<s>
Fiber	B-Architecture
to	I-Architecture
the	I-Architecture
x	I-Architecture
(	O
FTTX	B-Architecture
;	O
also	O
spelled	O
"	O
fibre	O
"	O
)	O
or	O
fiber	B-Architecture
in	I-Architecture
the	I-Architecture
loop	I-Architecture
is	O
a	O
generic	O
term	O
for	O
any	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
network	O
architecture	O
using	O
optical	B-Architecture
fiber	I-Architecture
to	O
provide	O
all	O
or	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
local	B-Architecture
loop	I-Architecture
used	O
for	O
last	B-Protocol
mile	I-Protocol
telecommunications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
fiber	B-Architecture
optic	I-Architecture
cables	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
carry	O
much	O
more	O
data	O
than	O
copper	O
cables	O
,	O
especially	O
over	O
long	O
distances	O
,	O
copper	O
telephone	O
networks	O
built	O
in	O
the	O
20th	O
century	O
are	O
being	O
replaced	O
by	O
fiber	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
FTTX	B-Architecture
is	O
a	O
generalization	O
for	O
several	O
configurations	O
of	O
fiber	B-Architecture
deployment	O
,	O
arranged	O
into	O
two	O
groups	O
:	O
FTTP/FTTH/FTTB	O
(	O
Fiber	B-Architecture
laid	O
all	O
the	O
way	O
to	O
the	O
premises/home/building	O
)	O
and	O
FTTC/N	O
(	O
fiber	B-Architecture
laid	O
to	O
the	O
cabinet/node	O
,	O
with	O
copper	O
wires	O
completing	O
the	O
connection	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
closer	O
the	O
fiber	B-Architecture
head	O
,	O
the	O
higher	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
construction	O
and	O
the	O
higher	O
the	O
channel	O
capacity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
places	O
not	O
served	O
by	O
metallic	O
facilities	O
,	O
little	O
cost	O
is	O
saved	O
by	O
not	O
running	O
fiber	B-Architecture
to	I-Architecture
the	I-Architecture
home	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fiber	B-Architecture
to	I-Architecture
the	I-Architecture
x	I-Architecture
is	O
the	O
key	O
method	O
used	O
to	O
drive	O
next-generation	B-Architecture
access	I-Architecture
(	O
NGA	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
describes	O
a	O
significant	O
upgrade	O
to	O
the	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
available	O
by	O
making	O
a	O
step	O
change	O
in	O
speed	O
and	O
quality	O
of	O
the	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ofcom	O
have	O
defined	O
super-fast	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
as	O
"	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
products	O
that	O
provide	O
a	O
maximum	O
download	O
speed	O
that	O
is	O
greater	O
than	O
24Mbit/s	O
-	O
this	O
threshold	O
is	O
commonly	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
maximum	O
speed	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
supported	O
on	O
current	O
generation	O
(	O
copper-based	O
)	O
networks.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
similar	O
network	O
called	O
a	O
hybrid	B-Architecture
fiber-coaxial	I-Architecture
(	O
HFC	O
)	O
network	O
is	O
used	O
by	O
cable	O
television	O
operators	O
but	O
is	O
usually	O
not	O
synonymous	O
with	O
"	O
fiber	B-Architecture
In	I-Architecture
the	I-Architecture
loop	I-Architecture
"	O
,	O
although	O
similar	O
advanced	O
services	O
are	O
provided	O
by	O
the	O
HFC	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fixed	B-General_Concept
wireless	I-General_Concept
and	O
mobile	O
wireless	O
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
Wi-Fi	O
,	O
WiMAX	O
and	O
3GPP	O
Long	O
Term	O
Evolution	O
(	O
LTE	O
)	O
are	O
an	O
alternative	O
for	O
providing	O
Internet	O
access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
telecommunications	O
industry	O
differentiates	O
between	O
several	O
distinct	O
FTTX	B-Architecture
configurations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FTTE	B-Protocol
(	O
fiber-to-the-edge	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
networking	O
approach	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
enterprise	O
building	O
(	O
hotels	O
,	O
convention	O
centers	O
,	O
office	O
buildings	O
,	O
hospitals	O
,	O
senior	O
living	O
communities	O
,	O
Multi-Dwelling	O
Units	O
,	O
stadiums	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fiber	B-Architecture
reaches	O
directly	O
from	O
the	O
main	B-Device
distribution	I-Device
frame	I-Device
of	O
a	O
building	O
out	O
