<s>
A	O
file	B-Application
manager	I-Application
or	O
file	B-Application
browser	I-Application
is	O
a	O
computer	B-Application
program	I-Application
that	O
provides	O
a	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
to	O
manage	O
files	B-Operating_System
and	O
folders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
common	O
operations	O
performed	O
on	O
files	B-Operating_System
or	O
groups	O
of	O
files	B-Operating_System
include	O
creating	O
,	O
opening	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
viewing	B-Application
,	O
playing	O
,	O
editing	O
or	O
printing	O
)	O
,	O
renaming	O
,	O
copying	B-Application
,	O
moving	O
,	O
deleting	O
and	O
searching	O
for	O
files	B-Operating_System
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
modifying	O
file	B-Application
attributes	I-Application
,	O
properties	O
and	O
file	O
permissions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Folders	O
and	O
files	B-Operating_System
may	O
be	O
displayed	O
in	O
a	O
hierarchical	B-Data_Structure
tree	I-Data_Structure
based	O
on	O
their	O
directory	B-Architecture
structure	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Graphical	B-Application
file	B-Application
managers	I-Application
may	O
support	O
copying	B-Application
and	O
moving	O
of	O
files	B-Operating_System
through	O
"	O
copy	B-General_Concept
and	I-General_Concept
paste	I-General_Concept
"	O
and	O
"	O
cut	B-General_Concept
and	I-General_Concept
paste	I-General_Concept
"	O
respectively	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
through	O
drag	O
and	O
drop	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
separate	O
menu	O
for	O
selecting	O
the	O
target	O
path	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
transferring	O
files	B-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
file	B-Application
manager	I-Application
may	O
show	O
the	O
source	O
and	O
destination	O
directories	B-Application
,	O
transfer	O
progress	O
in	O
percentage	O
and/or	O
size	O
,	O
progress	O
bar	O
,	O
name	O
of	O
the	O
file	O
currently	O
being	O
transferred	O
,	O
remaining	O
and/or	O
total	O
number	O
of	O
files	B-Operating_System
,	O
numerical	O
transfer	O
rate	O
,	O
and	O
graphical	B-Application
transfer	O
rate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
file	B-Application
managers	I-Application
move	O
multiple	O
files	B-Operating_System
by	O
copying	B-Application
and	O
deleting	O
each	O
selected	O
file	O
from	O
the	O
source	O
individually	O
,	O
while	O
others	O
first	O
copy	O
all	O
selected	O
files	B-Operating_System
,	O
then	O
delete	O
them	O
from	O
the	O
source	O
afterwards	O
,	O
as	O
described	O
in	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conflicting	O
file	O
names	O
in	O
a	O
target	O
directory	B-Application
may	O
be	O
handled	O
through	O
renaming	O
,	O
overwriting	O
,	O
or	O
skipping	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Files	B-Operating_System
could	O
technically	O
be	O
compared	O
with	O
checksums	B-Algorithm
,	O
but	O
that	O
would	O
require	O
reading	O
through	O
the	O
entire	O
source	O
and	O
target	O
files	B-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
would	O
slow	O
down	O
the	O
process	O
significantly	O
on	O
larger	O
files	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
file	B-Application
managers	I-Application
contain	O
features	O
analogous	O
to	O
web	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
,	O
including	O
forward	O
and	O
back	O
navigational	O
buttons	O
,	O
an	O
address	O
bar	O
,	O
tabs	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
bookmark	O
side	O
bar	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
file	B-Application
managers	I-Application
provide	O
network	B-Architecture
connectivity	O
via	O
protocols	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
FTP	B-Protocol
,	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
,	O
NFS	B-Protocol
,	O
SMB	B-Operating_System
or	O
WebDAV	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
achieved	O
by	O
allowing	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
browse	O
for	O
a	O
file	B-Application
server	I-Application
(	O
connecting	O
and	O
accessing	O
the	O
server	O
's	O
file	O
system	O
like	O
a	O
local	O
file	O
system	O
)	O
or	O
by	O
providing	O
its	O
own	O
full	O
client	O
implementations	O
for	O
file	B-Application
server	I-Application
protocols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
term	O
that	O
the	O
usage	O
of	O
file	B-Application
manager	I-Application
is	O
directory	B-Operating_System
editor	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
