<s>
An	O
Extended	B-Application
Validation	I-Application
Certificate	I-Application
(	O
EV	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
certificate	O
conforming	O
to	O
X.509	O
that	O
proves	O
the	O
legal	O
entity	O
of	O
the	O
owner	O
and	O
is	O
signed	O
by	O
a	O
certificate	B-Architecture
authority	I-Architecture
key	O
that	O
can	O
issue	O
EV	B-Application
certificates	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
EV	B-Application
certificates	I-Application
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
manner	O
as	O
any	O
other	O
X.509	O
certificates	O
,	O
including	O
securing	O
web	O
communications	O
with	O
HTTPS	B-Protocol
and	O
signing	O
software	O
and	O
documents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
domain-validated	B-Protocol
certificates	I-Protocol
and	O
organization-validation	O
certificates	O
,	O
EV	B-Application
certificates	I-Application
can	O
be	O
issued	O
only	O
by	O
a	O
subset	O
of	O
certificate	B-Architecture
authorities	I-Architecture
(	O
CAs	O
)	O
and	O
require	O
verification	O
of	O
the	O
requesting	O
entity	O
's	O
legal	O
identity	O
before	O
certificate	O
issuance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
February	O
2021	O
,	O
all	O
major	O
web	O
browsers	O
(	O
Google	B-Application
Chrome	I-Application
,	O
Mozilla	B-Application
Firefox	I-Application
,	O
Microsoft	O
Edge	O
and	O
Apple	B-Application
Safari	I-Application
)	O
have	O
menus	O
which	O
show	O
the	O
EV	O
status	O
of	O
the	O
certificate	O
and	O
the	O
verified	O
legal	O
identity	O
of	O
EV	B-Application
certificates	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	O
browsers	O
typically	O
display	O
EV	B-Application
certificates	I-Application
the	O
same	O
way	O
they	O
do	O
Domain	B-Protocol
Validation	I-Protocol
(	O
DV	O
)	O
and	O
Organization	O
Validation	O
(	O
OV	O
)	O
certificates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Of	O
the	O
ten	O
most	O
popular	O
websites	O
online	O
,	O
none	O
use	O
EV	B-Application
certificates	I-Application
and	O
the	O
trend	O
is	O
away	O
from	O
their	O
usage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
software	O
,	O
the	O
verified	O
legal	O
identity	O
is	O
displayed	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
by	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
Windows	O
)	O
before	O
proceeding	O
with	O
the	O
installation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Extended	B-Application
Validation	I-Application
certificates	I-Application
are	O
stored	O
in	O
a	O
file	O
format	O
specified	O
by	O
and	O
typically	O
use	O
the	O
same	O
encryption	O
as	O
organization-validated	O
certificates	O
and	O
domain-validated	B-Protocol
certificates	I-Protocol
,	O
so	O
they	O
are	O
compatible	O
with	O
most	O
server	O
and	O
user	O
agent	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
criteria	O
for	O
issuing	O
EV	B-Application
certificates	I-Application
are	O
defined	O
by	O
the	O
Guidelines	O
for	O
Extended	B-Application
Validation	I-Application
established	O
by	O
the	O
CA/Browser	O
Forum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
issue	O
an	O
extended	B-Application
validation	I-Application
certificate	I-Application
,	O
a	O
CA	O
requires	O
verification	O
of	O
the	O
requesting	O
entity	O
's	O
identity	O
and	O
its	O
operational	O
status	O
with	O
its	O
control	O
over	O
domain	O
name	O
and	O
hosting	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
12	O
,	O
2007	O
,	O
the	O
CA/Browser	O
Forum	O
officially	O
ratified	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Extended	B-Application
Validation	I-Application
(	O
EV	O
)	O
SSL	O
Guidelines	O
,	O
which	O
took	O
effect	O
immediately	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Then	O
,	O
in	O
April	O
2008	O
,	O
the	O
forum	O
announced	O
version	O
1.1	O
of	O
the	O
guidelines	O
,	O
building	O
on	O
the	O
practical	O
experience	O
of	O
its	O
member	O
CAs	O
and	O
relying-party	O
application	B-Application
software	I-Application
suppliers	O
gained	O
in	O
the	O
months	O
since	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
was	O
approved	O
for	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
major	O
browsers	O
created	O
special	O
user	O
interface	O
indicators	O
for	O
pages	O
loaded	O
via	O
HTTPS	B-Protocol
secured	O
by	O
an	O
EV	B-Application
certificate	I-Application
soon	O
after	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