to	O
the	O
edge	O
devices	O
,	O
eliminating	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
intermediate	O
distribution	O
frames	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FTTH	B-Architecture
(	O
fiber-to-the-home	B-Architecture
)	O
:	O
Fiber	B-Architecture
reaches	O
the	O
boundary	O
of	O
the	O
living	O
space	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
box	O
on	O
the	O
outside	O
wall	O
of	O
a	O
home	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Passive	B-Architecture
optical	I-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
and	O
point-to-point	B-Protocol
Ethernet	I-Protocol
are	O
architectures	O
that	O
are	O
capable	O
of	O
delivering	O
triple-play	B-Architecture
services	O
over	O
FTTH	B-Architecture
networks	O
directly	O
from	O
an	O
operator	O
's	O
central	O
office	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FTTD	B-Architecture
can	O
mean	O
two	O
different	O
things	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
FTTO	O
(	O
fiber-to-the-office	O
)	O
:	O
Fiber	B-Architecture
connection	O
is	O
installed	O
from	O
the	O
main	O
computer	O
room/core	O
switch	B-Protocol
to	O
a	O
special	O
mini-switch	O
(	O
called	O
FTTO	O
Switch	B-Protocol
)	O
located	O
at	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
workstation	O
or	O
service	O
points	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
mini-switch	O
provides	O
Ethernet	O
services	O
to	O
end	O
user	O
devices	O
via	O
standard	O
twisted	O
pair	O
patch	O
cords	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
fiber-to-the-frontage	O
)	O
:	O
This	O
is	O
very	O
similar	O
to	O
FTTB	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
fiber	B-Architecture
to	O
the	O
front	O
yard	O
scenario	O
,	O
each	O
fiber	B-Architecture
node	O
serves	O
a	O
single	O
subscriber	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FTTE	B-Protocol
/	O
FTTZ	B-Protocol
(	O
fiber-to-the-telecom-enclosure	B-Protocol
or	O
fiber-to-the-zone	B-Protocol
)	O
:	O
is	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
structured	O
cabling	O
typically	O
used	O
in	O
enterprise	O
local	B-General_Concept
area	I-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
,	O
where	O
fiber	B-Architecture
is	O
used	O
to	O
link	O
the	O
main	O
computer	O
equipment	O
room	O
to	O
an	O
enclosure	O
close	O
to	O
the	O
desk	O
or	O
workstation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FTTE	B-Protocol
and	O
FTTZ	B-Protocol
are	O
not	O
considered	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
FTTX	B-Architecture
group	O
of	O
technologies	O
,	O
despite	O
the	O
similarity	O
in	O
name	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FTTN	B-Architecture
/	O
FTTLA	B-Protocol
(	O
fiber-to-the-node	O
,	O
-neighborhood	O
,	O
or	O
-last-amplifier	O
)	O
:	O
Fiber	B-Architecture
is	O
terminated	O
in	O
a	O
street	O
cabinet	O
,	O
possibly	O
miles	O
away	O
from	O
the	O
customer	O
premises	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
final	O
connections	O
being	O
copper	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FTTC	B-Architecture
/	O
FTTK	B-Architecture
(	O
fiber-to-the-curb/kerb	O
,	O
-closet	O
,	O
or	O
-cabinet	O
)	O
:	O
This	O
is	O
very	O
similar	O
to	O
FTTN	B-Architecture
,	O
but	O
the	O
street	O
cabinet	O
or	O
pole	O
is	O
closer	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
premises	O
,	O
typically	O
within	O
,	O
within	O
range	O
for	O
high-bandwidth	O
copper	O
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
wired	O
ethernet	O
or	O
IEEE	O
1901	O
power	B-Device
line	I-Device
networking	I-Device
and	O
wireless	O
Wi-Fi	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FTTC	B-Architecture
is	O
occasionally	O
ambiguously	O
called	O
FTTP	B-Architecture
(	O
fiber-to-the-pole	O
)	O
,	O
leading	O
to	O
confusion	O
with	O
the	O
distinct	O
fiber-to-the-premises	B-Architecture
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
fiber-to-the-street	O
)	O
:	O
The	O
customer	O
is	O
connected	O
using	O
copper	O
to	O
the	O
fiber	B-Architecture
passing	O
near	O
the	O
building	O
,	O
up	O
to	O
away	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
a	O
compromise	O
between	O
FTTB	B-Architecture
and	O
FTTC	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
promote	O
consistency	O
,	O
especially	O
when	O
comparing	O
FTTH	B-Architecture
penetration	O
rates	O
between	O
countries	O
,	O
the	O
