<s>
Eye	B-General_Concept
tracking	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
measuring	O
either	O
the	O
point	O
of	O
gaze	O
(	O
where	O
one	O
is	O
looking	O
)	O
or	O
the	O
motion	O
of	O
an	O
eye	O
relative	O
to	O
the	O
head	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
eye	B-General_Concept
tracker	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
device	O
for	O
measuring	O
eye	O
positions	O
and	O
eye	O
movement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eye	B-General_Concept
trackers	I-General_Concept
are	O
used	O
in	O
research	O
on	O
the	O
visual	O
system	O
,	O
in	O
psychology	O
,	O
in	O
psycholinguistics	O
,	O
marketing	O
,	O
as	O
an	O
input	O
device	O
for	O
human-computer	O
interaction	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
product	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eye	B-General_Concept
trackers	I-General_Concept
are	O
also	O
being	O
increasingly	O
used	O
for	O
rehabilitative	O
and	O
assistive	O
applications	O
(	O
related	O
,	O
for	O
instance	O
,	O
to	O
control	O
of	O
wheel	O
chairs	O
,	O
robotic	O
arms	O
and	O
prostheses	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Edmund	O
Huey	O
built	O
an	O
early	O
eye	B-General_Concept
tracker	I-General_Concept
,	O
using	O
a	O
sort	O
of	O
contact	O
lens	O
with	O
a	O
hole	O
for	O
the	O
pupil	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1950s	O
,	O
Alfred	O
L	O
.	O
Yarbus	O
performed	O
eye	B-General_Concept
tracking	I-General_Concept
research	O
,	O
and	O
his	O
1967	O
book	O
is	O
often	O
quoted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1970s	O
,	O
eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
research	O
expanded	O
rapidly	O
,	O
particularly	O
reading	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
hypothesis	O
is	O
often	O
taken	O
for	O
granted	O
by	O
researchers	O
using	O
eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
covert	O
attention	O
is	O
common	O
during	O
eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
recordings	O
,	O
the	O
resulting	O
scan-path	O
and	O
fixation	O
patterns	O
would	O
often	O
show	O
not	O
where	O
attention	O
has	O
been	O
,	O
but	O
only	O
where	O
the	O
eye	O
has	O
been	O
looking	O
,	O
failing	O
to	O
indicate	O
cognitive	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
1980s	O
also	O
saw	O
the	O
birth	O
of	O
using	O
eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
to	O
answer	O
questions	O
related	O
to	O
human-computer	O
interaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
computers	O
allowed	O
researchers	O
to	O
use	O
eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
results	O
in	O
real	O
time	O
,	O
primarily	O
to	O
help	O
disabled	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
recently	O
,	O
there	O
has	O
been	O
growth	O
in	O
using	O
eye	B-General_Concept
tracking	I-General_Concept
to	O
study	O
how	O
users	O
interact	O
with	O
different	O
computer	O
interfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
results	O
of	O
the	O
eye	B-General_Concept
tracking	I-General_Concept
research	O
can	O
lead	O
to	O
changes	O
in	O
design	O
of	O
the	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
eye	B-General_Concept
tracking	I-General_Concept
is	O
often	O
coupled	O
with	O
other	O
methodologies	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
introspective	O
verbal	O
protocols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thanks	O
to	O
advancement	O
in	O
portable	O
electronic	O
devices	O
,	O
portable	O
head-mounted	O
eye	B-General_Concept
trackers	I-General_Concept
currently	O
can	O
achieve	O
excellent	O
performance	O
and	O
are	O
being	O
increasingly	O
used	O
in	O
research	O
and	O
market	O
applications	O
targeting	O
daily	O
life	O
settings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
21st	O
century	O
,	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
(	O
AI	B-Application
)	O
and	O
artificial	B-Architecture
neural	I-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
has	O
become	O
a	O
viable	O
way	O
to	O
complete	O
eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
