<s>
FairPlay	B-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
digital	O
rights	O
management	O
(	O
DRM	O
)	O
technology	O
developed	O
by	O
Apple	O
Inc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
built	O
into	O
the	O
MP4	O
multimedia	O
file	O
format	O
as	O
an	O
encrypted	O
AAC	B-Application
audio	O
layer	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
used	O
until	O
April	O
2009	O
by	O
the	O
company	O
to	O
protect	O
copyrighted	O
works	O
sold	O
through	O
iTunes	B-Operating_System
Store	O
,	O
allowing	O
only	O
authorized	O
devices	O
to	O
play	O
the	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
restrictions	O
imposed	O
by	O
FairPlay	B-Operating_System
,	O
mainly	O
limited	O
device	O
compatibility	O
,	O
have	O
sparked	O
criticism	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
lawsuit	O
alleging	O
antitrust	O
violation	O
that	O
was	O
eventually	O
closed	O
in	O
Apple	O
's	O
favor	O
,	O
and	O
various	O
successful	O
efforts	O
to	O
remove	O
the	O
DRM	O
protection	O
from	O
files	O
,	O
with	O
Apple	O
continually	O
updating	O
its	O
software	O
to	O
counteract	O
such	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2009	O
,	O
Apple	O
signed	O
deals	O
with	O
all	O
major	O
record	O
labels	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
many	O
independent	O
labels	O
to	O
offer	O
all	O
iTunes	B-Operating_System
music	O
with	O
a	O
DRM-free	O
option	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FairPlay-protected	O
files	O
are	O
regular	O
MP4	O
container	O
files	O
with	O
an	O
encrypted	O
AAC	B-Application
audio	O
layer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
layer	O
is	O
encrypted	O
using	O
the	O
AES	B-Algorithm
algorithm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
a	O
user	O
registers	O
a	O
new	O
computer	O
with	O
iTunes	B-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
device	O
requests	O
authorization	O
from	O
Apple	O
's	O
servers	O
,	O
thereby	O
gaining	O
a	O
user	O
key	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FairPlay	B-Operating_System
allows	O
unlimited	O
music	O
burns	O
to	O
CDs	B-Device
and	O
unlimited	O
music	O
synchronization	O
to	O
iPods	B-Operating_System
,	O
but	O
restricts	O
listening	O
to	O
three	O
Mac	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2005	O
,	O
an	O
iTunes	B-Operating_System
customer	O
filed	O
a	O
lawsuit	O
against	O
Apple	O
,	O
alleging	O
that	O
the	O
company	O
broke	O
antitrust	O
laws	O
by	O
using	O
FairPlay	B-Operating_System
with	O
iTunes	B-Operating_System
in	O
a	O
way	O
that	O
purchased	O
music	O
would	O
work	O
only	O
with	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
own	O
music	O
player	O
,	O
the	B-Device
iPod	I-Device
,	O
freezing	O
out	O
competitors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2011	O
,	O
Bloomberg	O
reported	O
that	O
Apple	O
's	O
then-CEO	O
Steve	O
Jobs	O
would	O
be	O
required	O
to	O
provide	O
testimony	O
through	O
a	O
deposition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Around	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
the	O
main	O
antitrust	O
allegation	O
was	O
changed	O
to	O
cover	O
the	O
belief	O
that	O
Apple	O
had	O
deliberately	O
updated	O
the	O
iTunes	B-Operating_System
software	O
with	O
security	O
patches	O
in	O
a	O
way	O
that	O
prevented	O
synchronization	O
compatibility	O
with	O
competing	O
music	O
stores	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
iPod	B-Operating_System
owners	O
who	O
had	O
purchased	O
their	O
device	O
between	O
September	O
12	O
,	O
2006	O
,	O
and	O
March	O
31	O
,	O
2009	O