three	O
FTTH	B-Architecture
Councils	O
of	O
Europe	O
,	O
North	O
America	O
,	O
and	O
Asia-Pacific	O
agreed	O
upon	O
definitions	O
for	O
FTTH	B-Architecture
and	O
FTTB	B-Architecture
in	O
2006	O
,	O
with	O
an	O
update	O
in	O
2009	O
,	O
2011	O
and	O
another	O
in	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
FTTH	B-Architecture
Councils	O
do	O
not	O
have	O
formal	O
definitions	O
for	O
FTTC	B-Architecture
and	O
FTTN	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
fiber	B-Architecture
optic	I-Architecture
cables	O
can	O
carry	O
data	O
at	O
high	O
speeds	O
over	O
long	O
distances	O
,	O
copper	O
cables	O
used	O
in	O
traditional	O
telephone	O
lines	O
and	O
ADSL	O
cannot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
common	O
form	O
of	O
Gigabit	O
Ethernet	O
(	O
1Gbit/s	O
)	O
runs	O
over	O
relatively	O
economical	O
category	B-Protocol
5e	I-Protocol
,	O
category	B-Protocol
6	I-Protocol
or	O
augmented	B-Protocol
category	I-Protocol
6	I-Protocol
unshielded	O
twisted-pair	O
copper	O
cabling	O
but	O
only	O
to	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
1	O
Gbit/s	O
Ethernet	O
over	O
fiber	B-Architecture
can	O
easily	O
reach	O
tens	O
of	O
kilometers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
FTTP	B-Architecture
has	O
been	O
selected	O
by	O
every	O
major	O
communications	O
provider	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
to	O
carry	O
data	O
over	O
long	O
1	O
Gbit/s	O
symmetrical	O
connections	O
directly	O
to	O
consumer	O
homes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FTTP	B-Architecture
configurations	O
that	O
bring	O
fiber	B-Architecture
directly	O
into	O
the	O
building	O
can	O
offer	O
the	O
highest	O
speeds	O
since	O
the	O
remaining	O
segments	O
can	O
use	O
standard	O
Ethernet	O
or	O
coaxial	O
cable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fiber	B-Architecture
is	O
often	O
said	O
to	O
be	O
"	O
future-proof	O
"	O
because	O
the	O
data	O
rate	O
of	O
the	O
connection	O
is	O
usually	O
limited	O
by	O
the	O
terminal	O
equipment	O
rather	O
than	O
the	O
fiber	B-Architecture
,	O
permitting	O
substantial	O
speed	O
improvements	O
by	O
equipment	O
upgrades	O
before	O
the	O
fiber	B-Architecture
itself	O
must	O
be	O
upgraded	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
rising	O
popularity	O
of	O
high-definition	O
,	O
on-demand	O
video	O
streaming	O
applications	O
and	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
Netflix	O
,	O
Roku	O
,	O
and	O
Facebook	O
LIVE	O
,	O
the	O
demand	O
for	O
reliable	O
bandwidth	O
is	O
crucial	O
as	O
more	O
and	O
more	O
people	O
begin	O
to	O
utilize	O
these	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FTTC	B-Architecture
(	O
where	O
fiber	B-Architecture
transitions	O
to	O
copper	O
in	O
a	O
street	O
cabinet	O
)	O
is	O
generally	O
too	O
far	O
from	O
the	O
users	O
for	O
standard	O
ethernet	O
configurations	O
over	O
existing	O
copper	O
cabling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
generally	O
use	O
very-high-bit-rate	O
digital	O
subscriber	B-Architecture
line	I-Architecture
(	O
VDSL	O
)	O
at	O
downstream	O
rates	O
of	O
80	O
Mbit/s	O
,	O
but	O
this	O
falls	O
extremely	O
quickly	O
when	O
the	O
distance	O
exceeds	O
100	O
meters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fiber	B-Architecture
to	I-Architecture
the	I-Architecture
premises	I-Architecture
(	O
FTTP	B-Architecture
)	O
is	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
fiber-optic	B-Application
communication	I-Application
delivery	O
in	O
which	O
an	O
optical	B-Architecture
fiber	I-Architecture
is	O
run	O
in	O
an	O
optical	O
distribution	O
network	O
from	O
the	O
central	O
office	O
all	O
the	O
way	O
to	O
the	O
premises	O
occupied	O
by	O
the	O
subscriber	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
FTTP	B-Architecture
"	O
has	O
become	O
ambiguous	O
and	O
may	O
also	O
refer	O
to	O
FTTC	B-Architecture
where	O
the	O
fiber	B-Architecture
terminates	O
at	O
a	O
utility	O
pole	O
without	O
reaching	O
the	O
premises	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fiber	B-Architecture
to	I-Architecture
the	I-Architecture
premises	I-Architecture
can	O
be	O
categorized	O
according	O
to	O
where	O
the	O
optical	B-Architecture
fiber	I-Architecture
ends	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
FTTH	B-Architecture
(	O
fiber-to-the-home	B-Architecture
)	O
is	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