early	O
directory	B-Operating_System
editor	I-Operating_System
,	O
DIRED	B-Operating_System
,	O
was	O
developed	O
circa	O
1974	O
at	O
the	O
Stanford	O
Artificial	O
Intelligence	O
Laboratory	O
by	O
Stan	O
Kugell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
directory	B-Operating_System
editor	I-Operating_System
was	O
written	O
for	O
EXEC	B-Application
8	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Maryland	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
available	O
to	O
other	O
users	O
at	O
that	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
was	O
used	O
by	O
other	O
developers	O
,	O
including	O
Jay	O
Lepreau	O
,	O
who	O
wrote	O
the	O
dired	B-Operating_System
program	O
in	O
1980	O
,	O
which	O
ran	O
on	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
in	O
turn	O
inspired	O
by	O
an	O
older	O
program	O
with	O
the	O
same	O
name	O
running	O
on	O
TOPS-20	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dired	B-Operating_System
inspired	O
other	O
programs	O
,	O
including	O
dired	B-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
editor	O
script	O
(	O
for	O
emacs	B-Application
and	O
similar	O
editors	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
ded	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
File-list	O
file	B-Application
managers	I-Application
are	O
lesser	O
known	O
and	O
older	O
than	O
orthodox	O
file	B-Application
managers	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
such	O
file	B-Application
manager	I-Application
was	O
neptune	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
ran	O
on	O
the	O
Xerox	B-Device
Alto	I-Device
in	O
the	O
1973-1974	O
time	O
frame	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
had	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
features	O
that	O
would	O
end	O
up	O
in	O
orthodox	O
file	B-Application
managers	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
such	O
file	B-Application
manager	I-Application
is	O
flist	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
introduced	O
sometime	O
before	O
1980	O
on	O
the	O
Conversational	B-Operating_System
Monitor	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
flist	O
program	O
provided	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
files	B-Operating_System
in	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
minidisk	O
,	O
and	O
allowed	O
sorting	O
by	O
any	O
file	B-Application
attribute	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
file	B-Application
attributes	I-Application
could	O
be	O
passed	O
to	O
scripts	O
or	O
function-key	O
definitions	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
simple	O
to	O
use	O
flist	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
CMS	B-Application
EXEC	I-Application
,	O
EXEC	B-Application
2	I-Application
or	O
XEDIT	B-Application
scripts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
program	O
ran	O
only	O
on	O
IBM	O
VM/SP	O
CMS	O
,	O
but	O
was	O
the	O
inspiration	O
for	O
other	O
programs	O
,	O
including	O
filelist	O
(	O
a	O
script	O
run	O
via	O
the	O
Xedit	B-Application
editor	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
programs	O
running	O
on	O
other	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
including	O
a	O
program	O
also	O
called	O
flist	O
,	O
which	O
ran	O
on	O
OpenVMS	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
FULIST	O
(	O
from	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
the	O
corresponding	O
internal	O
IBM	O
program	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
runs	O
on	O
Unix	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Orthodox	O
file	B-Application
managers	I-Application
(	O
sometimes	O
abbreviated	O
to	O
"	O
OFM	O
"	O
)	O
or	O
command-based	O
file	B-Application
managers	I-Application
are	O
text-menu	O
based	O
file	B-Application
managers	I-Application
,	O
that	O
commonly	O
have	O
three	O
windows	O
(	O
two	O
panels	O
and	O
one	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
window	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Orthodox	O
file	B-Application
managers	I-Application
are	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
longest	O
running	O
families	O
of	O
file	B-Application
managers	I-Application
,	O
preceding	O
graphical	O
user	O
interface-based	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developers	O
create	O
applications	O
that	O
duplicate	O
and	O
extend	O
the	O
manager	O
that	O
was	O
introduced	O
by	O
PathMinder	B-Application
and	O
John	O
Socha	O
's	O
Norton	B-Application
Commander	I-Application
for	O