tasks	O
and	O
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
particular	O
,	O
the	O
convolutional	B-Architecture
neural	I-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
lends	O
itself	O
to	O
eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
,	O
as	O
it	O
is	O
designed	O
for	O
image-centric	O
tasks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
AI	B-Application
,	O
eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
tasks	O
and	O
studies	O
can	O
yield	O
additional	O
information	O
that	O
may	O
not	O
have	O
been	O
detected	O
by	O
human	O
observers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
practice	O
of	O
deep	B-Algorithm
learning	I-Algorithm
also	O
allows	O
for	O
a	O
given	O
neural	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
to	O
improve	O
at	O
a	O
given	O
task	O
when	O
given	O
enough	O
sample	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
potential	O
use	O
cases	O
for	O
AI	B-Application
in	O
eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
cover	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
topics	O
from	O
medical	O
applications	O
to	O
driver	O
safety	O
to	O
game	O
theory	O
and	O
even	O
education	O
and	O
training	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Video-based	O
eye	B-General_Concept
trackers	I-General_Concept
typically	O
use	O
the	O
corneal	O
reflection	O
(	O
the	O
first	O
Purkinje	O
image	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
center	O
of	O
the	O
pupil	O
as	O
features	O
to	O
track	O
over	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
more	O
sensitive	O
type	O
of	O
eye-tracker	O
,	O
the	O
dual-Purkinje	O
eye	B-General_Concept
tracker	I-General_Concept
,	O
uses	O
reflections	O
from	O
the	O
front	O
of	O
the	O
cornea	O
(	O
first	O
Purkinje	O
image	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
back	O
of	O
the	O
lens	O
(	O
fourth	O
Purkinje	O
image	O
)	O
as	O
features	O
to	O
track	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
electric	O
signal	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
derived	O
using	O
two	O
pairs	O
of	O
contact	O
electrodes	O
placed	O
on	O
the	O
skin	O
around	O
one	O
eye	O
is	O
called	O
Electrooculogram	O
(	O
EOG	B-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
change	O
in	O
the	O
orientation	O
of	O
the	O
dipole	O
and	O
consequently	O
the	O
electric	O
potential	O
field	O
results	O
in	O
a	O
change	O
in	O
the	O
measured	O
EOG	B-Language
signal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
third	O
EOG	B-Language
component	O
is	O
the	O
radial	O
EOG	B-Language
channel	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
the	O
average	O
of	O
the	O
EOG	B-Language
channels	O
referenced	O
to	O
some	O
posterior	O
scalp	O
electrode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
radial	O
EOG	B-Language
channel	O
is	O
sensitive	O
to	O
the	O
saccadic	O
spike	O
potentials	O
stemming	O
from	O
the	O
extra-ocular	O
muscles	O
at	O
the	O
onset	O
of	O
saccades	O
,	O
and	O
allows	O
reliable	O
detection	O
of	O
even	O
miniature	O
saccades	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
potential	O
drifts	O
and	O
variable	O
relations	O
between	O
the	O
EOG	B-Language
signal	O
amplitudes	O
and	O
the	O
saccade	O
sizes	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
challenging	O
to	O
use	O
EOG	B-Language
for	O
measuring	O
slow	O
eye	O
movement	O
and	O
detecting	O
gaze	O
direction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
EOG	B-Language
is	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
a	O
very	O
robust	O
technique	O
for	O
measuring	O
saccadic	O
eye	O
movement	O
associated	O
with	O
gaze	O
shifts	O
and	O
detecting	O
blinks	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Contrary	O
to	O
video-based	O
eye-trackers	O
,	O
EOG	B-Language
allows	O
recording	O
of	O
eye	O
movements	O
even	O
with	O
eyes	O
closed	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
thus	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
sleep	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
major	O
disadvantage	O
of	O