fiber-optic	B-Application
communication	I-Application
delivery	O
that	O
reaches	O
one	O
living	O
or	O
working	O
space	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
fiber	B-Architecture
extends	O
from	O
the	O
central	O
office	O
to	O
the	O
subscriber	O
's	O
living	O
or	O
working	O
space	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
at	O
the	O
subscriber	O
's	O
living	O
or	O
working	O
space	O
,	O
the	O
signal	O
may	O
be	O
conveyed	O
throughout	O
the	O
space	O
using	O
any	O
means	O
,	O
including	O
twisted	O
pair	O
,	O
coaxial	O
cable	O
,	O
wireless	O
,	O
power	B-Device
line	I-Device
communication	I-Device
,	O
or	O
optical	B-Architecture
fiber	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
FTTB	B-Architecture
(	O
fiber-to-the-building	B-Architecture
or	O
-basement	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
fiber-optic	B-Application
communication	I-Application
delivery	O
that	O
necessarily	O
applies	O
only	O
to	O
those	O
properties	O
that	O
contain	O
multiple	O
living	O
or	O
working	O
spaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
optical	B-Architecture
fiber	I-Architecture
terminates	O
before	O
actually	O
reaching	O
the	O
subscribers	O
living	O
or	O
working	O
space	O
itself	O
,	O
but	O
does	O
extend	O
to	O
the	O
property	O
containing	O
that	O
living	O
or	O
working	O
space	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
signal	O
is	O
conveyed	O
the	O
final	O
distance	O
using	O
any	O
non-optical	O
means	O
,	O
including	O
twisted	O
pair	O
,	O
coaxial	O
cable	O
,	O
wireless	O
,	O
or	O
power	B-Device
line	I-Device
communication	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
apartment	O
building	O
may	O
provide	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
the	O
distinction	O
between	O
FTTH	B-Architecture
and	O
FTTB	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
fiber	B-Architecture
is	O
run	O
to	O
a	O
panel	O
inside	O
each	O
subscriber	O
's	O
apartment	O
unit	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
FTTH	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
instead	O
,	O
the	O
fiber	B-Architecture
goes	O
only	O
as	O
far	O
as	O
the	O
apartment	O
building	O
's	O
shared	O
electrical	O
room	O
(	O
either	O
only	O
to	O
the	O
ground	O
floor	O
or	O
to	O
each	O
floor	O
)	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
FTTB	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fiber	O
to	O
the	O
curb/cabinet	O
(	O
FTTC	B-Architecture
)	O
is	O
a	O
telecommunications	O
system	O
based	O
on	O
fiber-optic	B-Architecture
cables	I-Architecture
run	O
to	O
a	O
platform	O
that	O
serves	O
several	O
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typically	O
any	O
system	O
terminating	O
fiber	B-Architecture
within	O
of	O
the	O
customer	O
premises	O
equipment	O
would	O
be	O
described	O
as	O
FTTC	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fiber	B-Architecture
to	I-Architecture
the	I-Architecture
node	I-Architecture
or	O
neighborhood	O
(	O
FTTN	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
sometimes	O
identified	O
with	O
and	O
sometimes	O
distinguished	O
from	O
fiber	B-Architecture
to	I-Architecture
the	I-Architecture
cabinet	I-Architecture
(	O
FTTC	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
telecommunication	O
architecture	O
based	O
on	O
fiber-optic	B-Architecture
cables	I-Architecture
run	O
to	O
a	O
cabinet	O
serving	O
a	O
neighborhood	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
If	O
the	O
cabinet	O
serves	O
an	O
area	O
of	O
less	O
than	O
in	O
radius	O
,	O
the	O
architecture	O
is	O
typically	O
called	O
FTTC/FTTK	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
FTTN	B-Architecture
allows	O
delivery	O
of	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
services	O
such	O
as	O
high-speed	O
internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
High-speed	O
communications	O
protocols	O
such	O
as	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
cable	O
access	O
(	O
typically	O
DOCSIS	B-Protocol
)	O
or	O
some	O
form	O
of	O
digital	O
subscriber	B-Architecture
line	I-Architecture
(	O
DSL	O
)	O
are	O
used	O
between	O
the	O
cabinet	O
and	O
the	O
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
FTTP	B-Architecture
,	O
FTTN	B-Architecture
often	O
uses	O
existing	O
coaxial	O
or	O
twisted-pair	O
infrastructure	O
to	O
provide	O
last	B-Protocol
