<s>
A	O
flight	B-Device
recorder	I-Device
is	O
an	O
electronic	O
recording	O
device	O
placed	O
in	O
an	O
aircraft	O
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
facilitating	O
the	O
investigation	O
of	O
aviation	O
accidents	O
and	O
incidents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
device	O
may	O
often	O
be	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
black	B-Device
box	I-Device
"	O
,	O
an	O
outdated	O
name	O
which	O
has	O
become	O
a	O
misnomer	O
—	O
they	O
are	O
now	O
required	O
to	O
be	O
painted	O
bright	O
orange	O
,	O
to	O
aid	O
in	O
their	O
recovery	O
after	O
accidents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
two	O
types	O
of	O
flight	O
recording	O
devices	O
:	O
the	O
flight	B-Device
data	I-Device
recorder	I-Device
(	O
FDR	O
)	O
preserves	O
the	O
recent	O
history	O
of	O
the	O
flight	O
through	O
the	O
recording	O
of	O
dozens	O
of	O
parameters	O
collected	O
several	O
times	O
per	O
second	O
;	O
the	O
cockpit	B-Device
voice	I-Device
recorder	I-Device
(	O
CVR	O
)	O
preserves	O
the	O
recent	O
history	O
of	O
the	O
sounds	O
in	O
the	O
cockpit	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
conversation	O
of	O
the	O
pilots	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
two	O
flight	B-Device
recorders	I-Device
are	O
required	O
by	O
international	O
regulation	O
,	O
overseen	O
by	O
the	O
International	B-General_Concept
Civil	I-General_Concept
Aviation	I-General_Concept
Organization	I-General_Concept
,	O
to	O
be	O
capable	O
of	O
surviving	O
the	O
conditions	O
likely	O
to	O
be	O
encountered	O
in	O
a	O
severe	O
aircraft	O
accident	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
this	O
reason	O
,	O
they	O
are	O
typically	O
specified	O
to	O
withstand	O
an	O
impact	O
of	O
3400	O
g	B-Application
and	O
temperatures	O
of	O
over	O
,	O
as	O
required	O
by	O
EUROCAE	O
ED-112	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
and	O
proven	O
attempts	O
was	O
made	O
by	O
François	O
Hussenot	O
and	O
Paul	O
Beaudouin	O
in	O
1939	O
at	O
the	O
Marignane	O
flight	O
test	O
center	O
,	O
France	O
,	O
with	O
their	O
"	O
type	O
HB	O
"	O
flight	B-Device
recorder	I-Device
;	O
they	O
were	O
essentially	O
photograph-based	O
flight	B-Device
recorders	I-Device
,	O
because	O
the	O
record	O
was	O
made	O
on	O
a	O
scrolling	O
photographic	O
film	O
long	O
by	O
wide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SFIM	O
is	O
today	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Safran	O
group	O
and	O
is	O
still	O
present	O
in	O
the	O
flight	B-Device
recorder	I-Device
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
form	O
of	O
flight	B-Device
data	I-Device
recorder	I-Device
was	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
during	O
World	O
War	O
II	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
modern	O
flight	B-Device
data	I-Device
recorder	I-Device
,	O
called	O
"	O
Mata	B-Application
Hari	I-Application
"	O
,	O
was	O
created	O
in	O
1942	O
by	O
Finnish	O
aviation	O
engineer	O
Veijo	O
Hietala	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Warren	O
built	O
a	O
prototype	B-Application
FDR	O
called	O
"	O
The	O
ARL	O
Flight	O
Memory	O
Unit	O
"	O
in	O
1956	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
1958	O
he	O
built	O
the	O
first	O
combined	O
FDR/CVR	O
prototype	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hardingham	O
realized	O
the	O
significance	O
of	O
the	O
invention	O
and	O
arranged	O
for	O
