<s>
A	O
field-emission	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
(	O
FED	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
flat	B-General_Concept
panel	I-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
technology	O
that	O
uses	O
large-area	O
field	O
electron	O
emission	O
sources	O
to	O
provide	O
electrons	O
that	O
strike	O
colored	O
phosphor	O
to	O
produce	O
a	O
color	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
general	O
sense	O
,	O
an	O
FED	O
consists	O
of	O
a	O
matrix	O
of	O
cathode	B-Device
ray	I-Device
tubes	I-Device
,	O
each	O
tube	O
producing	O
a	O
single	O
sub-pixel	O
,	O
grouped	O
in	O
threes	O
to	O
form	O
red-green-blue	O
(	O
RGB	O
)	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
FEDs	O
combine	O
the	O
advantages	O
of	O
CRTs	O
,	O
namely	O
their	O
high	O
contrast	O
levels	O
and	O
very	O
fast	O
response	O
times	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
packaging	O
advantages	O
of	O
LCD	B-Device
and	O
other	O
flat-panel	B-General_Concept
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
also	O
offer	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
requiring	O
less	O
power	O
,	O
about	O
half	O
that	O
of	O
an	O
LCD	B-Device
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sony	O
's	O
FED	O
efforts	O
started	O
winding	O
down	O
in	O
2009	O
,	O
as	O
LCD	B-Device
became	O
the	O
dominant	O
flat-panel	B-General_Concept
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FEDs	O
are	O
closely	O
related	O
to	O
another	O
developing	O
display	O
technology	O
,	O
the	O
surface-conduction	B-General_Concept
electron-emitter	I-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
(	O
SED	O
)	O
,	O
differing	O
primarily	O
in	O
details	O
of	O
the	O
electron-emission	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FED	O
display	O
operates	O
like	O
a	O
conventional	O
cathode	B-Device
ray	I-Device
tube	I-Device
(	O
CRT	O
)	O
with	O
an	O
electron	O
gun	O
that	O
uses	O
high	O
voltage	O
(	O
10	O
kV	O
)	O
to	O
accelerate	O
electrons	O
,	O
which	O
in	O
turn	O
excite	O
the	O
phosphors	O
,	O
but	O
instead	O
of	O
a	O
single	O
electron	O
gun	O
,	O
an	O
FED	O
display	O
contains	O
a	O
grid	O
of	O
individual	O
nanoscopic	O
electron	O
guns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Photolithography	B-Algorithm
is	O
used	O
to	O
lay	O
down	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
rows	O
of	O
switching	O
gates	O
at	O
right	O
angles	O
to	O
the	O
cathode	O
lines	O
,	O
forming	O
an	O
addressable	O
grid	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
non-linearity	O
of	O
the	O
process	O
allows	O
avoidance	O
of	O
active	B-General_Concept
matrix	I-General_Concept
addressing	I-General_Concept
schemes	O
–	O
once	O
the	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
lights	O
up	O
,	O
it	O
will	O
naturally	O
glow	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Non-linearity	O
also	O
means	O
that	O
the	O
brightness	O
of	O
the	O
sub-pixel	O
is	O
pulse-width	B-Algorithm
modulated	I-Algorithm
to	O
control	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
electrons	O
being	O
produced	O
,	O
like	O
in	O
plasma	O
displays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
electrons	O
from	O
any	O
single	O
emitter	O
are	O
fired	O
toward	O
a	O
single	O
sub-pixel	O
,	O
the	O
scanning	O
electromagnets	O
are	O
not	O
needed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
cathode	O
is	O
laid	O
out	O
using	O
photolithography	B-Algorithm
to	O
create	O
an	O
addressable	O
grid	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Just	O
like	O
any	O
other	O
displays	O
with	O
individually	O
addressable	O
sub-pixels	O
,	O
FED	O
displays	O
can	O
potentially	O
suffer	O
from	O
manufacturing	O
problems	O
that	O
will	O
result	O
in	O
dead	B-General_Concept
pixels	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
emitters	O
are	O
so	O
small	O
that	O
many	O
"	O
guns	O
"	O
can	O
power	O
a	O
sub-pixel	O
,	O
the	O
screen	O
can	O
be	O
examined	O
for	O
dead	O
emitters	O
and	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
brightness	O
corrected	O
by	O
increasing	O
the	O
pulse	O
width	O
to	O
make	O
up	O
for	O
the	O
loss	O
through	O
increased	O
emissions	O
from	O
the	O
other	O
emitters	O
feeding	O
the	O
same	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
FEDs	O
eliminate	O
much	O
of	O
the	O
electrical	O
complexity	O
of	O
cathode	B-Device
ray	I-Device
tubes	I-Device
,	O
including	O
the	O
heated	O
filaments	O
in	O
the	O
electron	O
gun	O
used	O
to	O
