<s>
A	O
flat-panel	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
(	O
FPD	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
electronic	B-Device
display	I-Device
used	O
to	O
display	B-Device
visual	O
content	O
such	O
as	O
text	O
or	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Flat-panel	B-General_Concept
displays	I-General_Concept
are	O
thin	O
,	O
lightweight	O
,	O
provide	O
better	O
linearity	O
and	O
are	O
capable	O
of	O
higher	O
resolution	O
than	O
typical	O
consumer-grade	O
TVs	O
from	O
earlier	O
eras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
highest	O
resolution	O
for	O
consumer-grade	O
CRT	B-Device
televisions	O
was	O
1080i	O
,	O
many	O
flat-panel	B-General_Concept
displays	I-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
2020s	O
are	O
capable	O
of	O
1080p	O
and	O
4K	B-Architecture
resolution	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
2010s	O
,	O
portable	O
consumer	O
electronics	O
such	O
as	O
laptops	O
,	O
mobile	O
phones	O
,	O
and	O
portable	O
cameras	O
have	O
used	O
flat-panel	B-General_Concept
displays	I-General_Concept
since	O
they	O
consume	O
less	O
power	O
and	O
are	O
lightweight	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2016	O
,	O
flat-panel	B-General_Concept
displays	I-General_Concept
have	O
almost	O
completely	O
replaced	O
CRT	B-Device
displays	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
2010s-era	O
flat-panel	B-General_Concept
displays	I-General_Concept
use	O
LCD	B-Device
or	O
light-emitting	O
diode	O
(	O
LED	O
)	O
technologies	O
,	O
sometimes	O
combined	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
LCD	B-Device
screens	I-Device
are	O
back-lit	O
with	O
color	O
filters	O
used	O
to	O
display	B-Device
colors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
many	O
cases	O
,	O
flat-panel	B-General_Concept
displays	I-General_Concept
are	O
combined	O
with	O
touch	B-Device
screen	I-Device
technology	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
the	O
display	B-Device
in	O
a	O
natural	O
manner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
modern	O
smartphone	O
displays	O
often	O
use	O
OLED	B-Device
panels	O
,	O
with	O
capacitive	O
touch	B-Device
screens	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Flat-panel	B-General_Concept
displays	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
divided	O
into	O
two	O
display	B-Device
device	I-Device
categories	O
:	O
volatile	O
and	O
static	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
liquid-crystal	B-Device
displays	I-Device
(	O
LCD	B-Device
)	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
only	O
show	O
an	O
image	O
when	O
it	O
has	O
power	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
other	O
hand	O
,	O
static	O
flat-panel	B-General_Concept
displays	I-General_Concept
rely	O
on	O
materials	O
whose	O
color	O
states	O
are	O
bistable	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
displays	O
that	O
make	O
use	O
of	O
e-ink	O
technology	O
,	O
and	O
as	O
such	O
retain	O
content	O
even	O
when	O
power	O
is	O
removed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
engineering	O
proposal	O
for	O
a	O
flat-panel	B-General_Concept
TV	I-General_Concept
was	O
by	O
General	O
Electric	O
in	O
1954	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
its	O
work	O
on	O
radar	O
monitors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
publication	O
of	O
their	O
findings	O
gave	O
all	O
the	O
basics	O
of	O
future	O
flat-panel	B-General_Concept
TVs	I-General_Concept
and	O
monitors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
GE	O
did	O
not	O
continue	O
with	O
the	O
R&D	O
required	O
and	O
never	O
built	O
a	O
working	O
flat	B-General_Concept
panel	I-General_Concept
at	O
that	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
production	O