EOG	B-Language
is	O
its	O
relatively	O
poor	O
gaze-direction	O
accuracy	O
compared	O
to	O
a	O
video	O
tracker	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
simple	O
calibration	O
procedure	O
of	O
the	O
individual	O
is	O
usually	O
needed	O
before	O
using	O
the	O
eye	B-General_Concept
tracker	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
general	O
types	O
of	O
infrared	O
/	O
near-infrared	O
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
active	O
light	O
)	O
eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
techniques	O
are	O
used	O
:	O
bright-pupil	O
and	O
dark-pupil	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bright-pupil	O
tracking	O
creates	O
greater	O
iris/pupil	O
contrast	O
,	O
allowing	O
more	O
robust	O
eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
with	O
all	O
iris	O
pigmentation	O
,	O
and	O
greatly	O
reduces	O
interference	O
caused	O
by	O
eyelashes	O
and	O
other	O
obscuring	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
setups	O
vary	O
greatly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
50/60Hz	O
is	O
more	O
common	O
,	O
today	O
many	O
video-based	O
eye	B-General_Concept
trackers	I-General_Concept
run	O
at	O
240	O
,	O
350	O
or	O
even	O
1000/1250Hz	O
,	O
speeds	O
needed	O
to	O
capture	O
fixational	O
eye	O
movements	O
or	O
correctly	O
measure	O
saccade	O
dynamics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eye	B-General_Concept
tracking	I-General_Concept
in	O
human	O
–	O
computer	O
interaction	O
(	O
HCI	O
)	O
typically	O
investigates	O
the	O
scanpath	O
for	O
usability	O
purposes	O
,	O
or	O
as	O
a	O
method	O
of	O
input	O
in	O
gaze-contingent	O
displays	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
gaze-based	O
interfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
video	O
is	O
generally	O
manually	O
coded	O
to	O
identify	O
the	O
AOIs	O
(	O
areas	O
of	O
interest	O
)	O
or	O
recently	O
using	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Graphical	O
presentation	O
is	O
rarely	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
research	O
results	O
,	O
since	O
they	O
are	O
limited	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
what	O
can	O
be	O
analysed	O
-	O
research	O
relying	O
on	O
eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
usually	O
requires	O
quantitative	O
measures	O
of	O
the	O
eye	O
movement	O
events	O
and	O
their	O
parameters	O
,	O
The	O
following	O
visualisations	O
are	O
the	O
most	O
commonly	O
used	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Heat	B-Application
maps	I-Application
are	O
the	O
best	O
known	O
visualization	O
technique	O
for	O
eyetracking	B-General_Concept
studies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
method	O
is	O
a	O
simplified	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
heat	B-Application
maps	I-Application
where	O
the	O
visually	O
less	O
attended	O
zones	O
by	O
the	O
users	O
are	O
displayed	O
clearly	O
,	O
thus	O
allowing	O
for	O
an	O
easier	O
understanding	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
relevant	O
information	O
,	O
that	O
is	O
to	O
say	O
,	O
it	O
provides	O
more	O
information	O
about	O
which	O
zones	O
were	O
not	O
seen	O
by	O
the	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Saliency	O
maps	O
Similar	O
to	O
heat	B-Application
maps	I-Application
,	O
a	O
saliency	O
map	O
illustrates	O
areas	O
of	O
focus	O
by	O
brightly	O
displaying	O
the	O
attention-grabbing	O
objects	O
over	O
an	O
initially	O
black	O
canvas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
if	O
the	O
measuring	O
system	O
is	O
head-mounted	O
,	O
as	O
with	O
EOG	B-Language
or	O
a	O
video-based	O
system	O
mounted	O
to	O
a	O
helmet	O
,	O
then	O
eye-in-head	O
angles	O
are	O
measured	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
great	O
deal	O
of	O
research	O
has	O
gone	O
into	O
studies	O
of	O
the	O
mechanisms	O
and	O
dynamics	O
of	O
eye	O
rotation	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
goal	O
of	O
eye	B-General_Concept
tracking	I-General_Concept
is	O
most	O
often	O
to	O
estimate	O
gaze	O