mile	I-Protocol
service	O
and	O
is	O
thus	O
less	O
costly	O
to	O
deploy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
long	O
term	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
its	O
bandwidth	O
potential	O
is	O
limited	O
relative	O
to	O
implementations	O
that	O
bring	O
the	O
fiber	B-Architecture
still	O
closer	O
to	O
the	O
subscriber	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
variant	O
of	O
this	O
technique	O
for	O
cable	O
television	O
providers	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
hybrid	B-Architecture
fiber-coaxial	I-Architecture
(	O
HFC	O
)	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
sometimes	O
given	O
the	O
acronym	O
FTTLA	B-Protocol
(	O
fiber-to-the-last-amplifier	O
)	O
when	O
it	O
replaces	O
analog	O
amplifiers	O
up	O
to	O
the	O
last	O
one	O
before	O
the	O
customer	O
(	O
or	O
neighborhood	O
of	O
customers	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FTTC	B-Architecture
allows	O
delivery	O
of	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
services	O
such	O
as	O
high-speed	O
internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Usually	O
,	O
existing	O
wire	O
is	O
used	O
with	O
communications	O
protocols	O
such	O
as	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
cable	O
access	O
(	O
typically	O
DOCSIS	B-Protocol
)	O
or	O
some	O
form	O
of	O
DSL	O
connecting	O
the	O
curb/cabinet	O
and	O
the	O
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Where	O
it	O
is	O
feasible	O
to	O
run	O
new	O
cable	O
,	O
both	O
fiber	B-Architecture
and	O
copper	O
ethernet	O
are	O
capable	O
of	O
connecting	O
the	O
"	O
curb	O
"	O
with	O
a	O
full	O
100Mbit/s	O
or	O
1Gbit/s	O
connection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
using	O
relatively	O
cheap	O
outdoor	O
category	O
5	O
copper	O
over	O
thousands	O
of	O
feet	O
,	O
all	O
ethernet	O
protocols	O
including	O
power	B-Device
over	I-Device
Ethernet	I-Device
(	O
PoE	B-Device
)	O
are	O
supported	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
fixed	B-General_Concept
wireless	I-General_Concept
technologies	O
rely	O
on	O
PoE	B-Device
,	O
including	O
Motorola	O
Canopy	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
low-power	O
radios	O
capable	O
of	O
running	O
on	O
a	O
12VDC	O
power	O
supply	O
fed	O
over	O
several	O
hundred	O
feet	O
of	O
cable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Power	B-Device
line	I-Device
networking	I-Device
deployments	O
also	O
rely	O
on	O
FTTC	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
avoiding	O
new	O
cable	O
and	O
its	O
cost	O
and	O
liabilities	O
,	O
FTTC	B-Architecture
costs	O
less	O
to	O
deploy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
it	O
also	O
has	O
historically	O
had	O
lower	O
bandwidth	O
potential	O
than	O
FTTP	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
practice	O
,	O
the	O
relative	O
advantage	O
of	O
fiber	B-Architecture
depends	O
on	O
the	O
bandwidth	O
available	O
for	O
backhaul	B-General_Concept
,	O
usage-based	O
billing	O
restrictions	O
that	O
prevent	O
full	O
use	O
of	O
last-mile	B-Protocol
capabilities	O
,	O
and	O
customer	O
premises	O
equipment	O
and	O
maintenance	O
restrictions	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
running	O
fiber	B-Architecture
that	O
can	O
vary	O
widely	O
with	O
geography	O
and	O
building	O
type	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
and	O
Canada	O
,	O
the	O
largest	O
deployment	O
of	O
FTTC	B-Architecture
was	O
carried	O
out	O
by	O
BellSouth	O
Telecommunications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
acquisition	O
of	O
BellSouth	O
by	O
AT&T	O
,	O
deployment	O
of	O
FTTC	B-Architecture
will	O
end	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Future	O
deployments	O
will	O
be	O
based	O
on	O
either	O
FTTN	B-Architecture
or	O
FTTP	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Existing	O
FTTC	B-Architecture
plant	O
may	O
be	O
removed	O
and	O
replaced	O
with	O
FTTP	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Verizon	B-Application
,	O
meanwhile	O
,	O
announced	O
in	O
March	O
2010	O
they	O
were	O
winding	O
down	O
Verizon	B-Protocol
FiOS	I-Protocol
expansion	O
,	O
concentrating	O
on	O
completing	O
their	O
network	O
in	O
areas	O
that	O
already	O
had	O
FiOS	B-Protocol
franchises	O
but	O
were	O
not	O
deploying	O
to	O
new	O
areas	O
,	O
suggesting	O
that	O
FTTH	B-Architecture
was	O