DOS	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
dates	O
to	O
the	O
mid-1980s	O
—	O
PathMinder	B-Application
was	O
released	O
in	O
1984	O
,	O
and	O
Norton	B-Application
Commander	I-Application
version	O
1.0	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
1986	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
the	O
age	O
of	O
this	O
concept	O
,	O
file	B-Application
managers	I-Application
based	O
on	O
Norton	B-Application
Commander	I-Application
are	O
actively	O
developed	O
,	O
and	O
dozens	O
of	O
implementations	O
exist	O
for	O
DOS	B-Device
,	O
Unix	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Microsoft	O
Windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
orthodox	O
file	B-Application
manager	I-Application
typically	O
has	O
three	O
windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
third	O
is	O
the	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
,	O
which	O
is	O
essentially	O
a	O
minimized	O
command	O
(	O
shell	O
)	O
window	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
expanded	O
to	O
full	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Files	B-Operating_System
in	O
the	O
active	O
panel	O
serve	O
as	O
the	O
source	O
of	O
file	O
operations	O
performed	O
by	O
the	O
manager	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
files	B-Operating_System
can	O
be	O
copied	O
or	O
moved	O
from	O
the	O
active	O
panel	O
to	O
the	O
location	O
represented	O
in	O
the	O
passive	O
panel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
active	O
panel	O
shows	O
information	O
about	O
the	O
current	B-Application
working	I-Application
directory	I-Application
and	O
the	O
files	B-Operating_System
that	O
it	O
contains	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
passive	O
(	O
inactive	O
)	O
panel	O
shows	O
the	O
content	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
or	O
another	O
directory	B-Application
(	O
the	O
default	O
target	O
for	O
file	O
operations	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
features	O
describe	O
the	O
class	O
of	O
orthodox	O
file	B-Application
managers	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
present	O
the	O
user	O
with	O
a	O
two-panel	O
directory	B-Application
view	O
with	O
a	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
below	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Normally	O
,	O
only	O
the	O
last	O
line	O
of	O
the	O
terminal	O
window	O
(	O
the	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
)	O
is	O
visible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
provide	O
close	O
integration	O
with	O
an	O
underlying	O
OS	B-General_Concept
shell	O
via	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
,	O
using	O
the	O
associated	O
terminal	O
window	O
that	O
permits	O
viewing	B-Application
the	O
results	O
of	O
executing	O
shell	O
commands	O
entered	O
on	O
the	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
via	O
Ctrl-O	O
shortcut	O
in	O
Norton	B-Application
Commander	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
file	B-Application
manager	I-Application
frees	O
the	O
user	O
from	O
having	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
mouse	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
can	O
create	O
their	O
own	O
file	O
associations	O
and	O
scripts	O
that	O
are	O
invoked	O
for	O
certain	O
file	O
types	O
and	O
organize	O
these	O
scripts	O
into	O
a	O
hierarchical	B-Data_Structure
tree	I-Data_Structure
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
user	O
script	O
library	O
or	O
user	O
menu	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Information	O
on	O
the	O
"	O
active	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
passive	O
"	O
panels	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
constructing	O
commands	O
on	O
the	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
support	O
virtual	B-Application
file	I-Application
systems	I-Application
(	O
VFS	B-Application
)	O
such	O
as	O
viewing	B-Application
compressed	O
archives	O
,	O
or	O
working	O
with	O
files	B-Operating_System
via	O
an	O
FTP	B-Protocol
connection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
often	O
have	O
the	O
word	O
commander	O
in	O
the	O
name	O
,	O
after	O
Norton	B-Application
Commander	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Info	O
panel	O
with	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
files	B-Operating_System
in	O
directory	B-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
sum	O
of	O
the	O
sizes	O
of	O
selected	O
files	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Function	O
keys	O
:	O
F1	O
–	O