direction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
important	O
to	O
realize	O
that	O
the	O
eye	B-General_Concept
tracker	I-General_Concept
does	O
not	O
provide	O
absolute	O
gaze	O
direction	O
,	O
but	O
rather	O
can	O
measure	O
only	O
changes	O
in	O
gaze	O
direction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
determine	O
precisely	O
what	O
a	O
subject	O
is	O
looking	O
at	O
,	O
some	O
calibration	O
procedure	O
is	O
required	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
subject	O
looks	O
at	O
a	O
point	O
or	O
series	O
of	O
points	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
eye	B-General_Concept
tracker	I-General_Concept
records	O
the	O
value	O
that	O
corresponds	O
to	O
each	O
gaze	O
position	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
method	O
of	O
eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
has	O
advantages	O
and	O
disadvantages	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
choice	O
of	O
an	O
eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
system	O
depends	O
on	O
considerations	O
of	O
cost	O
and	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
recent	O
studies	O
have	O
also	O
used	O
head-mounted	O
eye	B-General_Concept
tracking	I-General_Concept
to	O
measure	O
eye	O
movements	O
during	O
real-world	O
driving	O
conditions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
wide	O
variety	O
of	O
disciplines	O
use	O
eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
techniques	O
,	O
including	O
cognitive	O
science	O
;	O
psychology	O
(	O
notably	O
psycholinguistics	O
;	O
the	O
visual	O
world	O
paradigm	O
)	O
;	O
human-computer	O
interaction	O
(	O
HCI	O
)	O
;	O
human	O
factors	O
and	O
ergonomics	O
;	O
marketing	O
research	O
and	O
medical	O
research	O
(	O
neurological	O
diagnosis	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specific	O
applications	O
include	O
the	O
tracking	O
eye	O
movement	O
in	O
language	O
reading	O
,	O
music	O
reading	O
,	O
human	B-Application
activity	I-Application
recognition	I-Application
,	O
the	O
perception	O
of	O
advertising	O
,	O
playing	O
of	O
sports	O
,	O
distraction	O
detection	O
and	O
cognitive	O
load	O
estimation	O
of	O
drivers	O
and	O
pilots	O
and	O
as	O
a	O
means	O
of	O
operating	O
computers	O
by	O
people	O
with	O
severe	O
motor	O
impairment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
virtual	O
reality	O
,	O
eye	B-General_Concept
tracking	I-General_Concept
is	O
used	O
in	O
head	B-General_Concept
mounted	I-General_Concept
displays	I-General_Concept
for	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
purposes	O
including	O
to	O
reduce	O
processing	O
load	O
by	O
only	O
rendering	O
the	O
graphical	O
area	O
within	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
gaze	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
recent	O
years	O
,	O
the	O
increased	O
sophistication	O
and	O
accessibility	O
of	O
eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
technologies	O
have	O
generated	O
a	O
great	O
deal	O
of	O
interest	O
in	O
the	O
commercial	O
sector	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
general	O
,	O
commercial	O
eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
studies	O
function	O
by	O
presenting	O
a	O
target	O
stimulus	O
to	O
a	O
sample	O
of	O
consumers	O
while	O
an	O
eye	B-General_Concept
tracker	I-General_Concept
records	O
eye	O
activity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
examining	O
fixations	O
,	O
saccades	O
,	O
pupil	O
dilation	O
,	O
blinks	B-Language
and	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
other	O
behaviors	O
,	O
researchers	O
can	O
determine	O
a	O
great	O
deal	O
about	O
the	O
effectiveness	O
of	O
a	O
given	O
medium	O
or	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
some	O
companies	O
complete	O
this	O
type	O
of	O
research	O
internally	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
many	O
private	O
companies	O
that	O
offer	O
eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
services	O
and	O
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
field	O
of	O
commercial	O
eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
research	O
is	O
web	O
usability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
traditional	O
usability	O
techniques	O
are	O
often	O
quite	O
powerful	O
in	O
providing	O
information	O
on	O
clicking	O
and	O
scrolling	O
patterns	O
,	O
eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
offers	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
analyze	O
user	O
interaction	O
between	O
the	O
clicks	O
and	O
how	O
much	O
time	O
a	O
user	O
spends	O
between	O
clicks	O
,	O
thereby	O
providing	O
valuable	O
insight	O
into	O
which	O
features	O
are	O
the	O
most	O
eye-catching	O
,	O
which	O
features	O
cause	O
confusion	O
and	O
which	O
are	O
ignored	O
altogether	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specifically	O
,	O
eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
assess	O
search	O
efficiency	O
,	O
branding	O
,	O
online	O
advertisements	O
,	O
navigation	O
usability	O
,	O
overall	O
design	O
and	O
many	O
other	O
site	O
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
is	O
commonly	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
different	O
advertising	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Commercials	O
,	O
print	O
ads	O
,	O
online	O
ads	O
and	O
sponsored	O
programs	O
are	O
all	O
conducive	O
to	O
analysis	O
with	O
current	O
eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
example	O
is	O
the	O
analysis	O
of	O
eye	O
movements	O
over	O
advertisements	O
in	O
the	O
Yellow	B-Operating_System
Pages	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Yet	O
another	O
example	O
of	O
commercial	O
eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
research	O
comes	O
from	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
recruitment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
study	O
analyzed	O
how	O
recruiters	O
screen	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
profiles	O
and	O
presented	O
results	O
as	O
heat	B-Application
maps	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scientists	O
in	O
2017	O
constructed	O
a	O
Deep	O
Integrated	O
Neural	B-Architecture
Network	I-Architecture
(	O
DINN	O
)	O
out	O
of	O
a	O
Deep	O
Neural	B-Architecture
Network	I-Architecture
and	O
a	O
convolutional	B-Architecture
neural	I-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
goal	O
was	O
to	O
use	O
deep	B-Algorithm
learning	I-Algorithm
to	O
examine	O
images	O
of	O
drivers	O
and	O
determine	O
their	O
level	O
of	O
drowsiness	O
by	O
"classify[ing]	O
eye	O
states.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
enough	O
images	O
,	O
the	O
proposed	O
DINN	O
could	O
ideally	O
determine	O
when	O
drivers	O
blink	B-Language
,	O
how	O
often	O
they	O
blink	B-Language
,	O
and	O
for	O
how	O
long	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
there	O
,	O
it	O
could	O
judge	O
how	O
tired	O
a	O
given	O
driver	O
appears	O
to	O
be	O
,	O
effectively	O
conducting	O
an	O
eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
exercise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
other	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
models	O
performed	O
at	O
rates	O
above	O
90%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
technology	O
could	O
ideally	O
provide	O
another	O
avenue	O
for	O
driver	B-General_Concept
drowsiness	I-General_Concept
detection	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
2019	O
study	O
,	O
a	O
Convolutional	B-Architecture
Neural	I-Architecture
Network	I-Architecture
(	O
CNN	B-Architecture
)	O
was	O
constructed	O
with	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
identify	O
individual	O
chess	O
pieces	O
the	O
same	O
way	O
other	O
CNNs	B-Architecture
can	O
identify	O
facial	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
then	O
fed	O
eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
input	O
data	O
from	O
30	O
chess	O
players	O
of	O
various	O
skill	O
levels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
this	O
data	O
,	O
the	O
CNN	B-Architecture
used	O
gaze	O
estimation	O
to	O
determine	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