,	O
were	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
class	O
action	O
lawsuit	O
,	O
unless	O
they	O
opted	O
out	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
few	O
weeks	O
later	O
,	O
the	O
case	O
was	O
closed	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
jury	O
deciding	O
in	O
Apple	O
's	O
favor	O
,	O
citing	O
a	O
then-new	O
version	O
of	O
iTunes	B-Operating_System
as	O
being	O
a	O
"	O
genuine	O
product	O
improvement	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
FairPlay	B-Operating_System
system	O
,	O
multiple	O
parties	O
have	O
attempted	O
and	O
succeeded	O
to	O
circumvent	O
or	O
remove	O
the	O
encryption	O
of	O
FairPlay-protected	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2006	O
,	O
Jon	O
Johansen	O
announced	O
he	O
had	O
reverse	O
engineered	O
FairPlay	B-Operating_System
and	O
would	O
start	O
to	O
license	O
the	O
technology	O
to	O
companies	O
wanting	O
their	O
media	O
to	O
play	O
on	O
Apple	O
's	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Harmony	O
technology	O
was	O
built	O
into	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
RealPlayer	B-Application
and	O
allowed	O
users	O
of	O
the	O
RealPlayer	B-Application
Music	O
Store	O
to	O
play	O
their	O
songs	O
on	O
the	B-Device
iPod	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
We	O
are	O
stunned	O
that	O
RealNetworks	O
has	O
adopted	O
the	O
tactics	O
and	O
ethics	O
of	O
a	O
hacker	B-Application
to	O
break	O
into	O
the	B-Device
iPod	I-Device
,	O
and	O
we	O
are	O
investigating	O
the	O
implications	O
of	O
their	O
actions	O
under	O
the	O
DMCA	O
and	O
other	O
laws	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Do	O
n't	O
break	O
my	O
iPod	B-Operating_System
"	O
,	O
encouraging	O
iPod	B-Operating_System
users	O
to	O
sign	O
up	O
to	O
support	O
Real	O
's	O
action	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hymn	O
(	O
which	O
stands	O
for	O
Hear	O
Your	O
Music	O
aNywhere	O
)	O
was	O
an	O
open-source	O
tool	O
that	O
allowed	O
users	O
to	O
remove	O
the	O
FairPlay	B-Operating_System
DRM	I-Operating_System
of	O
music	O
bought	O
from	O
the	O
iTunes	B-Operating_System
Store	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
6	O
,	O
2007	O
,	O
Steve	O
Jobs	O
,	O
then-CEO	O
of	O
Apple	O
,	O
published	O
an	O
open	O
letter	O
titled	O
"	O
Thoughts	O
on	O
Music	O
"	O
on	O
the	O
Apple	O
website	O
,	O
calling	O
on	O
the	O
"	O
big	O
four	O
"	O
record	O
labels	O
to	O
sell	O
their	O
music	O
without	O
DRM	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
letter	O
,	O
Apple	O
did	O
not	O
want	O
to	O
use	O
DRM	O
,	O
but	O
was	O
forced	O
to	O
by	O
the	O
four	O
major	O
music	O
labels	O
,	O
with	O
whom	O
Apple	O
has	O
license	O
agreements	O
for	O
iTunes	B-Operating_System
sales	O
of	O
music	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hackers	B-Application
will	O
always	O
find	O
a	O
method	O
to	O
break	O
DRM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
restrictions	O
of	O
DRM	O
encourage	O
users	O
to	O
obtain	O
unrestricted	O
music	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
usually	O
only	O
possible	O
via	O
illegal	O
methods	O
;	O
thus	O
,	O
circumventing	O
iTunes	B-Operating_System
and	O
their	O
revenues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
vast	O
majority	O
of	O
music	O
is	O
sold	O
without	O
DRM	O
via	O
CDs	B-Device
,	O
which	O
have	O
proven	O
commercial	O
success	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
open	O
letter	O
initially	O
caused	O
mixed	O
industry	O
reactions	O
,	O
Apple	O
signed	O
a	O
deal	O
with	O
a	O
major	O