Warren	O
to	O
demonstrate	O
the	O
prototype	B-Application
in	O
the	O
UK	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ARL	O
assigned	O
an	O
engineering	O
team	O
to	O
help	O
Warren	O
develop	O
the	O
prototype	B-Application
to	O
airborne	O
stage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
flight	B-Device
recorder	I-Device
was	O
invented	O
and	O
patented	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
by	O
Professor	O
James	O
J	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ryan	O
's	O
"	O
Flight	B-Device
Recorder	I-Device
"	O
patent	O
was	O
filed	O
in	O
August	O
1953	O
and	O
approved	O
on	O
November	O
8	O
,	O
1960	O
,	O
as	O
US	O
Patent	O
2,959,459	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
second	O
patent	O
by	O
Ryan	O
for	O
a	O
"	O
Coding	O
Apparatus	O
For	O
Flight	B-Device
Recorders	I-Device
and	O
the	O
Like	O
"	O
is	O
US	O
Patent	O
3,075,192	O
dated	O
January	O
22	O
,	O
1963	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
early	O
prototype	B-Application
of	O
the	O
Ryan	O
Flight	B-Device
Data	I-Device
Recorder	I-Device
is	O
described	O
in	O
the	O
January	O
2013	O
Aviation	O
History	O
article	O
"	O
Father	O
of	O
the	O
Black	B-Device
Box	I-Device
"	O
by	O
Scott	O
M	O
.	O
Fisher	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ryan	O
,	O
also	O
the	O
inventor	O
of	O
the	O
retractable	O
safety	O
seat	O
belt	O
now	O
required	O
in	O
automobiles	O
,	O
began	O
working	O
on	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
a	O
flight	B-Device
recorder	I-Device
in	O
1946	O
,	O
and	O
invented	O
the	O
device	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
a	O
1948	O
request	O
from	O
the	O
Civil	O
Aeronautics	O
Board	O
aimed	O
at	O
establishing	O
operating	O
procedures	O
to	O
reduce	O
air	O
mishaps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
device	O
was	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
"	O
General	O
Mills	O
Flight	B-Device
Recorder	I-Device
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
benefits	O
of	O
the	O
flight	B-Device
recorder	I-Device
and	O
the	O
coding	O
apparatus	O
for	O
flight	B-Device
recorders	I-Device
were	O
outlined	O
by	O
Ryan	O
in	O
his	O
study	O
entitled	O
"	O
Economies	O
in	O
Airline	O
Operation	O
with	O
Flight	B-Device
Recorders	I-Device
"	O
which	O
was	O
entered	O
into	O
the	O
Congressional	O
Record	O
in	O
1956	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ryan	O
's	O
flight	B-Device
recorder	I-Device
maintained	O
a	O
continuing	O
recording	O
of	O
aircraft	O
flight	O
data	O
such	O
as	O
engine	O
exhaust	O
temperature	O
,	O
fuel	O
flow	O
,	O
aircraft	O
velocity	O
,	O
altitude	O
,	O
control	O
surfaces	O
positions	O
,	O
and	O
rate	O
of	O
descent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
black	B-Device
box	I-Device
"	O
was	O
a	O
World	O
War	O
II	O
British	O
phrase	O
,	O
originating	O
with	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
radio	O
,	O
radar	O
,	O
and	O
electronic	O
navigational	O
aids	O
in	O
British	O
and	O
Allied	O
combat	O
aircraft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
often-secret	O
electronic	O
devices	O
were	O
literally	O
encased	O
in	O
non-reflective	O
black	B-Device
boxes	I-Device
or	O
housings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
identified	O
reference	O
to	O
"	O
black	B-Device
boxes	I-Device
"	O
occurs	O
in	O
a	O
May	O
1945	O
Flight	O
article	O
,	O
"	O
Radar	O
for	O
Airlines	O
"	O
,	O
describing	O