flat-panel	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
was	O
the	O
Aiken	O
tube	O
,	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1950s	O
and	O
produced	O
in	O
limited	O
numbers	O
in	O
1958	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
saw	O
some	O
use	O
in	O
military	O
systems	O
as	O
a	O
heads	B-Application
up	I-Application
display	I-Application
and	O
as	O
an	O
oscilloscope	O
monitor	O
,	O
but	O
conventional	O
technologies	O
overtook	O
its	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Philco	O
Predicta	O
featured	O
a	O
relatively	O
flat	O
(	O
for	O
its	O
day	O
)	O
cathode	B-Device
ray	I-Device
tube	I-Device
setup	O
and	O
would	O
be	O
the	O
first	O
commercially	O
released	O
"	O
flat	B-General_Concept
panel	I-General_Concept
"	O
upon	O
its	O
launch	O
in	O
1958	O
;	O
the	O
Predicta	O
was	O
a	O
commercial	O
failure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
plasma	O
display	B-Device
panel	O
was	O
invented	O
in	O
1964	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Illinois	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
The	O
History	O
of	O
Plasma	O
Display	B-Device
Panels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MOSFET	B-Architecture
(	O
metal	B-Architecture
–	I-Architecture
oxide	I-Architecture
–	I-Architecture
semiconductor	I-Architecture
field-effect	I-Architecture
transistor	I-Architecture
,	O
or	O
MOS	B-Architecture
transistor	I-Architecture
)	O
was	O
invented	O
by	O
Mohamed	O
M	O
.	O
Atalla	O
and	O
Dawon	O
Kahng	O
at	O
Bell	O
Labs	O
in	O
1959	O
,	O
and	O
presented	O
in	O
1960	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
MOSFET	B-Architecture
distinct	O
from	O
the	O
standard	O
bulk	O
MOSFET	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
idea	O
of	O
a	O
TFT-based	O
LCD	B-Device
was	O
conceived	O
by	O
Bernard	O
J	O
.	O
Lechner	O
of	O
RCA	O
Laboratories	O
in	O
1968	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nester	O
and	O
J	O
.	O
Tults	O
demonstrated	O
the	O
concept	O
in	O
1968	O
with	O
a	O
dynamic	O
scattering	O
LCD	B-Device
that	O
used	O
standard	O
discrete	O
MOSFETs	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
active-matrix	B-General_Concept
addressed	O
electroluminescent	O
display	B-Device
(	O
ELD	O
)	O
was	O
made	O
using	O
TFTs	O
by	O
T	O
.	O
Peter	O
Brody	O
's	O
Thin-Film	O
Devices	O
department	O
at	O
Westinghouse	O
Electric	O
Corporation	O
in	O
1968	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
.	O
Asars	O
and	O
G	O
.	O
D	O
.	O
Dixon	O
at	O
Westinghouse	O
Research	O
Laboratories	O
demonstrated	O
the	O
first	O
thin-film-transistor	B-Device
liquid-crystal	I-Device
display	I-Device
(	O
TFT	B-Device
LCD	I-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Brody	O
and	O
Fang-Chen	O
Luo	O
demonstrated	O
the	O
first	O
flat	O
active-matrix	B-Device
liquid-crystal	I-Device
display	I-Device
(	O
AM	O
LCD	B-Device
)	O
using	O
TFTs	O
in	O
1974	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1982	O
,	O
pocket	O
LCD	B-Device
TVs	O
based	O
on	O
LCD	B-Device
technology	O
were	O
developed	O
in	O
Japan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2.1-inch	O
Epson	O
ET-10	O
Epson	O
Elf	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
color	B-Device
LCD	I-Device
pocket	O
TV	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
1984	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1988	O
,	O
a	O
Sharp	O
research	O
team	O
led	O
by	O
engineer	O
T	O
.	O
Nagayasu	O
demonstrated	O
a	O
14-inch	O
full-color	O
LCD	B-Device
display	B-Device
,	O
which	O
convinced	O
the	O
electronics	O
industry	O
that	O
LCD	B-Device
would	O
eventually	O
replace	O
CRTs	O
as	O
the	O
standard	O
television	O
display	B-Device
technology	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
all	O
modern	O
high-resolution	B-Algorithm
and	O
high-quality	O
electronic	B-Device