record	O
label	O
the	O
following	O
month	O
to	O
offer	O
iTunes	B-Operating_System
customers	O
a	O
purchase	O
option	O
for	O
a	O
higher-quality	O
,	O
DRM-free	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
label	O
's	O
tracks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mike	O
Bebel	O
,	O
CEO	B-Application
of	O
music	O
subscription	O
service	O
Ruckus	O
,	O
explained	O
his	O
view	O
that	O
the	O
letter	O
was	O
an	O
effort	O
to	O
shift	O
focus	O
,	O
saying	O
that	O
"	O
This	O
is	O
a	O
way	O
for	O
Steve	O
Jobs	O
to	O
take	O
the	O
heat	O
off	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
he	O
wo	O
n't	O
open	O
up	O
his	O
proprietary	O
DRM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Recording	O
Industry	O
Association	O
of	O
America	O
put	O
particular	O
emphasis	O
on	O
Jobs	O
 '	O
self-rejected	O
idea	O
about	O
licensing	O
its	O
FairPlay	B-Operating_System
technology	O
to	O
other	O
companies	O
,	O
saying	O
that	O
such	O
licensing	O
would	O
be	O
"	O
a	O
welcome	O
breakthrough	O
and	O
would	O
be	O
a	O
real	O
victory	O
for	O
fans	O
,	O
artists	O
and	O
labels	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2007	O
,	O
Apple	O
and	O
the	O
record	O
label	O
EMI	O
announced	O
that	O
iTunes	B-Operating_System
Store	O
would	O
begin	O
offering	O
,	O
as	O
an	O
additional	O
higher	O
purchasing	O
option	O
,	O
tracks	O
from	O
EMI	O
's	O
catalog	O
encoded	O
as	O
256kbit/s	O
AAC	B-Application
without	O
FairPlay	B-Operating_System
or	O
any	O
other	O
DRM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2009	O
,	O
Apple	O
announced	O
that	O
the	O
entire	O
iTunes	B-Operating_System
Store	O
music	O
catalog	O
would	O
become	O
available	O
in	O
the	O
higher-quality	O
,	O
DRM-free	O
format	O
,	O
after	O
reaching	O
agreements	O
with	O
all	O
the	O
major	O
record	O
labels	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
"	O
thousands	O
of	O
independent	O
labels	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	B-Operating_System
Music	I-Operating_System
,	O
Apple	O
's	O
subscription-based	O
music	O
streaming	O
service	O
launched	O
on	O
June	O
30	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
uses	O
the	O
DRM	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FairPlay	B-Operating_System
Streaming	O
(	O
FPS	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
DRM	O
technology	O
that	O
protects	O
video	O
transferred	O
over	O
HTTP	O
Live	O
Streaming	O
(	O
HLS	O
)	O
on	O
iOS	O
devices	O
,	O
in	O
Apple	O
TV	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
Safari	O
on	O
macOS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
content	O
provider	O
's	O
server	O
first	O
delivers	O
video	O
to	O
the	O
client	O
application	O
encrypted	O
with	O
the	O
content	O
key	O
using	O
the	O
AES	B-Algorithm
cipher	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
application	O
then	O
requests	O
a	O
session	O
key	O
from	O
the	O
device	O
's	O
FairPlay	B-Operating_System
module	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
provider	O
's	O
server	O
encrypts	O
the	O
content	O
key	O
using	O
the	O
session	O
key	O
and	O
delivers	O
it	O
to	O
the	O
FairPlay	B-Operating_System
module	O
,	O
which	O
decrypts	O
it	O
and	O
uses	O
it	O
to	O
decrypt	O
the	O
content	O
for	O
playback	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
iOS	O
and	O
Apple	O
TV	O
,	O
the	O
session	O
key	O
handling	O
and	O
content	O
decryption	O
is	O
done	O
in	O
the	O
kernel	O
,	O
while	O
on	O
macOS	O
it	O
is	O
done	O
using	O
Safari	O
's	O
FairPlay	B-Operating_System
Content	O
Decryption	O
Module	O
.	O
</s>