generate	O
electrons	O
and	O
the	O
electromagnets	O
in	O
the	O
deflection	O
yokes	O
used	O
to	O
steer	O
the	O
beam	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
thus	O
much	O
more	O
power	O
efficient	O
than	O
a	O
CRT	O
of	O
similar	O
size	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
FEDs	O
are	O
technically	O
worse	O
than	O
CRTs	O
,	O
as	O
they	O
are	O
not	O
capable	O
of	O
multiscanning	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Flat-panel	B-General_Concept
LCDs	B-Device
use	O
a	O
bright	O
light	O
source	O
and	O
filter	O
out	O
half	O
of	O
the	O
light	O
with	O
a	O
polarizer	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
filter	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
light	O
to	O
produce	O
red	O
,	O
green	O
and	O
blue	O
(	O
RGB	O
)	O
sources	O
for	O
the	O
sub-pixels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
most	O
cases	O
the	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
matrix	O
itself	O
then	O
filters	O
out	O
additional	O
light	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
change	O
the	O
brightness	O
of	O
the	O
sub-pixels	O
and	O
produce	O
a	O
color	O
gamut	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
So	O
in	O
spite	O
of	O
using	O
extremely	O
efficient	O
light	O
sources	O
like	O
cold-cathode	O
fluorescent	O
lamps	O
or	O
high-power	O
white	O
LEDs	O
,	O
the	O
overall	O
efficiency	O
of	O
an	O
LCD	B-Device
is	O
not	O
very	O
high	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
lighting	O
process	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
FED	O
is	O
less	O
efficient	O
,	O
only	O
lit	O
sub-pixels	O
require	O
power	O
,	O
which	O
means	O
that	O
FEDs	O
are	O
more	O
efficient	O
than	O
LCDs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sony	O
's	O
36	O
"	O
FED	O
prototypes	O
have	O
been	O
shown	O
drawing	O
only	O
14	O
W	O
when	O
displaying	O
brightly	O
lit	O
scenes	O
,	O
whereas	O
a	O
conventional	O
LCD	B-Device
screen	I-Device
of	O
similar	O
size	O
would	O
normally	O
draw	O
well	O
over	O
100	O
W	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Avoiding	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
a	O
backlighting	O
system	O
and	O
thin-film	O
transistor	O
active	B-General_Concept
matrix	I-General_Concept
also	O
greatly	O
reduces	O
the	O
complexity	O
of	O
the	O
set	O
as	O
a	O
whole	O
,	O
while	O
also	O
reducing	O
its	O
front-to-back	O
thickness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
an	O
FED	O
has	O
two	O
sheets	O
of	O
glass	O
instead	O
of	O
the	O
one	O
in	O
an	O
LCD	B-Device
,	O
the	O
overall	O
weight	O
is	O
likely	O
to	O
be	O
less	O
than	O
of	O
a	O
similarly	O
sized	O
LCD	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
led	O
to	O
a	O
race	O
with	O
two	O
other	O
front-running	O
technologies	O
aiming	O
to	O
replace	O
LCDs	B-Device
in	O
television	O
use	O
,	O
the	O
active-matrix	B-Algorithm
OLED	I-Algorithm
and	O
surface-conduction	B-General_Concept
electron-emitter	I-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
(	O
SED	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Organic	B-Device
light-emitting	I-Device
diodes	I-Device
(	O
OLED	B-Device
)	O
cells	O
directly	O
emit	O
light	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
OLEDs	B-Device
require	O
no	O
separate	O
light	O
source	O
and	O
are	O
highly	O
efficient	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
light	O
output	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OLEDs	B-Device
are	O
a	O
serious	O
competitor	O
to	O
FEDs	O
,	O
but	O
suffer	O
from	O
the	O
same	O
sorts	O
of	O
problems	O
bringing	O
them	O
to	O
mass	O
production	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SED	O
has	O
been	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
variant	O
of	O
FED	O
that	O
is	O
feasible	O
to	O
mass-produce	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
as	O
of	O
late	O
2009	O
no	O
commercial	O
SED	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
products	O
have	O
been	O
made	O
available	O
by	O
the	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advance	O
Nanotech	O
then	O
applied	O
their	O
efforts	O
to	O
the	O
similar	O
SED	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
,	O
licensing	O
their	O
technology	O
to	O
Canon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nano-emissive	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
(	O
NED	O
)	O
was	O
Motorola	O
's	O
term	O
for	O
their	O
carbon-nanotube-based	O
FED	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