uneconomic	O
beyond	O
these	O
areas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Verizon	B-Application
also	O
announced	O
(	O
at	O
CES	O
2010	O
)	O
its	O
entry	O
into	O
the	O
smart	B-Device
home	I-Device
and	O
power	O
utility	O
data	O
management	O
arenas	O
,	O
indicating	O
it	O
was	O
considering	O
using	O
P1901-based	O
FTTC	B-Architecture
or	O
some	O
other	O
existing-wire	O
approach	O
to	O
reach	O
into	O
homes	O
,	O
and	O
access	O
additional	O
revenues	O
from	O
the	O
secure	O
AES-128	B-Algorithm
bandwidth	O
required	O
for	O
advanced	O
metering	O
infrastructure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
largest	O
1Gbit/s	O
deployment	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
in	O
Chattanooga	O
,	O
Tennessee	O
,	O
despite	O
being	O
conducted	O
by	O
power	O
utility	O
EPB	O
,	O
was	O
FTTH	B-Architecture
rather	O
than	O
FTTC	B-Architecture
,	O
reaching	O
every	O
subscriber	O
in	O
a	O
600-square-mile	O
area	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
increased	O
competitive	O
cost	O
pressure	O
,	O
availability	O
of	O
three	O
different	O
existing	O
wire	O
solutions	O
,	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
deployment	O
requirements	O
(	O
as	O
in	O
Chattanooga	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
better	O
hybrid	O
networking	O
tools	O
(	O
with	O
major	O
vendors	O
like	O
Alcatel-Lucent	O
and	O
Qualcomm	O
Atheros	O
,	O
and	O
Wi-Fi	O
solutions	O
for	O
edge	O
networks	O
,	O
IEEE	O
1905	O
and	O
IEEE	O
802.21	O
protocol	O
efforts	O
and	O
SNMP	B-Protocol
improvements	O
)	O
all	O
make	O
FTTC	B-Architecture
deployments	O
more	O
likely	O
in	O
areas	O
uneconomic	O
to	O
serve	O
with	O
FTTP/FTTH	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
effect	O
FTTC	B-Architecture
serves	O
as	O
a	O
halfway	O
measure	O
between	O
fixed	B-General_Concept
wireless	I-General_Concept
and	O
FTTH	B-Architecture
,	O
with	O
special	O
advantages	O
for	O
smart	O
appliances	O
and	O
electric	O
vehicles	O
that	O
rely	O
on	O
PLC	B-Device
use	O
already	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
used	O
a	O
network	O
topology	O
known	O
as	O
Active	B-Protocol
Ethernet	I-Protocol
Point-to-Point	I-Protocol
to	O
deliver	O
services	O
from	O
its	O
central	O
office	O
directly	O
into	O
subscribers	O
 '	O
homes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fiber	B-Architecture
termination	O
was	O
handled	O
by	O
a	O
residential	B-Application
gateway	I-Application
provided	O
by	O
Advanced	O
Digital	O
Broadcast	O
inside	O
a	O
subscriber	O
's	O
home	O
to	O
be	O
shared	O
with	O
other	O
consumer	O
electronics	O
(	O
CE	O
)	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2007	O
,	O
Italian	O
access	O
providers	O
Fastweb	O
,	O
Telecom	O
Italia	O
,	O
Vodafone	O
,	O
and	O
Wind	O
participated	O
in	O
an	O
initiative	O
called	O
Fiber	B-Architecture
for	O
Italy	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
aim	O
of	O
creating	O
a	O
countrywide	O
fiber-to-the-home	B-Architecture
network	O
in	O
Italy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Telecom	O
Italia	O
,	O
which	O
refused	O
to	O
take	O
part	O
in	O
the	O
Fiber	B-Architecture
for	O
Italy	O
initiative	O
,	O
has	O
an	O
even	O
more	O
ambitious	O
plan	O
to	O
bring	O
fiber-to-the-home	B-Architecture
and	O
fiber-to-the-business	O
to	O
138	O
cities	O
by	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
December	O
2010	O
,	O
the	O
total	O
number	O
of	O
fiber-to-the-home	B-Architecture
enabled	O
homes	O
had	O
passed	O
2.5	O
million	O
,	O
with	O
more	O
than	O
348,000	O
subscribers	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2010	O
,	O
the	O
European	O
Commission	O
published	O
a	O
new	O
"	O
Recommendation	O
for	O
Regulated	O
Access	O
to	O
NGA	O
Networks	O
"	O
along	O
with	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
measures	O
to	O
promote	O
the	O
deployment	O
of	O
fast	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
and	O
next	B-Architecture
generation	I-Architecture
access	I-Architecture
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Portugal	O
Telecom	O
plans	O
to	O
complete	O
its	O
fiber-to-the-home	B-Architecture
nationwide	O
roll	O
out	O
by	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Between	O
September	O
2017	O
and	O
March	O
2019	O
,	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
European	O
FTTH	B-Architecture
and	O
FTTB	B-Architecture