F10	O
have	O
all	O
the	O
same	O
functions	O
under	O
all	O
orthodox	O
file	B-Application
managers	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
introduction	O
of	O
tabbed	O
panels	O
in	O
some	O
file	B-Application
managers	I-Application
(	O
for	O
example	O
Total	B-Language
Commander	I-Language
)	O
made	O
it	O
possible	O
to	O
manipulate	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
active	O
and	O
passive	O
directory	B-Application
at	O
a	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Orthodox	O
file	B-Application
managers	I-Application
are	O
among	O
the	O
most	O
portable	O
file	B-Application
managers	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
are	O
available	O
on	O
almost	O
any	O
platform	O
,	O
with	O
both	O
command-line	B-Application
and	O
graphical	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
unusual	O
among	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
managers	O
in	O
that	O
something	O
purporting	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
standard	O
for	O
the	O
interface	O
is	O
published	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sometimes	O
they	O
are	O
called	O
dual-pane	O
managers	O
,	O
a	O
term	O
that	O
is	O
typically	O
used	O
for	O
programs	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Windows	B-Protocol
File	I-Protocol
Explorer	I-Protocol
(	O
see	O
below	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
they	O
have	O
three	O
panes	O
including	O
a	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
pane	O
below	O
(	O
or	O
hidden	O
behind	O
)	O
two	O
symmetric	O
panes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
navigational	O
file	B-Application
manager	I-Application
is	O
a	O
newer	O
type	O
of	O
file	B-Application
manager	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
GUIs	B-Application
,	O
it	O
has	O
become	O
the	O
dominant	O
type	O
of	O
file	B-Application
manager	I-Application
for	O
desktop	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typically	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
two	O
panes	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
filesystem	O
tree	O
in	O
the	O
left	O
pane	O
and	O
the	O
contents	O
of	O
the	O
current	B-Application
directory	I-Application
in	O
the	O
right	O
pane	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
macOS	B-Application
,	O
the	O
Miller	O
columns	O
view	O
in	O
Finder	B-Application
(	O
originating	O
in	O
NeXTStep	B-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
variation	O
on	O
the	O
navigational	O
file	B-Application
manager	I-Application
theme	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
location	O
being	O
viewed	O
(	O
the	O
current	B-Application
directory	I-Application
)	O
can	O
be	O
changed	O
by	O
the	O
user	O
by	O
opening	O
directories	B-Application
,	O
pressing	O
a	O
back	O
button	O
,	O
typing	O
a	O
location	O
,	O
or	O
using	O
the	O
additional	O
pane	O
with	O
the	O
navigation	O
tree	O
representing	O
all	O
or	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
filesystem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Icons	O
represent	O
files	B-Operating_System
,	O
programs	O
,	O
and	O
directories	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
interface	O
in	O
a	O
navigational	O
file	B-Application
manager	I-Application
often	O
resembles	O
a	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
,	O
complete	O
with	O
back	O
and	O
forward	O
buttons	O
,	O
and	O
often	O
reload	O
buttons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
also	O
contain	O
an	O
address	O
bar	O
into	O
which	O
the	O
file	O
or	O
directory	B-Application
path	O
(	O
or	O
URI	B-Protocol
)	O
can	O
be	O
typed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
navigational	O
file	B-Application
managers	I-Application
have	O
two	O
panes	O
,	O
the	O
left	O
pane	O
being	O
a	O
tree	O
view	O
of	O
the	O
filesystem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
means	O
that	O
unlike	O
orthodox	O
file	B-Application
managers	I-Application
,	O
the	O
two	O
panes	O
are	O
asymmetrical	O
in	O
their	O
content	O
and	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Selecting	O
a	O
directory	B-Application
in	O
the	O
Navigation	O
pane	O
on	O
the	O
left	O
designates	O
it	O
as	O
the	O
current	B-Application
directory	I-Application
,	O
displaying	O
its	O
contents	O
in	O
the	O
Contents	O
pane	O
on	O
the	O
right	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
expanding	O
( +	O
)	O
or	O
collapsing	O
(	O
-	O
)	O
a	O
portion	O
of	O
the	O
tree	O
without	O
selecting	O
a	O
directory	B-Application
will	O
not	O
alter	O