the	O
application	O
of	O
wartime	O
RAF	O
radar	O
and	O
navigational	O
aids	O
to	O
civilian	O
aircraft	O
:	O
"	O
The	O
stowage	O
of	O
the	O
'	O
black	B-Device
boxes	I-Device
 '	O
and	O
,	O
even	O
more	O
important	O
,	O
the	O
detrimental	O
effect	O
on	O
performance	O
of	O
external	O
aerials	O
,	O
still	O
remain	O
as	O
a	O
radio	O
and	O
radar	O
problem.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
The	O
term	O
"	O
black	B-Device
box	I-Device
"	O
is	O
used	O
with	O
a	O
different	O
meaning	O
in	O
science	O
and	O
engineering	O
,	O
describing	O
a	O
system	O
exclusively	O
by	O
its	O
inputs	O
and	O
outputs	O
,	O
with	O
no	O
information	O
whatsoever	O
about	O
its	O
inner	O
workings	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
modern	O
flight	B-Device
recorders	I-Device
were	O
proposed	O
to	O
the	O
British	O
Aeronautical	O
Research	O
Council	O
in	O
1958	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
black	B-Device
box	I-Device
"	O
was	O
in	O
colloquial	O
use	O
by	O
experts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1967	O
when	O
flight	B-Device
recorders	I-Device
were	O
mandated	O
by	O
leading	O
aviation	O
countries	O
,	O
the	O
expression	O
had	O
found	O
its	O
way	O
into	O
general	O
use	O
:	O
"	O
These	O
so-called	O
'	O
black	B-Device
boxes	I-Device
 '	O
are	O
,	O
in	O
fact	O
,	O
of	O
fluorescent	O
flame-orange	O
in	O
colour.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
formal	O
names	O
of	O
the	O
devices	O
are	O
flight	B-Device
data	I-Device
recorder	I-Device
and	O
cockpit	B-Device
voice	I-Device
recorder	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
flight	B-Device
data	I-Device
recorder	I-Device
(	O
FDR	O
;	O
also	O
ADR	O
,	O
for	O
accident	O
data	O
recorder	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
electronic	O
device	O
employed	O
to	O
record	O
instructions	O
sent	O
to	O
any	O
electronic	O
systems	O
on	O
an	O
aircraft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
their	O
importance	O
in	O
investigating	O
accidents	O
,	O
these	O
ICAO-regulated	O
devices	O
are	O
carefully	O
engineered	O
and	O
constructed	O
to	O
withstand	O
the	O
force	O
of	O
a	O
high	O
speed	O
impact	O
and	O
the	O
heat	O
of	O
an	O
intense	O
fire	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Contrary	O
to	O
the	O
popular	O
term	O
"	O
black	B-Device
box	I-Device
"	O
,	O
the	O
exterior	O
of	O
the	O
FDR	O
is	O
coated	O
with	O
heat-resistant	O
bright	O
orange	O
paint	O
for	O
high	O
visibility	O
in	O
wreckage	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
unit	O
is	O
usually	O
mounted	O
in	O
the	O
aircraft	O
's	O
tail	O
section	O
,	O
where	O
it	O
is	O
more	O
likely	O
to	O
survive	O
a	O
crash	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
record	O
significant	O
flight	O
parameters	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
control	O
and	O
actuator	B-Algorithm
positions	O
,	O
engine	O
information	O
and	O
time	O
of	O
day	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
cockpit	B-Device
voice	I-Device
recorder	I-Device
(	O
CVR	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
flight	B-Device
recorder	I-Device
used	O
to	O
record	O
the	O
audio	O
environment	O
in	O
the	O
flight	O
deck	O
of	O
an	O
aircraft	O
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
investigation	O
of	O
accidents	O
and	O
incidents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
current	O
applicable	O
FAA	O
TSO	O
is	O
C123b	O