subscribers	O
increased	O
by	O
nearly	O
16%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2025	O
,	O
the	O
total	O
number	O
of	O
premises	O
passed	O
by	O
FTTH	B-Architecture
and	O
FTTB	B-Architecture
infrastructure	O
is	O
expected	O
to	O
reach	O
187	O
million	O
throughout	O
Europe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Fiber	I-Application
provides	O
speed	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
1	O
Gbit/s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Active	B-Architecture
Line	I-Architecture
Access	I-Architecture
is	O
an	O
evolving	O
standard	O
for	O
the	O
provision	O
of	O
services	O
over	O
FTTP	B-Architecture
networks	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
proposed	O
by	O
the	O
regulator	O
Ofcom	O
and	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
Network	O
Interoperability	O
Consultative	O
Committee	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
FTTH	B-Architecture
deployments	O
follow	O
one	O
of	O
four	O
primary	O
architecture	O
types	O
:	O
centralized	O
split	O
,	O
distributed	O
split	O
,	O
star	O
architecture	O
,	O
or	O
daisy-chaining	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fiber	B-Architecture
network	O
developers	O
choose	O
architectures	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
factors	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
physical	O
geography	O
of	O
the	O
local	O
environment	O
,	O
number	O
of	O
anticipated	O
subscribers	O
,	O
and	O
labor	O
force	O
skill	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FTTN/C	O
is	O
seen	O
as	O
an	O
interim	O
step	O
towards	O
full	O
FTTH	B-Architecture
and	O
in	O
many	O
cases	O
triple-play	B-Architecture
services	O
delivered	O
using	O
this	O
approach	O
to	O
provide	O
up	O
to	O
around	O
100	O
Mbit/s	O
have	O
been	O
proven	O
to	O
grow	O
subscriber	O
numbers	O
and	O
ARPU	O
considerably	O
FTTN/C	O
is	O
currently	O
used	O
by	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
operators	O
,	O
including	O
AT&T	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
Germany	O
's	O
Deutsche	O
Telekom	O
,	O
Greece	O
's	O
OTE	O
,	O
Swisscom	O
,	O
TIM	O
in	O
Italy	O
,	O
Proximus	O
in	O
Belgium	O
,	O
nbn™	O
in	O
Australia	O
,	O
and	O
Canadian	O
operators	O
Telus	O
,	O
Cogeco	O
and	O
Bell	O
Canada	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
simplest	O
optical	O
distribution	O
network	O
architecture	O
is	O
direct	O
fiber	B-Architecture
:	O
each	O
fiber	B-Architecture
leaving	O
the	O
central	O
office	O
goes	O
to	O
exactly	O
one	O
customer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
networks	O
can	O
give	O
you	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
bandwidth	O
,	O
but	O
they	O
cost	O
more	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
fiber	B-Architecture
and	O
the	O
equipment	O
in	O
the	O
central	O
office	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Direct	O
fiber	B-Architecture
is	O
generally	O
favored	O
by	O
new	O
entrants	O
and	O
competitive	O
operators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
benefit	O
is	O
that	O
no	O
layer	O
2	O
networking	O
technologies	O
are	O
excluded	O
,	O
whether	O
passive	B-Architecture
optical	I-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
(	O
PON	O
)	O
,	O
active	O
optical	O
network	O
(	O
AON	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
other	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
commonly	O
,	O
each	O
fiber	B-Architecture
leaving	O
the	O
central	O
office	O
is	O
actually	O
shared	O
by	O
many	O
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
not	O
until	O
such	O
a	O
fiber	B-Architecture
gets	O
relatively	O
close	O
to	O
the	O
customers	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
split	O
into	O
individual	O
customer-specific	O
fibers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AONs	O
rely	O
on	O
electrically	O
powered	O
network	O
equipment	O
to	O
distribute	O
the	O
signal	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
switch	B-Protocol
or	O
router	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Active	O
Ethernet	O
(	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
ethernet	B-Protocol
in	I-Protocol
the	I-Protocol
first	I-Protocol
mile	I-Protocol
)	O
is	O
a	O
common	O
AON	O
,	O
which	O
uses	O
optical	O
ethernet	B-Protocol
switches	I-Protocol
to	O
distribute	O
the	O
signal	O
,	O