chess	O
board	O
to	O
which	O
a	O
player	O
was	O
paying	O
close	O
attention	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ultimately	O
,	O
the	O
CNN	B-Architecture
would	O
combine	O
its	O
knowledge	O
of	O
the	O
board	O
and	O
pieces	O
with	O
its	O
saliency	O
map	O
to	O
predict	O
the	O
players	O
 '	O
next	O
move	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Regardless	O
of	O
the	O
training	O
dataset	O
the	O
neural	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
system	O
was	O
trained	O
upon	O
,	O
it	O
predicted	O
the	O
next	O
move	O
more	O
accurately	O
than	O
if	O
it	O
had	O
selected	O
any	O
possible	O
move	O
at	O
random	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
saliency	O
maps	O
drawn	O
for	O
any	O
given	O
player	O
and	O
situation	O
were	O
more	O
than	O
54%	O
similar	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
People	O
with	O
severe	O
motor	O
impairment	O
can	O
use	O
eye	B-General_Concept
tracking	I-General_Concept
for	O
interacting	O
with	O
computers	O
as	O
it	O
is	O
faster	O
than	O
single	O
switch	O
scanning	O
techniques	O
and	O
intuitive	O
to	O
operate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
recent	O
times	O
,	O
researchers	O
also	O
explored	O
eye	B-General_Concept
tracking	I-General_Concept
to	O
control	O
robotic	O
arms	O
and	O
powered	O
wheelchairs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eye	B-General_Concept
tracking	I-General_Concept
is	O
also	O
helpful	O
in	O
analysing	O
visual	O
search	O
patterns	O
,	O
detecting	O
presence	O
of	O
Nystagmus	O
and	O
detecting	O
early	O
signs	O
of	O
learning	O
disability	O
by	O
analysing	O
eye	O
gaze	O
movement	O
during	O
reading	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eye	B-General_Concept
tracking	I-General_Concept
has	O
already	O
been	O
studied	O
for	O
flight	O
safety	O
by	O
comparing	O
scan	O
paths	O
and	O
fixation	O
duration	O
to	O
evaluate	O
the	O
progress	O
of	O
pilot	O
trainees	O
,	O
for	O
estimating	O
pilots’	O
skills	O
,	O
for	O
analyzing	O
crew	O
's	O
joint	O
attention	O
and	O
shared	O
situational	O
awareness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eye	B-General_Concept
tracking	I-General_Concept
technology	O
was	O
also	O
explored	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
helmet	O
mounted	O
display	O
systems	O
and	O
multi-functional	O
displays	O
in	O
military	O
aircraft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Studies	O
were	O
conducted	O
to	O
investigate	O
the	O
utility	O
of	O
eye	B-General_Concept
tracker	I-General_Concept
for	O
Head-up	O
target	O
locking	O
and	O
Head-up	O
target	O
acquisition	O
in	O
Helmet	O
mounted	O
display	O
systems	O
(	O
HMDS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
on	O
interacting	O
with	O
multi-functional	O
displays	O
in	O
simulator	O
environment	O
showed	O
that	O
eye	B-General_Concept
tracking	I-General_Concept
can	O
improve	O
the	O
response	O
times	O
and	O
perceived	O
cognitive	O
load	O
significantly	O
over	O
existing	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eye	B-General_Concept
tracking	I-General_Concept
is	O
also	O
useful	O
for	O
detecting	O
pilot	O
fatigue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
recent	O
time	O
,	O
eye	B-General_Concept
tracking	I-General_Concept
technology	O
is	O
investigated	O
in	O
automotive	O
domain	O
in	O
both	O
passive	O
and	O
active	O
ways	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
National	O
Highway	O
Traffic	O
Safety	O
Administration	O
measured	O
glance	O
duration	O
for	O
undertaking	O
secondary	O
tasks	O
while	O
driving	O
and	O
used	O
it	O
to	O
promote	O
safety	O
by	O
discouraging	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
excessively	O
distracting	O
devices	O
in	O
vehicles	O
In	O
addition	O
to	O
distraction	O
detection	O
,	O
eye	B-General_Concept
tracking	I-General_Concept
is	O
also	O
used	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
IVIS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
initial	O
research	O
investigated	O
the	O
efficacy	O
of	O
eye	B-General_Concept
tracking	I-General_Concept
