<s>
Federated	B-Operating_System
Learning	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Cohorts	I-Operating_System
(	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
)	O
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
web	B-Application
tracking	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
FLoC	B-Operating_System
was	O
being	O
developed	O
as	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
Privacy	B-Application
Sandbox	I-Application
initiative	O
,	O
which	O
includes	O
several	O
other	O
advertising-related	O
technologies	O
with	O
bird-themed	O
names	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
"	O
federated	B-Operating_System
learning	I-Operating_System
"	O
in	O
the	O
name	O
,	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
does	O
not	O
utilize	O
any	O
federated	B-Operating_System
learning	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
began	O
testing	O
the	O
technology	O
in	O
Chrome	B-Application
89	O
released	O
in	O
March	O
2021	O
as	O
a	O
replacement	O
for	O
third-party	O
cookies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
April	O
2021	O
,	O
every	O
major	O
browser	O
aside	O
from	O
Google	B-Application
Chrome	I-Application
that	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
open-source	O
Chromium	B-Language
platform	O
had	O
declined	O
to	O
implement	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technology	O
was	O
criticized	O
on	O
privacy	O
grounds	O
by	O
groups	O
including	O
the	O
Electronic	O
Frontier	O
Foundation	O
and	O
DuckDuckGo	B-Application
,	O
and	O
has	O
been	O
described	O
as	O
anti-competitive	O
;	O
it	O
generated	O
an	O
antitrust	O
response	O
in	O
multiple	O
countries	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
questions	O
about	O
General	O
Data	O
Protection	O
Regulation	O
compliance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2021	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
quietly	O
suspended	O
development	O
of	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
;	O
Chrome	B-Application
93	O
,	O
released	O
on	O
August	O
31	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
became	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
which	O
rendered	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
feature	O
void	O
,	O
but	O
did	O
not	O
remove	O
the	O
internal	O
programming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
25	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
officially	O
announced	O
it	O
had	O
ended	O
development	O
of	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
technologies	O
and	O
proposed	O
the	O
new	O
Topics	O
API	B-General_Concept
to	O
replace	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Federated	B-Operating_System
Learning	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Cohorts	I-Operating_System
algorithm	O
analyzes	O
users	O
 '	O
online	O
activity	O
within	O
the	O
browser	O
,	O
and	O
generates	O
a	O
"	O
cohort	O
ID	O
"	O
using	O
the	O
SimHash	B-Algorithm
algorithm	O
to	O
group	O
a	O
given	O
user	O
with	O
other	O
users	O
who	O
access	O
similar	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Websites	O
are	O
then	O
able	O
to	O
access	O
the	O
cohort	O
ID	O
using	O
an	O
API	B-General_Concept
and	O
determine	O
what	O
advertisements	O
to	O
serve	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
does	O
not	O
label	O
cohorts	O
based	O
on	O
interest	O
beyond	O
grouping	O
users	O
and	O
assigning	O
an	O
ID	O
,	O
so	O
advertisers	O
need	O
to	O
determine	O
the	O
user	O
types	O
of	O
each	O
cohort	O
on	O
their	O
own	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FLoC	B-Operating_System
experiment	O
was	O
active	O
only	O
in	O
Google	B-Application
Chrome	I-Application
browser	I-Application
and	O
ran	O
from	O
Chrome	B-Application
89	O
(	O
inclusive	O
)	O
to	O
Chrome	B-Application
93	O
(	O
not	O
inclusive	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
browsers	O
do	O
not	O
support	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
experiment	O
was	O
active	O
,	O
users	O
could	O
opt	O
out	O
of	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
experiment	O
by	O
disabling	O
third-party	O
cookies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Website	O
administrators	O
could	O
opt	O
out	O
from	O
cohort	O
calculation	O
via	O
special	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