the	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
includes	O
Google	B-Application
Chrome	I-Application
1.0	O
,	O
Internet	B-Application
Explorer	I-Application
7.0	I-Application
,	O
Firefox	B-Application
3	O
,	O
Safari	B-Application
3.2	O
,	O
Opera	B-Application
9.5	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
some	O
mobile	O
browsers	O
,	O
including	O
Safari	B-Application
for	O
iOS	O
,	O
Windows	O
Phone	O
,	O
Firefox	B-Application
for	O
Android	O
,	O
Chrome	B-Application
for	O
Android	O
,	O
and	O
iOS	O
,	O
added	O
such	O
UI	O
indicators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Usually	O
,	O
browsers	O
with	O
EV	O
support	O
display	O
the	O
validated	O
identity	O
—	O
usually	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
organization	O
name	O
and	O
jurisdiction	O
—	O
contained	O
in	O
the	O
EV	B-Application
certificate	I-Application
's	O
'	O
subject	O
 '	O
field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
clicking	O
on	O
the	O
lock	O
symbol	O
,	O
the	O
user	O
can	O
obtain	O
more	O
information	O
about	O
the	O
certificate	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
the	O
certificate	B-Architecture
authority	I-Architecture
that	O
issued	O
the	O
EV	B-Application
certificate	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2018	O
,	O
Google	O
announced	O
plans	O
to	O
redesign	O
user	O
interfaces	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
Chrome	I-Application
to	O
remove	O
emphasis	O
for	O
EV	B-Application
certificates	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chrome	B-Application
77	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
2019	O
,	O
removed	O
the	O
EV	B-Application
certificate	I-Application
indication	O
from	O
omnibox	O
,	O
but	O
EV	B-Application
certificate	I-Application
status	O
can	O
be	O
viewed	O
by	O
clicking	O
on	O
lock	O
icon	O
and	O
then	O
checking	O
for	O
legal	O
entity	O
name	O
under	O
"	O
certificate	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Firefox	B-Application
70	O
removed	O
the	O
distinction	O
in	O
the	O
omnibox	O
or	O
URL	O
bar	O
(	O
EV	O
and	O
DV	O
certificates	O
are	O
displayed	O
similarly	O
with	O
just	O
a	O
lock	O
icon	O
)	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
details	O
about	O
certificate	O
EV	O
status	O
are	O
accessible	O
in	O
the	O
more	O
detailed	O
view	O
that	O
opens	O
after	O
click	O
on	O
the	O
lock	O
icon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	B-Application
Safari	I-Application
on	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
12	I-Operating_System
and	O
MacOS	B-Device
Mojave	I-Device
(	O
released	O
in	O
September	O
2018	O
)	O
removed	O
the	O
visual	O
distinction	O
of	O
EV	O
status	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CA/B	O
Forum	O
is	O
also	O
limiting	O
the	O
maximum	O
re-use	O
of	O
domain	B-Protocol
validation	I-Protocol
data	O
and	O
organization	O
data	O
to	O
maximum	O
of	O
397	O
days	O
(	O
must	O
not	O
exceed	O
398	O
days	O
)	O
from	O
March	O
2020	O
onward	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
exception	O
of	O
Extended	B-Application
Validation	I-Application
Certificates	I-Application
for	O
.onion	O
domains	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
otherwise	O
not	O
possible	O
to	O
get	O
a	O
wildcard	O
Extended	B-Application
Validation	I-Application
Certificate	I-Application
–	O
instead	O
,	O
all	O
fully	O
qualified	O
domain	O
names	O
must	O
be	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
certificate	O
and	O
inspected	O
by	O
the	O
certificate	B-Architecture
authority	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
EV	B-Application
certificates	I-Application
are	O
standard	O
X.509	O
digital	O
certificates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
primary	O
way	O
to	O
identify	O
an	O
EV	B-Application
certificate	I-Application
is	O
by	O
referencing	O
the	O
Certificate	O
Policies	O
extension	O
field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
issuer	O
uses	O
a	O
different	O
object	O
identifier	O
(	O
OID	O
)	O
in	O
this	O
field	O
to	O
identify	O
their	O
EV	B-Application
certificates	I-Application
,	O
and	O
each	O
OID	O
is	O
documented	O
in	O
the	O
issuer	O
's	O
Certification	O
Practice	O
Statement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
with	O
root	O
certificate	B-Architecture
authorities	I-Architecture
in	O
general	O