titled	O
Cockpit	B-Device
Voice	I-Device
Recorder	I-Device
Equipment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
the	O
latest	O
designs	O
employ	O
solid-state	B-Device
memory	I-Device
and	O
use	O
digital	O
recording	O
techniques	O
,	O
making	O
them	O
much	O
more	O
resistant	O
to	O
shock	O
,	O
vibration	O
and	O
moisture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
1970s	O
,	O
most	O
large	O
civil	O
jet	O
transports	O
have	O
been	O
additionally	O
equipped	O
with	O
a	O
"	O
quick	B-Device
access	I-Device
recorder	I-Device
"	O
(	O
QAR	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
design	O
of	O
today	O
's	O
FDR	O
is	O
governed	O
by	O
the	O
internationally	O
recognized	O
standards	O
and	O
recommended	O
practices	O
relating	O
to	O
flight	B-Device
recorders	I-Device
which	O
are	O
contained	O
in	O
ICAO	B-General_Concept
Annex	O
6	O
which	O
makes	O
reference	O
to	O
industry	O
crashworthiness	O
and	O
fire	O
protection	O
specifications	O
such	O
as	O
those	O
to	O
be	O
found	O
in	O
the	O
European	O
Organisation	O
for	O
Civil	O
Aviation	O
Equipment	O
documents	O
EUROCAE	O
ED55	O
,	O
ED56	O
Fiken	O
A	O
and	O
ED112	O
(	O
Minimum	O
Operational	O
Performance	O
Specification	O
for	O
Crash	O
Protected	O
Airborne	O
Recorder	O
Systems	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
,	O
EUROCAE	O
specifies	O
that	O
a	O
recorder	O
must	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
withstand	O
an	O
acceleration	O
of	O
3400	O
g	B-Application
(	O
33km/s2	O
)	O
for	O
6.5	O
milliseconds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
EUROCAE	O
ED-112	O
(	O
Minimum	O
Operational	O
Performance	O
Specification	O
for	O
Crash	O
Protected	O
Airborne	O
Recorder	O
Systems	O
)	O
defines	O
the	O
minimum	O
specification	O
to	O
be	O
met	O
for	O
all	O
aircraft	O
requiring	O
flight	B-Device
recorders	I-Device
for	O
recording	O
of	O
flight	O
data	O
,	O
cockpit	O
audio	O
,	O
images	O
and	O
CNS	O
/	O
ATM	O
digital	O
messages	O
and	O
used	O
for	O
investigations	O
of	O
accidents	O
or	O
incidents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
are	O
lettered	O
"	O
Flight	B-Device
recorder	I-Device
do	O
not	O
open	O
"	O
on	O
one	O
side	O
in	O
English	O
and	O
"	O
Enregistreur	O
de	O
vol	O
ne	O
pas	O
ouvrir	O
"	O
in	O
French	O
on	O
the	O
other	O
side	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
1	O
,	O
1966	O
,	O
Bobbie	O
R	O
.	O
Allen	O
-	O
director	O
of	O
Bureau	O
of	O
Safety	O
,	O
Civil	O
Aeronautics	O
Board	O
and	O
John	O
S	O
.	O
Leak	O
-	O
chief	O
of	O
Technical	O
Services	O
Section	O
,	O
presented	O
"	O
The	O
Potential	O
Role	O
of	O
Flight	B-Device
Recorders	I-Device
in	O
Aircraft	O
Accident	O
Investigation	O
"	O
at	O
the	O
AIAA/CASI	O
Joint	O
Meeting	O
on	O
Aviation	O
Safety	O
,	O
Toronto	O
,	O
Canada	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
investigation	O
of	O
the	O
1960	O
crash	O
of	O
Trans	O
Australia	O
Airlines	O
Flight	O
538	O
at	O
Mackay	O
,	O
Queensland	O
,	O
the	O
inquiry	O
judge	O
strongly	O
recommended	O
that	O
flight	B-Device
recorders	I-Device
be	O
installed	O
in	O
all	O
Australian	O
airliners	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
2014	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
requires	O
flight	B-Device
data	I-Device
recorders	I-Device
and	O
cockpit	B-Device
voice	I-Device
recorders	I-Device
on	O
aircraft	O
that	O
have	O
20	O
or	O
more	O
passenger	O
seats	O
,	O
or	O
those	O
that	O
have	O
six	O
or	O
