<s>
Ferroelectric	B-Device
Liquid	I-Device
Crystal	I-Device
Display	I-Device
(	O
FLCD	B-Device
)	O
is	O
a	O
display	O
technology	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
ferroelectric	O
properties	O
of	O
chiral	O
smectic	O
liquid	B-Device
crystals	I-Device
as	O
proposed	O
in	O
1980	O
by	O
Clark	O
and	O
Lagerwall	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reportedly	O
discovered	O
in	O
1975	O
,	O
several	O
companies	O
pursued	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
FLCD	B-Device
technologies	O
,	O
notably	O
Canon	O
and	O
Central	O
Research	O
Laboratories	O
(	O
CRL	O
)	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
others	O
including	O
Seiko	O
,	O
Sharp	O
,	O
Mitsubishi	O
and	O
GEC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Canon	O
and	O
CRL	O
pursued	O
different	O
technological	O
approaches	O
with	O
regard	O
to	O
the	O
switching	O
of	O
display	O
cells	O
,	O
these	O
providing	O
the	O
individual	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
or	O
subpixels	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
production	O
of	O
intermediate	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
intensities	O
between	O
full	O
transparency	O
and	O
full	O
opacity	O
,	O
these	O
differing	O
approaches	O
being	O
adopted	O
by	O
other	O
companies	O
seeking	O
to	O
develop	O
FLCD	B-Device
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1985	O
,	O
Seiko	O
had	O
already	O
demonstrated	O
a	O
colour	O
FLCD	B-Device
panel	O
able	O
to	O
display	O
a	O
10-inch	O
diagonal	O
still	O
image	O
with	O
a	O
resolution	B-General_Concept
of	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1993	O
,	O
Canon	O
had	O
delivered	O
the	O
first	O
commercial	O
application	O
of	O
the	O
technology	O
in	O
its	O
EZPS	O
Japanese-language	O
desktop	O
publishing	O
system	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
a	O
15-inch	O
monochrome	O
display	O
with	O
a	O
reported	O
cost	O
of	O
around	O
£2	O
,	O
000	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
company	O
demonstrated	O
a	O
21-inch	O
64-colour	O
display	O
and	O
a	O
24-inch	O
16-greyscale	O
display	O
,	O
both	O
with	O
a	O
resolution	B-General_Concept
and	O
able	O
to	O
show	O
"	O
GUI	O
software	O
with	O
multiple	O
windows	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
FLCD	B-Device
did	O
not	O
make	O
many	O
inroads	O
as	O
a	O
direct	O
view	O
display	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Manufacturing	O
of	O
larger	O
FLCDs	B-Device
was	O
problematic	O
making	O
them	O
unable	O
to	O
compete	O
against	O
direct	O
view	O
LCDs	B-Device
based	O
on	O
nematic	O
liquid	B-Device
crystals	I-Device
using	O
the	O
Twisted	O
nematic	O
field	O
effect	O
or	O
In-Plane	B-Architecture
Switching	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
,	O
the	O
FLCD	B-Device
is	O
used	O
in	O
reflective	O
microdisplays	O
based	O
on	O
Liquid	B-Device
Crystal	I-Device
on	I-Device
Silicon	I-Device
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
ferroelectric	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
(	O
FLC	O
)	O
in	O
FLCoS	B-Device
technology	O
allows	O
a	O
much	O
smaller	O
display	O
area	O
which	O
eliminates	O
the	O
problems	O
of	O
manufacturing	O
larger	O
area	O
FLC	O
displays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
the	O
dot	O
pitch	O
or	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
pitch	O
of	O
such	O
displays	O
can	O
be	O
as	O
low	O
as	O
6μm	O
giving	O
a	O
very	O
high	O
resolution	B-General_Concept
display	O
in	O
a	O
small	O
area	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
produce	O
color	O
and	O
grey-scale	O
,	O
time	O
multiplexing	O
is	O
used	O
,	O
exploiting	O
the	O
sub-millisecond	O
switching	O
time	O
of	O
the	O
ferroelectric	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
microdisplays	O
find	O
applications	O
in	O
3D	O
head	B-General_Concept
mounted	I-General_Concept
displays	I-General_Concept
(	O
HMD	B-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
image	O
insertion	O
in	O
surgical	O
microscopes	O
and	O
electronic	O
viewfinders	O
where	O
direct-view	O
LCDs	B-Device
fail	O
to	O
provide	O
more	O
than	O
600	O
ppi	O
resolution	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ferroelectric	O
LCoS	B-Device
also	O
finds	O
commercial	O
uses	O
in	O
Structured	B-General_Concept
illumination	I-General_Concept
for	O
3D-Metrology	O
and	O
Super-resolution	O
microscopy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
commercial	O
products	O
use	O
FLCD	B-Device
.	O
</s>