system	O
for	O
interaction	O
with	O
HDD	O
(	O
Head	O
Down	O
Display	O
)	O
,	O
it	O
still	O
required	O
drivers	O
to	O
take	O
their	O
eyes	O
off	O
the	O
road	O
while	O
performing	O
a	O
secondary	O
task	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eye	B-General_Concept
tracking	I-General_Concept
is	O
also	O
used	O
to	O
monitor	O
cognitive	O
load	O
of	O
drivers	O
to	O
detect	O
potential	O
distraction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
researchers	O
explored	O
different	O
methods	O
to	O
estimate	O
cognitive	O
load	O
of	O
drivers	O
from	O
different	O
physiological	O
parameters	O
,	O
usage	O
of	O
ocular	O
parameters	O
explored	O
a	O
new	O
way	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
existing	O
eye	B-General_Concept
trackers	I-General_Concept
to	O
monitor	O
cognitive	O
load	O
of	O
drivers	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
interaction	O
with	O
IVIS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2021	O
video	O
game	O
Before	B-Application
Your	I-Application
Eyes	I-Application
registers	O
and	O
reads	O
the	O
player	O
's	O
blinking	O
,	O
and	O
uses	O
it	O
as	O
the	O
main	O
way	O
of	O
interacting	O
with	O
the	O
game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
widespread	O
use	O
of	O
eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
technology	O
has	O
shed	O
light	O
to	O
its	O
use	O
in	O
empirical	O
software	O
engineering	O
in	O
the	O
most	O
recent	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
technology	O
and	O
data	O
analysis	O
techniques	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
investigate	O
the	O
understandability	O
of	O
software	O
engineering	O
concepts	O
by	O
the	O
researchers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
include	O
the	O
understandability	O
of	O
business	O
process	O
models	O
,	O
and	O
diagrams	O
used	O
in	O
software	O
engineering	O
such	O
as	O
UML	O
activity	O
diagrams	O
and	O
EER	B-Architecture
diagrams	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
metrics	O
such	O
as	O
fixation	O
,	O
scan-path	O
,	O
scan-path	O
precision	O
,	O
scan-path	O
recall	O
,	O
fixations	O
on	O
area	O
of	O
interest/relevant	O
region	O
are	O
computed	O
,	O
analyzed	O
and	O
interpreted	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
model	O
and	O
diagram	O
understandability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
eye	B-General_Concept
tracking	I-General_Concept
projected	O
to	O
become	O
a	O
common	O
feature	O
in	O
various	O
consumer	O
electronics	O
,	O
including	O
smartphones	O
,	O
laptops	O
and	O
virtual	O
reality	O
headsets	O
,	O
concerns	O
have	O
been	O
raised	O
about	O
the	O
technology	O
's	O
impact	O
on	O
consumer	O
privacy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
aid	O
of	O
machine	O
learning	O
techniques	O
,	O
eye	B-General_Concept
tracking	I-General_Concept
data	O
may	O
indirectly	O
reveal	O
information	O
about	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
ethnicity	O
,	O
personality	O
traits	O
,	O
fears	O
,	O
emotions	O
,	O
interests	O
,	O
skills	O
,	O
and	O
physical	O
and	O
mental	O
health	O
condition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
such	O
inferences	O
are	O
drawn	O
without	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
awareness	O
or	O
approval	O
,	O
this	O
can	O
be	O
classified	O
as	O
an	O
inference	B-Algorithm
attack	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eye	O
activities	O
are	O
not	O
always	O
under	O
volitional	O
control	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
"	O
stimulus-driven	O
glances	O
,	O
pupil	O
dilation	O
,	O
ocular	O
tremor	O
,	O
and	O
spontaneous	O
blinks	B-Language
mostly	O
occur	O
without	O
conscious	O
effort	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
digestion	O
and	O
breathing	O
”	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
difficult	O
for	O
eye	B-General_Concept
tracking	I-General_Concept
users	O
to	O
estimate	O
or	O
control	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
information	O
they	O
reveal	O
about	O
themselves	O
.	O
</s>
