cope	O
with	O
huge	O
number	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
and	O
big	O
data	O
volumes	O
for	O
real-time	O
low-latency	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fog	B-Device
computing	I-Device
,	O
also	O
called	O
edge	B-Device
computing	I-Device
,	O
is	O
intended	O
for	O
distributed	O
computing	O
where	O
numerous	O
"	O
peripheral	O
"	O
devices	O
connect	O
to	O
a	O
cloud	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
word	O
"	O
fog	O
"	O
refers	O
to	O
its	O
cloud-like	O
properties	O
,	O
but	O
closer	O
to	O
the	O
"	O
ground	O
"	O
,	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
these	O
devices	O
will	O
generate	O
voluminous	O
raw	O
data	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
from	O
sensors	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
rather	O
than	O
forward	O
all	O
this	O
data	O
to	O
cloud-based	B-Architecture
servers	O
to	O
be	O
processed	O
,	O
the	O
idea	O
behind	O
fog	B-Device
computing	I-Device
is	O
to	O
do	O
as	O
much	O
processing	O
as	O
possible	O
using	O
computing	O
units	O
co-located	O
with	O
the	O
data-generating	O
devices	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
processed	O
rather	O
than	O
raw	O
data	O
is	O
forwarded	O
,	O
and	O
bandwidth	O
requirements	O
are	O
reduced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
idea	O
is	O
not	O
entirely	O
new	O
:	O
in	O
non-cloud-computing	O
scenarios	O
,	O
special-purpose	O
hardware	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
signal-processing	O
chips	O
performing	O
Fast	O
Fourier	O
Transforms	O
)	O
has	O
long	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
reduce	O
latency	O
and	O
reduce	O
the	O
burden	O
on	O
a	O
CPU	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fog	B-Device
networking	I-Device
consists	O
of	O
a	O
control	B-Protocol
plane	I-Protocol
and	O
a	O
data	B-Protocol
plane	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
on	O
the	O
data	B-Protocol
plane	I-Protocol
,	O
fog	B-Device
computing	I-Device
enables	O
computing	O
services	O
to	O
reside	O
at	O
the	O
edge	O
of	O
the	O
network	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
servers	O
in	O
a	O
data-center	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compared	O
to	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
fog	B-Device
computing	I-Device
emphasizes	O
proximity	O
to	O
end-users	O
and	O
client	O
objectives	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
operational	O
costs	O
,	O
security	O
policies	O
,	O
resource	O
exploitation	O
)	O
,	O
dense	O
geographical	O
distribution	O
and	O
context-awareness	O
(	O
for	O
what	O
concerns	O
computational	O
and	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
resources	O
)	O
,	O
latency	O
reduction	O
and	O
backbone	B-General_Concept
bandwidth	O
savings	O
to	O
achieve	O
better	O
quality	O
of	O
service	O
(	O
QoS	O
)	O
and	O
edge	O
analytics/stream	O
mining	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
superior	O
user-experience	O
and	O
redundancy	O
in	O
case	O
of	O
failure	O
while	O
it	O
is	O
also	O
able	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
Assisted	O
Living	O
scenarios	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fog	B-Device
networking	I-Device
supports	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
(	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
)	O
concept	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
devices	O
used	O
by	O
humans	O
on	O
a	O
daily	O
basis	O
will	O
be	O
connected	O
to	O
each	O
other	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
include	O
phones	O
,	O
wearable	O
health	O
monitoring	O
devices	O
,	O
connected	O
vehicle	O
and	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
using	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Google	B-Application
Glass	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
are	O
often	O
resource-constrained	O
and	O
have	O
limited	O
computational	O
abilities	O
to	O
perform	O
cryptography	O
computations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
fog	O
node	O
can	O
provide	O
security	O
for	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
by	O
performing	O
these	O
cryptographic	O
computations	O
instead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Use	O
cases	O
include	O
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
University	O
of	O
Melbourne	O
is	O
addressing	O
the	O
challenges	O
of	O
collecting	O
and	O
processing	O
data	O
from	O
cameras	O
,	O
ECG	O
devices	O
,	O
laptops	O
,	O
smartphones	O
,	O
and	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
with	O
its	O
project	O
FogBus	O
2	O
,	O
which	O
uses	O
edge/fog	O
and	O
Oracle	O
Cloud	B-Architecture
Infrastructure	O
to	O
process	O
data	O
in	O