headers	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
opt-out	O
of	O
all	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
cohort	O
calculations	O
a	O
website	O
could	O
send	O
either	O
of	O
the	O
following	O
HTTP	O
response	O
headers	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Chrome	I-Application
applies	O
interest-cohort	O
Feature	O
Policy	O
restrictions	O
to	O
Browsing	O
Topics	O
API	B-General_Concept
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
August	O
22	O
,	O
2019	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Chrome	I-Application
developers	O
coined	O
the	O
term	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
and	O
first	O
started	O
discussing	O
the	O
upcoming	O
replacement	O
for	O
cookies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
's	O
Competition	O
and	O
Markets	O
Authority	O
found	O
the	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
proposal	O
to	O
be	O
anti-competitive	O
,	O
since	O
it	O
would	O
"	O
place	O
the	O
browser	O
in	O
a	O
vital	O
gatekeeper	O
position	O
for	O
the	O
adtech	O
ecosystem.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
began	O
testing	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
in	O
the	O
Chrome	B-Application
89	O
released	O
in	O
March	O
2021	O
as	O
a	O
replacement	O
for	O
third-party	O
cookies	O
,	O
which	O
Google	B-Application
plans	O
to	O
stop	O
supporting	O
in	O
Chrome	B-Application
by	O
mid-2023	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
Initially	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
plans	O
to	O
remove	O
third-party	O
cookies	O
by	O
late	O
2021	O
,	O
then	O
postponed	O
it	O
to	O
early	O
2022	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
to	O
2023	O
due	O
to	O
delay	O
of	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
technology	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
initial	O
trial	O
turned	O
on	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
for	O
0.5	O
%	O
of	O
Chrome	B-Application
users	O
across	O
10	O
countries	O
:	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
Australia	O
,	O
Brazil	O
,	O
Canada	O
,	O
India	O
,	O
Indonesia	O
,	O
Japan	O
,	O
Mexico	O
,	O
New	O
Zealand	O
and	O
the	O
Philippines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
site	O
administrators	O
could	O
disable	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
and	O
opt	O
out	O
from	O
interest	O
calculation	O
via	O
a	O
Feature-Policy	O
header	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2021	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
quietly	O
suspended	O
development	O
of	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
;	O
Chrome	B-Application
93	O
,	O
released	O
on	O
August	O
31	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
became	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
which	O
rendered	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
feature	O
void	O
,	O
but	O
did	O
not	O
remove	O
the	O
internal	O
programming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
March	O
2022	O
,	O
the	O
underlying	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
implementation	O
is	O
still	O
shipped	O
in	O
Chrome	B-Application
and	O
can	O
be	O
observed	O
on	O
internal	O
page	O
chrome://components/	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
25	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
officially	O
announced	O
it	O
had	O
ended	O
development	O
of	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
APIs	B-General_Concept
and	O
proposed	O
a	O
new	O
Topics	O
API	B-General_Concept
to	O
replace	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
Topics	O
API	B-General_Concept
still	O
retains	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
and	O
Chrome	B-Application
internally	O
still	O
uses	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
name	O
,	O
Topics	O
API	B-General_Concept
bugs	O
are	O
still	O
tracked	O
under	O
"	O
InterestCohort	O
"	O
label	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developers	O
of	O
Brave	B-Application
web	O
browser	O
called	O
Topics	O
API	B-General_Concept
a	O
"	O
rebranding	O
 [ of ] 	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
without	O
addressing	O
key	O
privacy	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
this	O
,	O
designers	O
of	O
Topics	O
API	B-General_Concept
made	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