incorporating	O
the	O
customers	O
 '	O
premises	O
and	O
the	O
central	O
office	O
into	O
a	O
large	O
switched	B-Protocol
ethernet	I-Protocol
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
neighborhood	O
equipment	O
performs	O
layer	O
2	O
switching	O
or	O
layer	O
3	O
switching	O
and	O
routing	B-Protocol
,	O
offloading	O
full	O
layer	O
3	O
routing	B-Protocol
to	O
the	O
carrier	O
's	O
central	O
office	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IEEE	B-Protocol
802.3ah	I-Protocol
standard	O
enables	O
service	O
providers	O
to	O
deliver	O
up	O
to	O
1000Mbit/s	O
,	O
full-duplex	O
,	O
over	O
one	O
single-mode	B-Device
optical	I-Device
fiber	I-Device
FTTP	B-Architecture
,	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
provider	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
passive	B-Architecture
optical	I-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
(	O
PON	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
point-to-multipoint	O
FTTP	B-Architecture
network	O
architecture	O
in	O
which	O
unpowered	O
optical	O
splitters	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
enable	O
a	O
single	O
optical	B-Architecture
fiber	I-Architecture
to	O
serve	O
up	O
to	O
128	O
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
PON	O
reduces	O
the	O
fiber	B-Architecture
and	O
central	O
office	O
equipment	O
required	O
compared	O
with	O
point-to-point	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
downstream	O
signal	O
coming	O
from	O
the	O
central	O
office	O
is	O
broadcast	O
to	O
each	O
customer	O
premises	O
sharing	O
a	O
fiber	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Point-to-Point	B-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
over	I-Protocol
Ethernet	I-Protocol
(	O
PPPoE	B-Protocol
)	O
is	O
a	O
common	O
way	O
of	O
delivering	O
triple	B-Architecture
-	I-Architecture
and	O
quad-play	B-Device
(	O
voice	O
,	O
video	O
,	O
data	O
,	O
and	O
mobile	O
)	O
services	O
over	O
both	O
fiber	B-Architecture
and	O
hybrid	B-Architecture
fiber-coaxial	I-Architecture
(	O
HFC	O
)	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Active	O
PPPoE	B-Protocol
uses	O
dedicated	O
fiber	B-Architecture
from	O
an	O
operator	O
's	O
central	O
office	O
all	O
the	O
way	O
to	O
the	O
subscribers	O
 '	O
homes	O
,	O
while	O
hybrid	O
networks	O
(	O
often	O
FTTN	B-Architecture
)	O
use	O
it	O
to	O
transport	O
data	O
via	O
fiber	B-Architecture
to	O
an	O
intermediate	O
point	O
to	O
ensure	O
sufficiently	O
high	O
throughput	O
speeds	O
over	O
last-mile	B-Protocol
copper	O
connections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
has	O
also	O
looked	O
into	O
this	O
approach	O
,	O
amongst	O
others	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
deliver	O
multiple	O
services	O
over	O
open-access	O
networks	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
optical	B-Protocol
line	I-Protocol
terminations	I-Protocol
"	O
range	O
"	O
the	O
optical	O
network	O
terminals	O
or	O
units	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
provide	O
TDMA	O
time	O
slot	O
assignments	O
for	O
upstream	O
communication	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
FTTH	B-Architecture
and	O
for	O
some	O
forms	O
of	O
FTTB	B-Architecture
,	O
it	O
is	O
common	O
for	O
the	O
building	O
's	O
existing	O
ethernet	O
,	O
phone	O
,	O
and	O
cable	O
TV	O
systems	O
to	O
connect	O
directly	O
to	O
the	O
optical	O
network	O
terminal	O
or	O
unit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
closer	O
to	O
the	O
end	O
user	O
,	O
equipment	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
router	B-Protocol
or	O
network	B-Protocol
interface	I-Protocol
controller	I-Protocol
can	O
separate	O
the	O
signals	O
and	O
convert	O
them	O
into	O
the	O
appropriate	O
protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
FTTC	B-Architecture
and	O
FTTN	B-Architecture
,	O
the	O
combined	O
internet	O
,	O
video	O
and	O
telephone	O
signal	O
travels	O
to	O
the	O
building	O
over	O
existing	O
telephone	O
or	O
cable	O
wiring	O
until	O
it	O
reaches	O
the	O
end-user	O
'	O
s	O
living	O
space	O
,	O
where	O
a	O
VDSL	O
or	O
DOCSIS	B-Protocol
modem	O
converts	O
data	O
and	O
video	O
signals	O
into	O
ethernet	O
protocol	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
sent	O
over	O
the	O
end-user	O
'	O
s	O
category	B-Protocol
5	I-Protocol
cable	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