visual	I-Device
display	I-Device
devices	O
use	O
TFT-based	O
active-matrix	B-General_Concept
displays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
usable	O
LED	O
display	B-Device
was	O
developed	O
by	O
Hewlett-Packard	O
(	O
HP	O
)	O
and	O
introduced	O
in	O
1968	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
alphanumeric	O
LED	O
display	B-Device
,	O
and	O
was	O
a	O
revolution	O
in	O
digital	B-Device
display	I-Device
technology	O
,	O
replacing	O
the	O
Nixie	B-Application
tube	I-Application
for	O
numeric	O
displays	O
and	O
becoming	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
later	O
LED	O
displays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1977	O
,	O
James	O
P	O
Mitchell	O
prototyped	O
and	O
later	O
demonstrated	O
what	O
was	O
perhaps	O
the	O
earliest	O
monochromatic	O
flat	B-General_Concept
panel	I-General_Concept
LED	O
television	O
display	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ching	O
W	O
.	O
Tang	O
and	O
Steven	O
Van	O
Slyke	O
at	O
Eastman	O
Kodak	O
built	O
the	O
first	O
practical	O
organic	B-Device
LED	I-Device
(	O
OLED	B-Device
)	O
device	O
in	O
1987	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2004	O
,	O
the	O
Sony	O
Qualia	O
005	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
LED-backlit	O
LCD	B-Device
display	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Sony	O
XEL-1	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
2007	O
,	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
OLED	B-Device
television	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Field-effect	O
LCDs	B-Device
are	O
lightweight	O
,	O
compact	O
,	O
portable	O
,	O
cheap	O
,	O
more	O
reliable	O
,	O
and	O
easier	O
on	O
the	O
eyes	O
than	O
CRT	B-Device
screens	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
LCD	B-Device
screens	I-Device
use	O
a	O
thin	O
layer	O
of	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
,	O
a	O
liquid	O
that	O
exhibits	O
crystalline	O
properties	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
polarizing	O
films	O
are	O
placed	O
at	O
each	O
side	O
of	O
the	O
LCD	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
generating	O
a	O
controlled	O
electric	O
field	O
between	O
electrodes	O
,	O
various	O
segments	O
or	O
pixels	O
of	O
the	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
can	O
be	O
activated	O
,	O
causing	O
changes	O
in	O
their	O
polarizing	O
properties	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
polarizing	O
properties	O
depend	O
on	O
the	O
alignment	O
of	O
the	O
liquid-crystal	O
layer	O
and	O
the	O
specific	O
field-effect	O
used	O
,	O
being	O
either	O
Twisted	O
Nematic	O
(	O
TN	O
)	O
,	O
In-Plane	B-Architecture
Switching	I-Architecture
(	O
IPS	B-Architecture
)	O
or	O
Vertical	B-Device
Alignment	I-Device
(	O
VA	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LCD	B-Device
displays	I-Device
are	O
used	O
in	O
various	O
electronics	O
like	O
watches	O
,	O
calculators	O
,	O
mobile	O
phones	O
,	O
TVs	O
,	O
computer	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
and	O
laptops	O
screens	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
earlier	O
large	O
LCD	B-Device
screens	I-Device
were	O
back-lit	O
using	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
CCFL	O
(	O
cold-cathode	O
fluorescent	O
lamps	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
image	O
is	O
still	O
generated	O
by	O
the	O
LCD	B-Device
layer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
plasma	O
display	B-Device
consists	O
of	O
two	O
glass	O
plates	O
separated	O
by	O
a	O
thin	O
gap	O
filled	O
with	O
a	O
gas	O
such	O
as	O
neon	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
electroluminescent	O
display	B-Device
(	O
ELD	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
image	O
is	O
created	O
by	O
applying	O