,	O
browsers	O
may	O
not	O
recognize	O
all	O
issuers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
EV	O
HTTPS	B-Protocol
certificates	O
contain	O
a	O
subject	O
with	O
X.509	O
OIDs	O
for	O
jurisdictionOfIncorporationCountryName	O
(	O
OID	O
:	O
1.3.6.1.4.1.311.60.2.1.3	O
)	O
,	O
jurisdictionOfIncorporationStateOrProvinceName	O
(	O
OID	O
:	O
1.3.6.1.4.1.311.60.2.1.2	O
)	O
(	O
optional	O
)	O
,	O
jurisdictionLocalityName	O
(	O
OID	O
:	O
1.3.6.1.4.1.311.60.2.1.1	O
)	O
(	O
optional	O
)	O
,	O
businessCategory	O
(	O
OID	O
:	O
2.5.4.15	O
)	O
and	O
serialNumber	O
(	O
OID	O
:	O
2.5.4.5	O
)	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
serialNumber	O
pointing	O
to	O
the	O
ID	O
at	O
the	O
relevant	O
secretary	O
of	O
state	O
(	O
US	O
)	O
or	O
government	O
business	O
registrar	O
(	O
outside	O
US	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
a	O
CA-specific	O
policy	O
identifier	O
so	O
that	O
EV-aware	O
software	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
web	O
browser	O
,	O
can	O
recognize	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
identifier	O
is	O
what	O
defines	O
EV	B-Application
certificate	I-Application
and	O
is	O
the	O
difference	O
with	O
OV	O
certificate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
criteria	O
for	O
issuing	O
Extended	B-Application
Validation	I-Application
certificates	I-Application
do	O
not	O
require	O
issuing	O
certificate	B-Architecture
authorities	I-Architecture
to	O
immediately	O
support	O
Online	O
Certificate	O
Status	O
Protocol	O
for	O
revocation	O
checking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
requirement	O
for	O
a	O
timely	O
response	O
to	O
revocation	O
checks	O
by	O
the	O
browser	O
has	O
prompted	O
most	O
certificate	B-Architecture
authorities	I-Architecture
that	O
had	O
not	O
previously	O
done	O
so	O
to	O
implement	O
OCSP	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
EV	B-Application
certificates	I-Application
are	O
being	O
promoted	O
and	O
reported	O
as	O
a	O
mark	O
of	O
a	O
trustworthy	O
website	O
,	O
some	O
small	O
business	O
owners	O
have	O
voiced	O
concerns	O
that	O
EV	B-Application
certificates	I-Application
give	O
undue	O
advantage	O
to	O
large	O
businesses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
1.0	O
of	O
the	O
EV	O
Guidelines	O
was	O
revised	O
to	O
embrace	O
unincorporated	O
associations	O
as	O
long	O
as	O
they	O
were	O
registered	O
with	O
a	O
recognized	O
agency	O
,	O
greatly	O
expanding	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
organizations	O
that	O
qualified	O
for	O
an	O
Extended	B-Application
Validation	I-Application
Certificate	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2006	O
,	O
researchers	O
at	O
Stanford	O
University	O
and	O
Microsoft	O
Research	O
conducted	O
a	O
usability	O
study	O
of	O
the	O
EV	O
display	O
in	O
Internet	B-Application
Explorer	I-Application
7	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
paper	O
concluded	O
that	O
"	O
participants	O
who	O
received	O
no	O
training	O
in	O
browser	O
security	O
features	O
did	O
not	O
notice	O
the	O
extended	B-Application
validation	I-Application
indicator	O
and	O
did	O
not	O
outperform	O
the	O
control	O
group	O
"	O
,	O
whereas	O
"	O
participants	O
who	O
were	O
asked	O
to	O
read	O
the	O
Internet	B-Application
Explorer	I-Application
help	O
file	O
were	O
more	O
likely	O
to	O
classify	O
both	O
real	O
and	O
fake	O
sites	O
as	O
legitimate	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
proponents	O
of	O
EV	B-Application
certificates	I-Application
claim	O
they	O
help	O
against	O
phishing	O
attacks	O
,	O
security	O
expert	O
Peter	O
Gutmann	O
states	O
the	O
new	O
class	O
of	O
certificates	O
restore	O
a	O
CA	O
's	O
profits	O
which	O
were	O
eroded	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
race	O
to	O
the	O
bottom	O
that	O
occurred	O
among	O
issuers	O
in	O
the	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Peter	O
Gutmann	O
,	O
EV	B-Application
certificates	I-Application
are	O
not	O
effective	O
against	O
phishing	O
because	O
EV	B-Application
certificates	I-Application
are	O
"	O
not	O
fixing	O
any	O
problem	O
that	O
the	O
phishers	O
are	O
exploiting	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
suggests	O
that	O
the	O
big	O
commercial	O
CAs	O
have	O
introduced	O
EV	B-Application
certificates	I-Application
to	O
return	O
the	O
old	O
high	O
prices	O
.	O
</s>