address	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
concerns	O
about	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
claimed	O
in	O
January	O
2021	O
that	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
was	O
at	O
least	O
95%	O
effective	O
compared	O
to	O
tracking	O
using	O
third-party	O
cookies	O
,	O
but	O
AdExchanger	O
reported	O
that	O
some	O
people	O
in	O
the	O
advertising	O
technology	O
industry	O
expressed	O
skepticism	O
about	O
the	O
claim	O
and	O
the	O
methodology	O
behind	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
every	O
website	O
that	O
opts	O
into	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
will	O
have	O
the	O
same	O
access	O
about	O
which	O
cohort	O
the	O
user	O
belongs	O
to	O
,	O
the	O
technology	O
's	O
developers	O
say	O
this	O
democratizes	O
access	O
to	O
some	O
information	O
about	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
general	O
browser	O
history	O
,	O
in	O
contrast	O
to	O
the	O
status	O
quo	O
,	O
where	O
websites	O
have	O
to	O
use	O
tracking	O
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Electronic	O
Frontier	O
Foundation	O
has	O
criticized	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
,	O
with	O
one	O
EFF	O
researcher	O
calling	O
the	O
testing	O
of	O
the	O
technology	O
in	O
Chrome	B-Application
"	O
a	O
concrete	O
breach	O
of	O
user	O
trust	O
in	O
service	O
of	O
a	O
technology	O
that	O
should	O
not	O
exist	O
"	O
in	O
a	O
post	O
on	O
the	O
organization	O
's	O
blog	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
EFF	O
also	O
created	O
a	O
website	O
which	O
allows	O
Chrome	B-Application
users	O
to	O
check	O
whether	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
is	O
being	O
tested	O
in	O
their	O
browsers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
on	O
the	O
EFF	O
blog	O
,	O
Cory	O
Doctorow	O
praised	O
Chrome	B-Application
's	O
planned	O
removal	O
of	O
third-party	O
cookies	O
,	O
but	O
added	O
that	O
"[just]	O
because	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
is	O
billed	O
as	O
pro-privacy	O
and	O
also	O
criticized	O
as	O
anti-competitive	O
,	O
it	O
does	O
n’t	O
mean	O
that	O
privacy	O
and	O
competition	O
are	O
n’t	O
compatible	O
"	O
,	O
stating	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
is	O
"	O
appointing	O
itself	O
the	O
gatekeeper	O
who	O
decides	O
when	O
we	O
’re	O
spied	O
on	O
while	O
skimming	O
from	O
advertisers	O
with	O
nowhere	O
else	O
to	O
go.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
10	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
the	O
CEO	O
of	O
DuckDuckGo	B-Application
released	O
a	O
statement	O
telling	O
people	O
not	O
to	O
use	O
Google	B-Application
Chrome	I-Application
,	O
stating	O
that	O
Chrome	B-Application
users	O
can	O
be	O
included	O
in	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
without	O
choosing	O
to	O
be	O
and	O
that	O
no	O
other	O
browser	O
vendor	O
has	O
expressed	O
interest	O
in	O
using	O
the	O
tracking	O
method	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
statement	O
said	O
that	O
"	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
such	O
thing	O
as	O
a	O
behavioral	O
tracking	O
mechanism	O
imposed	O
without	O
consent	O
that	O
respects	O
people	O
’s	O
privacy	O
"	O
and	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
should	O
make	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
"	O
explicitly	O
opt-in	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
free	O
of	O
dark	O
patterns	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DuckDuckGo	B-Application
also	O
announced	O
that	O
its	O
website	O
will	O
not	O
collect	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
IDs	O
or	O
use	O
them	O
to	O
target	O
ads	O
,	O
and	O
updated	O
its	O
Chrome	B-Application
extension	O
to	O
block	O
websites	O
from	O
interacting	O
with	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
12	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
Brave	B-Application
,	O
a	O
web	O
browser	O
built	O
on	O
the	O
Chromium	B-Language
platform	O
,	O
criticized	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
in	O
a	O
blog	O
post	O
and	O
announced	O
plans	O
to	O
disable	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
in	O
the	O
Brave	B-Application
browser	I-Application
and	O
make	O
company	O
's	O
main	O
website	O
opt	O
out	O
of	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
blog	O
post	O
,	O
co-written	O
