<s>
External	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
is	O
memory	O
that	O
uses	O
cues	O
from	O
the	O
environment	O
to	O
aid	O
remembrance	O
of	O
ideas	O
and	O
sensations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
a	O
person	O
uses	O
something	O
beside	O
one	O
's	O
own	O
internal	O
memory	O
tricks	O
,	O
traits	O
,	O
or	O
talents	O
to	O
help	O
them	O
remember	O
certain	O
events	O
,	O
facts	O
,	O
or	O
even	O
things	O
to	O
do	O
,	O
they	O
are	O
using	O
an	O
external	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
aid	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
External	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
aids	O
are	O
used	O
every	O
day	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
large	O
part	O
of	O
these	O
aids	O
come	O
from	O
technology	O
;	O
people	O
use	O
their	O
smartphones	B-Application
to	O
remind	O
them	O
when	O
they	O
have	O
meetings	O
and	O
Facebook	B-Application
reminds	O
people	O
of	O
their	O
friends	O
 '	O
birthdays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
people	O
,	O
or	O
prompters	O
,	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
external	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
aids	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
believed	O
that	O
,	O
if	O
the	O
Egyptian	O
people	O
were	O
to	O
take	O
up	O
writing	O
,	O
their	O
reliance	O
on	O
their	O
internal	O
memory	O
would	O
decrease	O
in	O
exchange	O
for	O
external	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1920	O
,	O
Milman	O
Parry	O
,	O
in	O
his	O
master	O
's	O
thesis	O
,	O
discovered	O
that	O
the	O
stylistic	O
quirks	O
and	O
bizarre	O
repetition	O
found	O
in	O
the	O
Odyssey	B-Device
and	O
the	O
Iliad	B-Application
were	O
evidence	O
of	O
the	O
works	O
 '	O
oral	O
transmission	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
this	O
time	O
,	O
written	O
works	O
were	O
meant	O
to	O
be	O
external	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
aids	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
point	O
in	O
time	O
,	O
external	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
and	O
internal	O
memory	O
blended	O
together	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instruction	O
manuals	O
,	O
external	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
aids	O
,	O
by	O
Romans	O
like	O
Cicero	O
and	O
Quintilian	O
also	O
existed	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
teach	O
readers	O
how	O
to	O
use	O
internal	O
memory	O
aids	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
argued	O
that	O
modern	O
day	O
society	O
has	O
almost	O
completely	O
replaced	O
internal	O
memory	O
with	O
external	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
January	O
1980	O
,	O
as	O
evidenced	O
by	O
two	O
interview	O
studies	O
conducted	O
by	O
John	O
E	O
.	O
Harris	O
,	O
external	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
aids	O
were	O
said	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
more	O
often	O
than	O
internal	O
memory	O
aids	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
studies	O
set	O
out	O
to	O
compare	O
the	O
reported	O
frequencies	O
of	O
external	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
aids	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
ones	O
listed	O
below	O
)	O
with	O
internal	O
memory	O
aids	O
(	O
see	O
mnemonics	O
or	O
the	O
method	O
of	O
loci	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
studies	O
yielded	O
the	O
same	O
result	O
:	O
external	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
aids	O
are	O
used	O
more	O
frequently	O
than	O
internal	O
memory	O
aids	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
External	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
aids	O
came	O
to	O
be	O
through	O
Theuth	O
's	O
invention	O
of	O
writing	O
and	O
other	O
advances	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Gutenberg	O
Press	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
external	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
aid	O
can	O
be	O
a	O
post	O
it	O
note	O
reminding	O
one	O
to	O
do	O
laundry	O
or	O
a	O
grocery	O
list	O
reminding	O
one	O
to	O
buy	O
detergent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
individuals	O
may	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
external	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
aids	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
electronic	O
external	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
aids	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
PDA	B-Application
(	O
personal	B-Application
digital	I-Application
assistant	I-Application
)	O
:	O
a	O
"	O
pocket	O
computer	O
"	O
with	O
several	O
features	O
including	O
:	O
alarms	O
,	O
calendar	O
,	O
contact	O
information	O
,	O
internet	O
,	O
e-mail	O
,	O
and	O
music	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smartphone	B-Application
:	O
a	O
device	O
that	O
combines	O
a	O
full-featured	O
mobile	O
phone	O
with	O
handheld	O
computer	O
functions	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
GPS	O
(	O
global	O
positioning	O
system	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thanks	O
to	O
the	O
Internet	O
and	O
common	O
search	O
engines	O
like	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
often	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
humankind	O
's	O
collective	O
memory	O
,	O
remembering	O
seems	O
to	O
be	O
less	O
important	O
than	O
it	O
once	O
was	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
Google	I-Application
effect	O
,	O
also	O
called	O
digital	B-Application
amnesia	I-Application
,	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
tendency	O
to	O
forget	O
information	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
found	O
readily	O
online	O
by	O
using	O
Internet	O
search	O
engines	O
such	O
as	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Betsy	O
Sparrow	O
(	O
Columbia	O
)	O
,	O
Jenny	O
Liu	O
(	O
Wisconsin	O
)	O
and	O
Daniel	O
M	O
.	O
Wegner	O
(	O
Harvard	O
)	O
described	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
effect	O
in	O
July	O
2011	O
after	O
having	O
conducted	O
four	O
experiments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Almost	O
from	O
the	O
first	O
examples	O
of	O
external	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
practice	O
has	O
been	O
the	O
subject	O
of	O
much	O
criticism	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
Google	I-Application
effect	O
,	O
as	O
described	O
above	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
primary	O
example	O
of	O
these	O
concerns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Much	O
of	O
the	O
criticism	O
about	O
external	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
product	O
of	O
common	O
misconceptions	O
about	O
memory	O
;	O
specifically	O
,	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
people	O
are	O
very	O
poor	O
judges	O
of	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
such	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
surprising	O
that	O
the	O
importance	O
of	O
external	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
aids	O
is	O
often	O
underestimated	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
the	O
belief	O
in	O
its	O
purported	O
negative	O
effects	O
is	O
so	O
widespread	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
fact	O
,	O
external	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
aids	O
can	O
assist	O
internal	O
memory	O
by	O
providing	O
retrieval	O
cues	O
that	O
allow	O
access	O
to	O
otherwise	O
inaccessible	O
memories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
extreme	O
uses	O
of	O
external	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
aids	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
His	O
version	O
of	O
lifelogging	O
includes	O
wearing	O
a	O
SenseCam	B-Device
around	O
his	O
neck	O
that	O
captures	O
everything	O
he	O
sees	O
on	O
a	O
daily	O
basis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
has	O
digitized	O
all	O
of	O
his	O
photos	O
,	O
engineer	O
notebooks	B-Device
,	O
even	O
logos	O
on	O
T-shirts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
His	O
version	O
of	O
lifelong	O
includes	O
a	O
Narrative	B-Device
Clip	I-Device
camera	O
strapped	O
to	O
his	O
chest	O
that	O
shoots	O
about	O
1,200	O
photos	O
per	O
day	O
at	O
30-second	O
intervals	O
.	O
</s>
