<s>
fMRI	B-Algorithm
lie	I-Algorithm
detection	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
field	O
of	O
lie	O
detection	O
using	O
functional	B-Algorithm
magnetic	I-Algorithm
resonance	I-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
(	O
fMRI	B-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FMRI	B-Algorithm
looks	O
to	O
the	O
central	O
nervous	O
system	O
to	O
compare	O
time	O
and	O
topography	O
of	O
activity	O
in	O
the	O
brain	O
for	O
lie	O
detection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
a	O
polygraph	B-Application
detects	O
anxiety-induced	O
changes	O
in	O
activity	O
in	O
the	O
peripheral	O
nervous	O
system	O
,	O
fMRI	B-Algorithm
purportedly	O
measures	O
blood	O
flow	O
to	O
areas	O
of	O
the	O
brain	O
involved	O
in	O
deception	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2001	O
,	O
he	O
published	O
his	O
first	O
work	O
with	O
lie	O
detection	O
using	O
a	O
modified	O
form	O
of	O
the	O
Guilty	O
Knowledge	O
Test	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
sometimes	O
used	O
in	O
polygraph	B-Application
tests	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
"	O
Prospects	O
of	O
fMRI	B-Algorithm
as	O
a	O
Lie	O
Detector	O
"	O
states	O
,	O
fMRIs	B-Algorithm
use	O
electromagnets	O
to	O
create	O
pulse	O
sequences	O
in	O
the	O
cells	O
of	O
the	O
brain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
fMRI	B-Algorithm
scanner	O
then	O
detects	O
the	O
different	O
pulses	O
and	O
fields	O
that	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
distinguish	O
tissue	O
structures	O
and	O
the	O
distinction	O
between	O
layers	O
of	O
the	O
brain	O
,	O
matter	O
type	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
see	O
growths	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
called	O
the	O
blood-oxygen-level-dependent	B-Algorithm
(	O
BOLD	O
)	O
hemodynamic	O
response	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FMRI	B-Algorithm
data	O
have	O
been	O
examined	O
through	O
the	O
lens	O
of	O
machine	O
learning	O
algorithms	O
to	O
decode	O
whether	O
subjects	O
believed	O
or	O
disbelieved	O
statements	O
,	O
ranging	O
from	O
mathematical	O
,	O
semantic	O
to	O
religious	O
belief	O
statements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Historically	O
,	O
fMRI	B-Algorithm
lie	O
detector	O
tests	O
have	O
not	O
been	O
allowed	O
into	O
evidence	O
in	O
legal	O
proceedings	O
,	O
the	O
most	O
famous	O
attempt	O
being	O
Harvey	O
Nathan	O
's	O
insurance	O
fraud	O
case	O
in	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
pushback	O
from	O
the	O
legal	O
system	O
may	O
be	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
1988	O
Federal	O
Employment	O
Polygraph	B-Application
Protection	O
Act	O
that	O
acts	O
to	O
protect	O
citizens	O
from	O
incriminating	O
themselves	O
and	O
the	O
right	O
to	O
silence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
lack	O
of	O
legal	O
support	O
has	O
not	O
stopped	O
companies	O
like	O
No	O
Lie	O
MRI	O
and	O
CEPHOS	O
from	O
offering	O
private	O
fMRI	B-Algorithm
scans	I-Algorithm
to	O
test	O
deception	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
potential	O
to	O
use	O
fMRI	B-Algorithm
evidence	O
as	O
a	O
more	O
advanced	O
form	O
of	O
lie	O
detection	O
,	O
particularly	O
in	O
identifying	O
the	O
regions	O
of	O
the	O
brain	O
involved	O
in	O
truth	O
telling	O
,	O
deception	O
,	O
and	O
false	O
memories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
fMRI	B-Algorithm
imaging	O
is	O
also	O
being	O
used	O
to	O
analyze	O
brain	O
activity	O
during	O
intentional	O
lies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
fMRI	B-Algorithm
studies	O
on	O
deception	O
have	O
claimed	O
detection	O
accuracy	O
as	O
high	O
as	O
90%	O
many	O
have	O
problems	O
with	O
implementing	O
this	O
style	O
of	O
detection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
a	O
basic	O
level	O
administering	O
,	O
fMRIs	B-Algorithm
is	O
extremely	O
difficult	O
and	O
costly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
fMRI	B-Algorithm
requires	O
the	O
participant	O
to	O
remain	O
still	O
for	O
long	O
periods	O
and	O
little	O
movements	O
can	O
create	O
issues	O
with	O
the	O
scan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
criminal	O
justice	O
system	O
interacts	O
with	O
many	O
types	O
of	O
criminals	O
that	O
are	O
not	O
often	O
taken	O
into	O
account	O
in	O
fMRI	B-Algorithm
studies	O
such	O
as	O
addicts	O
,	O
juveniles	O
,	O
mentally	O
unstable	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
elderly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
these	O
studies	O
are	O
promising	O
,	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
extensive	O
research	O
on	O
the	O
populations	O
that	O
would	O
be	O
most	O
affected	O
by	O
fMRIs	B-Algorithm
being	O
admitted	O
into	O
the	O
legal	O
system	O
is	O
a	O
huge	O
drawback	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
well	O
,	O
fMRI	B-Algorithm
deception	O
tests	O
look	O
only	O
at	O
changes	O
in	O
activity	O
in	O
the	O
brain	O
which	O
similarly	O
to	O
the	O
polygraph	B-Application
does	O
not	O
show	O
directly	O
that	O
lying	O
is	O
occurring	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
studies	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Ganis	O
et	O
al	O
..	O
,	O
have	O
shown	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
fool	O
an	O
fMRI	B-Algorithm
by	O
learning	O
countermeasures	O
.	O
</s>