electrical	O
signals	O
to	O
the	O
plates	O
which	O
make	O
the	O
phosphor	O
glow	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
OLED	B-Device
(	O
organic	B-Device
light-emitting	I-Device
diode	I-Device
)	O
is	O
a	O
light-emitting	O
diode	O
(	O
LED	O
)	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
emissive	O
electroluminescent	O
layer	O
is	O
a	O
film	O
of	O
organic	O
compound	O
which	O
emits	O
light	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
an	O
electric	O
current	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OLEDs	B-Device
are	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
digital	B-Device
displays	I-Device
in	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
television	B-Device
screens	I-Device
,	O
computer	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
,	O
portable	O
systems	O
such	O
as	O
mobile	O
phones	O
,	O
handheld	O
game	O
consoles	O
and	O
PDAs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
QLED	O
or	O
quantum	O
dot	O
LED	O
is	O
a	O
flat	B-General_Concept
panel	I-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
technology	O
introduced	O
by	O
Samsung	O
under	O
this	O
trademark	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
television	O
set	O
manufacturers	O
such	O
as	O
Sony	O
have	O
used	O
the	O
same	O
technology	O
to	O
enhance	O
the	O
backlighting	O
of	O
LCD	B-Device
TVs	O
already	O
in	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
type	O
of	O
LED	O
TV	O
enhances	O
the	O
colour	O
gamut	O
of	O
LCD	B-Device
panels	I-Device
,	O
where	O
the	O
image	O
is	O
still	O
generated	O
by	O
the	O
LCD	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
view	O
of	O
Samsung	O
,	O
quantum	O
dot	O
displays	O
for	O
large-screen	B-General_Concept
TVs	I-General_Concept
are	O
expected	O
to	O
become	O
more	O
popular	O
than	O
the	O
OLED	B-Device
displays	I-Device
in	O
the	O
coming	O
years	O
;	O
Firms	O
like	O
Nanoco	O
and	O
Nanosys	O
compete	O
to	O
provide	O
the	O
QD	O
materials	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
meantime	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Operating_System
Galaxy	I-Operating_System
devices	O
such	O
as	O
smartphones	O
are	O
still	O
equipped	O
with	O
OLED	B-Device
displays	I-Device
manufactured	O
by	O
Samsung	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Samsung	O
explains	O
on	O
their	O
website	O
that	O
the	O
QLED	O
TV	O
they	O
produce	O
can	O
determine	O
what	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
display	B-Device
needs	O
more	O
or	O
less	O
contrast	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
such	O
,	O
a	O
volatile	O
screen	O
needs	O
electrical	O
power	O
,	O
either	O
from	O
mains	O
electricity	O
(	O
being	O
plugged	O
into	O
a	O
wall	O
socket	O
)	O
or	O
a	O
battery	O
to	O
maintain	O
an	O
image	O
on	O
the	O
display	B-Device
or	O
change	O
the	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Static	O
flat-panel	B-General_Concept
displays	I-General_Concept
rely	O
on	O
materials	O
whose	O
color	O
states	O
are	O
bistable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
results	O
in	O
a	O
much	O
more	O
energy-efficient	O
display	B-Device
,	O
but	O
with	O
a	O
tendency	O
toward	O
slow	O
refresh	O
rates	O
which	O
are	O
undesirable	O
in	O
an	O
interactive	O
display	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bistable	O
flat-panel	B-General_Concept
displays	I-General_Concept
are	O
beginning	O
deployment	O
in	O
limited	O
applications	O
(	O
cholesteric	O
liquid-crystal	B-Device
displays	I-Device
,	O
manufactured	O
by	O
Magink	O
,	O
in	O
outdoor	O
advertising	O
;	O
electrophoretic	O
displays	O
in	O
e-book	O
reader	O
devices	O
from	O
Sony	O
and	O
iRex	O
;	O
anlabels	O
;	O
interferometric	O
modulator	O
displays	O
in	O
a	O
smartwatch	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
