<s>
A	O
film	B-Device
scanner	I-Device
is	O
a	O
device	O
made	O
for	O
scanning	B-Application
photographic	O
film	O
directly	O
into	O
a	O
computer	O
without	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
any	O
intermediate	O
printmaking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
provides	O
several	O
benefits	O
over	O
using	O
a	O
flatbed	O
scanner	O
to	O
scan	O
in	O
a	O
print	O
of	O
any	O
size	O
:	O
the	O
photographer	O
has	O
direct	O
control	O
over	O
cropping	O
and	O
aspect	O
ratio	O
from	O
the	O
original	O
,	O
unmolested	O
image	O
on	O
film	O
;	O
and	O
many	O
film	B-Device
scanners	I-Device
have	O
special	O
software	O
or	O
hardware	O
that	O
removes	O
scratches	O
and	O
film	O
grain	O
and	O
improves	O
color	O
reproduction	O
from	O
film	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Film	B-Device
scanners	I-Device
can	O
accept	O
either	O
strips	O
of	O
35	O
mm	O
or	O
120	O
film	O
,	O
or	O
individual	O
slides	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Low-end	O
scanners	O
typically	O
only	O
take	O
35mm	O
film	O
strips	O
,	O
while	O
medium	O
-	O
and	O
high-end	O
film	B-Device
scanners	I-Device
often	O
have	O
interchangeable	O
film	O
loaders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
the	O
one	O
scanning	B-Application
platform	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
different	O
sizes	O
and	O
packaging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
some	O
allow	O
microscope	O
slides	O
to	O
be	O
loaded	O
for	O
scanning	B-Application
,	O
while	O
mechanised	O
slide	O
loaders	O
allow	O
many	O
individual	O
slides	O
to	O
be	O
batch	O
scanned	O
unattended	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
software	O
used	O
to	O
process	O
images	O
scanned	O
by	O
film	B-Device
scanners	I-Device
allows	O
for	O
automatic	O
color	O
correction	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
film	O
manufacturer	O
and	O
type	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dust	O
and	O
scratches	O
on	O
the	O
film	O
can	O
be	O
a	O
big	O
problem	O
for	O
scanning	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
simplest	O
is	O
the	O
median	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
,	O
often	O
called	O
despeckle	O
in	O
many	O
graphic	O
manipulation	O
programs	O
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
in	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Photoshop	I-Operating_System
and	O
the	B-Application
GIMP	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
done	O
by	O
using	O
a	O
light	O
source	O
that	O
also	O
produces	O
infrared	O
radiation	O
,	O
and	O
having	O
a	O
fourth	O
row	O
of	O
sensors	O
on	O
the	O
linear	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kodak	O
developed	O
Digital	O
ICE	O
at	O
their	O
Austin	O
development	O
centre	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
licensed	O
by	O
Epson	O
,	O
Konica	O
Minolta	O
,	O
Microtek	O
,	O
Minolta	O
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
some	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