the	O
contents	O
of	O
the	O
right	O
pane	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
exception	O
to	O
this	O
behavior	O
applies	O
when	O
collapsing	O
a	O
parent	O
of	O
the	O
current	B-Application
directory	I-Application
,	O
in	O
which	O
case	O
the	O
selection	O
is	O
refocused	O
on	O
the	O
collapsed	O
parent	B-Application
directory	I-Application
,	O
thus	O
altering	O
the	O
list	O
in	O
the	O
Contents	O
pane	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
instances	O
of	O
the	O
file	B-Application
manager	I-Application
can	O
be	O
opened	O
simultaneously	O
and	O
communicate	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
via	O
drag-and-drop	O
and	O
clipboard	O
operations	O
,	O
so	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
view	O
several	O
directories	B-Application
simultaneously	O
and	O
perform	O
cut-and	O
paste	O
operations	O
between	O
instances	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
File	O
operations	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
drag-and-drop	O
and	O
editor	O
metaphors	O
:	O
users	O
can	O
select	O
and	O
copy	O
files	B-Operating_System
or	O
directories	B-Application
onto	O
the	O
clipboard	O
and	O
then	O
paste	O
them	O
in	O
a	O
different	O
place	O
in	O
the	O
filesystem	O
or	O
even	O
in	O
a	O
different	O
instance	O
of	O
the	O
file	B-Application
manager	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Notable	O
examples	O
of	O
navigational	O
file	B-Application
managers	I-Application
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Spatial	O
file	B-Application
managers	I-Application
use	O
a	O
spatial	O
metaphor	B-Architecture
to	O
represent	O
files	B-Operating_System
and	O
directories	B-Application
as	O
if	O
they	O
were	O
actual	O
physical	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
spatial	O
file	B-Application
manager	I-Application
imitates	O
the	O
way	O
people	O
interact	O
with	O
physical	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
ideas	O
behind	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
a	O
spatial	O
file	B-Application
manager	I-Application
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
window	O
is	O
unambiguously	O
and	O
irrevocably	O
tied	O
to	O
a	O
particular	O
directory	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stability	O
:	O
files	B-Operating_System
,	O
directories	B-Application
,	O
and	O
windows	O
go	O
where	O
the	O
user	O
moves	O
them	O
,	O
stay	O
where	O
the	O
user	O
puts	O
them	O
(	O
"	O
preserve	O
their	O
spatial	O
state	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
retain	O
all	O
their	O
other	O
"	O
physical	O
"	O
characteristics	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
size	O
,	O
shape	O
,	O
color	O
and	O
location	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
in	O
navigational	O
file	B-Application
managers	I-Application
,	O
when	O
a	O
directory	B-Application
is	O
opened	O
,	O
the	O
icon	O
representing	O
the	O
directory	B-Application
changes	O
—	O
perhaps	O
from	O
an	O
image	O
showing	O
a	O
closed	O
drawer	O
to	O
an	O
opened	O
one	O
,	O
perhaps	O
the	O
directory	B-Application
's	O
icon	O
turns	O
into	O
a	O
silhouette	O
filled	O
with	O
a	O
pattern	O
—	O
and	O
a	O
new	O
window	O
is	O
opened	O
to	O
represent	O
that	O
directory	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
file	B-Application
managers	I-Application
that	O
use	O
a	O
spatial	O
metaphor	B-Architecture
to	O
some	O
extent	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Dysfunctional	O
spatial	O
file	B-Application
managers	I-Application
:	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Protocol
Explorer	I-Protocol
in	O
Windows	B-Application
95	I-Application
was	O
set	O
as	O
a	O
spatial	O
file	B-Application
manager	I-Application
model	O
by	O
default	O
;	O
because	O
it	O
also	O
worked	O
as	O
a	O
navigational	O
file	B-Application
manager	I-Application
,	O
directories	B-Application
could	O
be	O
opened	O
in	O
multiple	O
windows	O
,	O
which	O
made	O
it	O
fail	O
all	O
the	O
above	O
criteria	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
's	O
Finder	B-Application
in	O
macOS	B-Application
was	O
designed	O
with	O
a	O
similar	O
integration	O
of	O
spatial	O
and	O
navigational	O
modes	O
,	O
meaning	O
that	O
the	O
spatial	O
mode	O
did	O
not	O
actually	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
projects	O
have	O
attempted	O
to	O
implement	O
a	O
three-dimensional	O
method	O
of	O
displaying	O
files	B-Operating_System
and	O
directory	B-Architecture
structures	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
three-dimensional	O