real-time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ISO/IEC	B-Device
20248	I-Device
provides	O
a	O
method	O
whereby	O
the	O
data	O
of	O
objects	O
identified	O
by	O
edge	B-Device
computing	I-Device
using	O
Automated	O
Identification	O
Data	O
Carriers	O
(	O
AIDC	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
barcode	O
and/or	O
RFID	B-Application
tag	I-Application
,	O
can	O
be	O
read	O
,	O
interpreted	O
,	O
verified	O
and	O
made	O
available	O
into	O
the	O
"	O
Fog	O
"	O
and	O
on	O
the	O
"	O
Edge	O
,	O
"	O
even	O
when	O
the	O
AIDC	O
tag	O
has	O
moved	O
on	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
fog	B-Device
computing	I-Device
"	O
was	O
first	O
developed	O
by	O
Cisco	O
in	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
November	O
19	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
Cisco	O
Systems	O
,	O
ARM	O
Holdings	O
,	O
Dell	O
,	O
Intel	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
and	O
Princeton	O
University	O
,	O
founded	O
the	O
OpenFog	O
Consortium	O
to	O
promote	O
interests	O
and	O
development	O
in	O
fog	B-Device
computing	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cisco	O
Sr.	O
Managing-Director	O
Helder	O
Antunes	O
became	O
the	O
consortium	O
's	O
first	O
chairman	O
and	O
Intel	O
's	O
Chief	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
Strategist	O
Jeff	O
Fedders	O
became	O
its	O
first	O
president	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
and	O
fog	B-Device
computing	I-Device
provide	O
storage	O
,	O
applications	O
,	O
and	O
data	O
to	O
end-users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
fog	B-Device
computing	I-Device
is	O
closer	O
to	O
end-users	O
and	O
has	O
wider	O
geographical	O
distribution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
'	O
Cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
 '	O
is	O
the	O
practice	O
of	O
using	O
a	O
network	O
of	O
remote	O
servers	O
hosted	O
on	O
the	O
Internet	O
to	O
store	O
,	O
manage	O
,	O
and	O
process	O
data	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
a	O
local	O
server	O
or	O
a	O
personal	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
known	O
as	O
edge	B-Device
computing	I-Device
or	O
fogging	O
,	O
fog	B-Device
computing	I-Device
facilitates	O
the	O
operation	O
of	O
compute	O
,	O
storage	O
,	O
and	O
networking	O
services	O
between	O
end	O
devices	O
and	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
National	O
Institute	O
of	O
Standards	O
and	O
Technology	O
in	O
March	O
2018	O
released	O
a	O
definition	O
of	O
fog	B-Device
computing	I-Device
adopting	O
much	O
of	O
Cisco	O
's	O
commercial	O
terminology	O
as	O
NIST	O
Special	O
Publication	O
500-325	O
,	O
Fog	B-Device
Computing	I-Device
Conceptual	O
Model	O
,	O
that	O
defines	O
fog	B-Device
computing	I-Device
as	O
a	O
horizontal	O
,	O
physical	O
or	O
virtual	O
resource	O
paradigm	O
that	O
resides	O
between	O
smart	O
end-devices	O
and	O
traditional	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
or	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
fog	B-Device
computing	I-Device
is	O
most	O
distinguished	O
by	O
distance	O
from	O
the	O
edge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
theoretical	O
model	O
of	O
fog	B-Device
computing	I-Device
,	O
fog	B-Device
computing	I-Device
nodes	O
are	O
physically	O
and	O
functionally	O
operative	O
between	O
edge	O
nodes	O
and	O
centralized	O
cloud	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Much	O
of	O
the	O
terminology	O
is	O
undefined	O
,	O
including	O
key	O
architectural	O
terms	O
like	O
"	O
smart	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
distinction	O
between	O
fog	B-Device
computing	I-Device
from	O
edge	B-Device
computing	I-Device
is	O
not	O
generally	O
agreed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
edge	B-Device
computing	I-Device
is	O
typically	O
referred	O
to	O
the	O
location	O
where	O
services	O
are	O
instantiated	O
,	O
fog	B-Device
computing	I-Device
implies	O
distribution	O
of	O
the	O
communication	O
,	O
computation	O
,	O
storage	O
resources	O
,	O
and	O
services	O
on	O
or	O
close	O
to	O
devices	O
and	O
systems	O
in	O
the	O
control	O
of	O
end-users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fog	B-Device
computing	I-Device
is	O
a	O
medium	O
weight	O
and	O
intermediate	O
level	O
of	O
computing	O
power	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rather	O
than	O
a	O
substitute	O
,	O
fog	B-Device
computing	I-Device
often	O
serves	O
as	O
a	O
complement	O
to	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fog	B-Device
computing	I-Device
is	O
more	O
energy-efficient	O
than	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
IEEE	O
adopted	O
the	O
fog	B-Device
computing	I-Device
standards	O
proposed	O
by	O
OpenFog	O
Consortium	O
.	O
</s>