more	O
passenger	O
seats	O
,	O
are	O
turbine-powered	O
,	O
and	O
require	O
two	O
pilots	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
cost	O
of	O
the	O
second	O
"	O
deployable/ejectable	O
CVDR	O
"	O
(	O
or	O
"	O
black	B-Device
box	I-Device
"	O
)	O
was	O
estimated	O
at	O
US$30	O
million	O
for	O
installation	O
in	O
500	O
new	O
aircraft	O
(	O
about	O
$	O
60,000	O
per	O
new	O
commercial	O
plane	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
disappearance	O
of	O
Malaysia	O
Airlines	O
Flight	O
370	O
demonstrated	O
the	O
limits	O
of	O
the	O
contemporary	O
flight	B-Device
recorder	I-Device
technology	O
,	O
namely	O
how	O
physical	O
possession	O
of	O
the	O
flight	B-Device
recorder	I-Device
device	O
is	O
necessary	O
to	O
help	O
investigate	O
the	O
cause	O
of	O
an	O
aircraft	O
incident	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Considering	O
the	O
advances	O
of	O
modern	O
communication	O
,	O
technology	O
commentators	O
called	O
for	O
flight	B-Device
recorders	I-Device
to	O
be	O
supplemented	O
or	O
replaced	O
by	O
a	O
system	O
that	O
provides	O
"	O
live	O
streaming	O
"	O
of	O
data	O
from	O
the	O
aircraft	O
to	O
the	O
ground	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
commentators	O
called	O
for	O
the	O
underwater	O
locator	O
beacon	O
's	O
range	O
and	O
battery	O
life	O
to	O
be	O
extended	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
outfitting	O
of	O
civil	O
aircraft	O
with	O
the	O
deployable	O
flight	B-Device
recorders	I-Device
typically	O
used	O
in	O
military	O
aircraft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Previous	O
to	O
MH370	O
,	O
the	O
investigators	O
of	O
2009	O
Air	O
France	O
Flight	O
447	O
urged	O
that	O
the	O
battery	O
life	O
be	O
extended	O
as	O
"	O
rapidly	O
as	O
possible	O
"	O
after	O
the	O
crash	O
's	O
flight	B-Device
recorders	I-Device
went	O
unrecovered	O
for	O
over	O
a	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
8	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
before	O
the	O
recovery	O
of	O
the	O
flight	B-Device
recorders	I-Device
,	O
an	O
anonymous	O
ICAO	B-General_Concept
representative	O
said	O
:	O
"	O
The	O
time	O
has	O
come	O
that	O
deployable	O
recorders	O
are	O
going	O
to	O
get	O
a	O
serious	O
look.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
second	O
ICAO	B-General_Concept
official	O
said	O
that	O
public	O
attention	O
had	O
"	O
galvanized	O
momentum	O
in	O
favour	O
of	O
ejectable	O
recorders	O
on	O
commercial	O
aircraft	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
particularly	O
true	O
of	O
aircraft	O
equipped	O
with	O
electronic	O
displays	O
(	O
CRT	B-Device
or	O
LCD	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
recorders	O
can	O
sometimes	O
be	O
crushed	O
into	O
unreadable	O
pieces	O
,	O
or	O
even	O
located	O
in	O
deep	O
water	O
,	O
some	O
modern	O
units	O
are	O
self-ejecting	O
(	O
taking	O
advantage	O
of	O
kinetic	O
energy	O
at	O
impact	O
to	O
separate	O
themselves	O
from	O
the	O
aircraft	O
)	O
and	O
also	O
equipped	O
with	O
radio	O
emergency	O
locator	O
transmitters	O
and	O
sonar	B-Application
underwater	O
locator	O
beacons	O
to	O
aid	O
in	O
their	O
location	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Survivor	O
,	O
a	O
novel	O
by	O
Chuck	O
Palahniuk	O
,	O
is	O
about	O
a	O
cult	O
member	O
who	O
dictates	O
his	O
life	O
story	O
to	O
a	O
flight	B-Device
recorder	I-Device
before	O
the	O
plane	O
runs	O
out	O
of	O
fuel	O
and	O
crashes	O
.	O
</s>