file	B-Application
managers	I-Application
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
fsn	B-Device
,	O
for	O
Silicon	O
Graphics	O
 '	O
IRIX	B-Operating_System
systems	O
,	O
notably	O
featured	O
prominently	O
in	O
one	O
scene	O
from	O
the	O
film	O
Jurassic	O
Park	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
representation	O
of	O
Unix	B-Application
systems	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
File	B-Language
System	I-Language
Visualizer	I-Language
,	O
or	O
fsv	O
,	O
an	O
open-source	O
clone	O
of	O
fsn	B-Device
for	O
modern	O
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
tdfsb	O
,	O
an	O
open-source	O
3D	O
file	B-Application
browser	I-Application
,	O
where	O
one	O
enters	O
directories	B-Application
by	O
flying	O
into	O
them	O
(	O
using	O
WASD	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Runs	O
on	O
Linux	O
,	O
FreeBSD	O
and	O
BeOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
BumpTop	B-Application
,	O
a	O
file	B-Application
manager	I-Application
using	O
a	O
three-dimensional	O
representation	O
of	O
a	O
desktop	O
with	O
realistic	O
physics	O
,	O
intended	O
for	O
use	O
with	O
a	O
stylus	O
and	O
touchscreen	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Real	O
Desktop	O
,	O
a	O
desktop	O
replacement	O
with	O
similarities	O
to	O
BumpTop	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cubix	O
3D	O
Filer	O
is	O
a	O
Windows	B-Application
file	I-Application
manager	I-Application
which	O
organizes	O
files	B-Operating_System
according	O
to	O
different	O
attributes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GopherVR	B-Protocol
,	O
a	O
3D	O
visualisation	O
of	O
networked	O
Gopher	B-Protocol
resources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Web-based	O
file	B-Application
managers	I-Application
are	O
typically	O
scripts	O
written	O
in	O
either	O
PHP	B-Application
,	O
Ajax	B-General_Concept
,	O
Perl	B-Language
,	O
ASP	B-General_Concept
or	O
another	O
server-side	B-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
installed	O
on	O
a	O
local	O
server	O
or	O
on	O
a	O
remote	O
server	O
,	O
they	O
allow	O
files	B-Operating_System
and	O
directories	B-Application
located	O
there	O
to	O
be	O
managed	O
and	O
edited	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
,	O
without	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
FTP	B-Protocol
Access	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
advanced	O
,	O
and	O
usually	O
commercially	O
distributed	O
,	O
web-based	O
file	B-Application
management	I-Application
scripts	O
allow	O
the	O
administrator	O
of	O
the	O
file	B-Application
manager	I-Application
to	O
configure	O
secure	O
,	O
individual	O
user	O
accounts	O
,	O
each	O
with	O
individual	O
account	O
permissions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Authorized	O
users	O
have	O
access	O
to	O
documents	O
stored	O
on	O
the	O
server	O
or	O
in	O
their	O
individual	O
user	O
directories	B-Application
anytime	O
,	O
from	O
anywhere	O
,	O
via	O
a	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
web-based	O
file	B-Application
manager	I-Application
can	O
serve	O
as	O
an	O
organization	O
's	O
digital	O
repository	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Web-based	O
file	B-Application
managers	I-Application
are	O
becoming	O
increasingly	O
popular	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
rise	O
in	O
popularity	O
of	O
dynamic	O
web	O
content	B-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
systems	I-Protocol
(	O
CMS	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
non-technical	O
website	O
moderators	O
to	O
manage	O
media	O
on	O
their	O
websites	O
powered	O
by	O
these	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
is	O
net2ftp	B-Language
,	O
a	O
PHP	B-Application
-	O
and	O
JavaScript-based	O
FTP	B-Protocol
client	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
typically	O
ship	O
a	O
file	O
picker	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
specifying	O
in	O
which	O
location	O
to	O
save	O
a	O
file	O
(	O
usually	O
accessed	O
through	O
the	O
"	O
Save	B-Application
as	I-Application
"	O
option	O
in	O
software	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
where	O
to	O
open	O
a	O
file	O
from	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
file	O
pickers	O
also	O
allow	O
file	B-Application
management	I-Application
to	O
some	O
degree	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
searching	O
,	O
moving	O
,	O
copying	B-Application
,	O
renaming	O
,	O
and	O
copying	B-Application
the	O
path	O
to	O
clipboard	O
.	O
</s>