by	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
CEO	O
Brendan	O
Eich	O
,	O
described	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
efforts	O
to	O
replace	O
third-party	O
cookies	O
as	O
"	O
Titanic-level	O
deckchair-shuffling	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
a	O
step	O
backward	O
from	O
more	O
fundamental	O
,	O
privacy-and-user	O
focused	O
changes	O
the	O
Web	O
needs.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Tech	O
and	O
media	O
news	O
site	O
The	O
Verge	O
noted	O
that	O
not	O
all	O
possible	O
repercussions	O
of	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
for	O
ad	O
tech	O
are	O
known	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
its	O
structure	O
could	O
benefit	O
or	O
harm	O
smaller	O
ad	O
tech	O
companies	O
,	O
noting	O
specifically	O
that	O
larger	O
ad	O
tech	O
companies	O
may	O
be	O
better	O
equipped	O
to	O
"	O
parse	O
what	O
FLoCs	B-Operating_System
mean	O
and	O
what	O
ads	O
to	O
target	O
against	O
them.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
18	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
a	O
WordPress	B-Application
development	O
team	O
proposal	O
suggested	O
disabling	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
by	O
default	O
on	O
WordPress	B-Application
websites	O
over	O
possible	O
privacy	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
proposal	O
stated	O
that	O
"	O
WordPress	B-Application
powers	O
approximately	O
41%	O
of	O
the	O
web.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
27	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
disabled	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
on	O
their	O
websites	O
,	O
including	O
github.com	B-Application
and	O
GitHub	B-Application
Pages	O
domain	O
github.io	O
by	O
introducing	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
header	I-Protocol
Permissions-Policy	O
:	O
interest-cohort	O
=(	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
Pages	O
websites	O
with	O
custom	O
domains	O
are	O
not	O
affected	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2021	O
,	O
Drupal	B-Application
disabled	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
by	O
default	O
in	O
their	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
Amazon	B-Application
disabled	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
on	O
all	O
websites	O
of	O
its	O
companies	O
,	O
including	O
its	O
online	O
store	O
amazon.com,	O
Whole	O
Foods	O
,	O
Zappos	O
,	O
and	O
Woot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specialists	O
speculated	O
that	O
Amazon	B-Application
staff	O
might	O
have	O
decided	O
to	O
block	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
not	O
out	O
of	O
concern	O
for	O
user	O
privacy	O
,	O
but	O
rather	O
as	O
a	O
strategic	O
move	O
to	O
keep	O
user	O
data	O
away	O
from	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Every	O
major	O
browser	O
based	O
on	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
open-source	O
Chromium	B-Language
platform	O
(	O
other	O
than	O
Google	B-Application
Chrome	I-Application
)	O
had	O
declined	O
to	O
implement	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
,	O
including	O
Microsoft	O
Edge	O
,	O
Vivaldi	O
,	O
Brave	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Opera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2021	O
,	O
The	O
Economist	O
reported	O
that	O
it	O
may	O
be	O
hard	O
for	O
Google	B-Application
to	O
"	O
stop	O
the	O
system	O
from	O
grouping	O
people	O
by	O
characteristics	O
they	O
wish	O
to	O
keep	O
private	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
race	O
or	O
sexuality.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2021	O
,	O
The	O
Economist	O
said	O
some	O
critics	O
have	O
suggested	O
that	O
the	O
cohort	O
system	O
will	O
facilitate	O
fingerprinting	B-Protocol
of	O
individual	O
devices	O
,	O
compromising	O
privacy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wired	O
magazine	O
additionally	O
reported	O
that	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
could	O
"	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
point	O
of	O
entry	O
for	O
fingerprinting	B-Protocol
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
creators	O
of	O
the	O
Firefox	B-Application
browser	I-Application
,	O
expressed	O
concerns	O
that	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
can	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
an	O
additional	O
fingerprinting	B-Protocol
vector	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
they	O
stated	O
that	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
group	O
can	O
be	O
tracked	O
during	O
multiple	O
visits	O
and	O
correlated	O
via	O
different	O
means	O
and	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
membership	O
in	O
multiple	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
cohorts	O
,	O
a	O
website	O
might	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
infer	O
information	O
about	O
the	O
user	O
which	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
aimed	O
to	O
keep	O
private	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
a	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
cohort	O
is	O
shared	O
across	O
websites	O
,	O
its	O
ID	O
might	O
be	O
abused	O
as	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
a	O
unique	O
cookie	O
in	O
third-party	O
contexts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
's	O
Competition	O
and	O
Markets	O
Authority	O
found	O
that	O
the	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
proposal	O
"place[s]	O
the	O
browser	O
in	O
a	O
vital	O
gatekeeper	O
position	O
for	O
the	O
adtech	O
ecosystem.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2021	O
,	O
15	O
attorneys	O
general	O
of	O
U.S.	O
states	O
and	O
Puerto	O
Rico	O
amended	O
an	O
antitrust	O
complaint	O
filed	O
in	O
December	O
;	O
the	O
updated	O
complaint	O
says	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
Chrome	I-Application
's	O
phase-out	O
of	O
third-party	O
cookies	O
in	O
2022	O
will	O
"	O
disable	O
the	O
primary	O
cookie-tracking	O
technology	O
almost	O
all	O
non-Google	O
publishers	O
currently	O
use	O
to	O
track	O
users	O
and	O
target	O
ads	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Then	O
 [ ... ] 	O
Chrome	B-Application
,	O
will	O
offer	O
 [ ... ] 	O
new	O
and	O
alternative	O
tracking	O
mechanisms	O
 [ ... ] 	O
dubbed	O
Privacy	B-Application
Sandbox	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2021	O
,	O
EU	O
antitrust	O
regulators	O
launched	O
a	O
formal	O
investigation	O
to	O
assess	O
whether	O
Google	B-Application
violated	O
competition	O
rules	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
focus	O
on	O
display	O
advertising	O
,	O
notably	O
whether	O
it	O
restricts	O
access	O
to	O
user	O
data	O
by	O
third	O
parties	O
while	O
reserving	O
it	O
for	O
its	O
own	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
the	O
things	O
that	O
will	O
be	O
investigated	O
is	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
plan	O
to	O
prohibit	O
the	O
placement	O
of	O
third-party	O
cookies	O
and	O
replace	O
them	O
with	O
the	O
Privacy	B-Application
Sandbox	I-Application
set	O
of	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
Google	B-Application
was	O
not	O
testing	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
in	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
or	O
the	O
European	O
Economic	O
Area	O
due	O
to	O
concerns	O
about	O
compliance	O
with	O
the	O
General	O
Data	O
Protection	O
Regulation	O
and	O
the	O
ePrivacy	O
Directive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Johannes	O
Caspar	O
,	O
the	O
Data	O
Protection	O
Commissioner	O
of	O
Hamburg	O
,	O
Germany	O
,	O
told	O
Wired	O
UK	O
that	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
"	O
leads	O
to	O
several	O
questions	O
concerning	O
the	O
legal	O
requirements	O
of	O
the	O
GDPR	O
,	O
"	O
explaining	O
that	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
"	O
could	O
be	O
seen	O
as	O
an	O
act	O
of	O
processing	O
personal	O
data	O
"	O
which	O
requires	O
"	O
freely	O
given	O
consent	O
and	O
clear	O
and	O
transparent	O
information	O
about	O
these	O
operations.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
spokesperson	O
of	O
the	O
French	O
National	O
Commission	O
on	O
Informatics	O
and	O
Liberty	O
said	O
that	O
the	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
system	O
would	O
require	O
"	O
specific	O
,	O
informed	O
and	O
unambiguous	O
consent	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
the	O
Irish	O
Data	O
Protection	O
Commission	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
the	O
lead	O
data	O
supervisor	O
for	O
Google	B-Application
under	O
GDPR	O
,	O
was	O
consulting	O
with	O
Google	B-Application
about	O
the	O
FLoC	B-Operating_System
proposal	O
.	O
</s>
