<s>
The	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
Expeed	I-Algorithm
image/video	O
processors	O
(	O
often	O
styled	O
EXPEED	B-Algorithm
)	O
are	O
media	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
for	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
's	O
digital	B-General_Concept
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
perform	O
a	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
tasks	O
:	O
Bayer	O
filtering	O
,	O
demosaicing	B-Algorithm
,	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
corrections/dark	O
-frame	O
subtraction	O
,	O
image	B-Algorithm
noise	I-Algorithm
reduction	O
,	O
image	B-Algorithm
sharpening	I-Algorithm
,	O
image	B-Algorithm
scaling	I-Algorithm
,	O
gamma	O
correction	O
,	O
image	O
enhancement/Active	O
D-Lighting	O
,	O
colorspace	B-Algorithm
conversion	O
,	O
chroma	O
subsampling	O
,	O
framerate	O
conversion	O
,	O
lens	O
distortion/chromatic	O
aberration	O
correction	O
,	O
image	O
compression/JPEG	O
encoding	B-Application
,	O
video	B-General_Concept
compression	I-General_Concept
,	O
display/video	O
interface	O
driving	O
,	O
digital	B-Application
image	I-Application
editing	I-Application
,	O
face	B-General_Concept
detection	I-General_Concept
,	O
audio	O
processing/compression/encoding	O
and	O
computer	O
data	O
storage/data	O
transmission	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Expeed	B-Algorithm
's	O
multi-processor	B-Operating_System
system	B-Architecture
on	I-Architecture
a	I-Architecture
chip	I-Architecture
solution	O
integrates	O
an	O
image	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
in	O
multi-core	B-Architecture
processor	I-Architecture
architecture	O
,	O
with	O
each	O
single	O
processor-core	O
able	O
to	O
compute	O
many	O
instructions/operations	B-Operating_System
in	I-Operating_System
parallel	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Storage	O
and	O
display	B-Device
interfaces	B-Application
and	O
other	O
modules	O
are	O
added	O
and	O
a	O
digital	B-Architecture
signal	I-Architecture
processor	I-Architecture
(	O
DSP	B-Architecture
)	O
increases	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
simultaneous	O
computations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
on-chip	O
32-bit	O
microcontroller	B-Architecture
initiates	O
and	O
controls	O
the	O
operation	O
and	O
data	O
transfers	O
of	O
all	O
processors	O
,	O
modules	O
and	O
interfaces	B-Application
and	O
can	O
be	O
seen	O
as	O
the	O
main	O
control	B-Device
unit	I-Device
of	O
the	O
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
each	O
generation	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
uses	O
different	O
versions	O
for	O
its	O
professional	O
and	O
consumer	O
DSLRs	B-Device
/	O
MILCs	B-Device
,	O
whereas	O
its	O
compact	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
use	O
totally	O
different	O
architectures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
different	O
from	O
for	O
example	O
Canons	O
DIGIC	B-General_Concept
:	O
its	O
professional	O
DSLRs	B-Device
double	O
the	O
processors	O
of	O
its	O
consumer	O
DSLR	B-Device
series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
is	O
an	O
application-specific	O
integrated	O
circuit	O
(	O
ASIC	O
)	O
built	O
by	O
Socionext	O
specifically	O
for	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
designs	O
according	O
to	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
specifications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
Expeed	I-Algorithm
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Socionext	O
Milbeaut	B-General_Concept
imaging	O
processors	O
with	O
16-bit	B-Device
per	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
multi-core	B-Architecture
FR-V	B-General_Concept
processor	O
architecture	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
highly	O
parallel	O
pipelined	B-General_Concept
architecture	O
which	O
allows	O
efficient	O
hardware	B-General_Concept
use	O
,	O
increasing	O
throughput	O
and	O
reducing	O
power	O
consumption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
core	O
uses	O
an	O
eight-way	O
256-bit	O
very	B-General_Concept
long	I-General_Concept
instruction	I-General_Concept
word	I-General_Concept
(	O
VLIW	B-General_Concept
,	O
MIMD	B-Operating_System
)	O
and	O
is	O
organized	O
in	O
a	O
four-unit	O
superscalar	B-General_Concept
pipelined	B-General_Concept
architecture	O
(	O
Integer	O
(	O
ALU	O
)	O
-	O
,	O
Floating-point	B-General_Concept
-	O
and	O
two	O
media-processor-units	O
)	O
giving	O
a	O
peak	B-General_Concept
performance	I-General_Concept
of	O
up	O
to	O
28	O
instructions	O
per	O
clock	O
cycle	O
and	O
core	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
used	O
four-way	O
single	B-Device
instruction	I-Device
,	I-Device
multiple	I-Device
data	I-Device
(	O
SIMD	B-Device
)	O
vector	B-Operating_System
processor	I-Operating_System
units	O
,	O
data	O
is	O
processed	O
with	O
up	O
to	O
112	O
data	O
operations	O
per	O
cycle	O
and	O
core	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
on-chip	O
32-bit	O
Fujitsu	B-Device
FR	I-Device
RISC	B-Architecture
microcontroller	B-Architecture
core	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
initiate	O
and	O
control	O
all	O
processors	O
,	O
modules	O
and	O
interfaces	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
versions	O
designated	O
EI-14x	O
and	O
the	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
2	I-Algorithm
and	O
3	O
additionally	O
include	O
a	O
HD	O
video	O
codec	O
engine	O
(	O
FR-V	B-General_Concept
based	O
)	O
and	O
a	O
16-bit	B-Device
DSP	B-Architecture
with	O
separate	O
on-chip	O
4-block	O
Harvard	B-Device
RAM	B-Architecture
which	O
is	O
usable	O
for	O
example	O
for	O
additional	O
image	B-General_Concept
-	O
and	O
audio-processing	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
3	O
(	O
FR	O
)	O
(	O
EI-158/175	O
)	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
an	O
improved	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
2	I-Algorithm
EI-154	O
with	O
greatly	O
increased	O
processing	O
speed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
new	O
architecture	O
in	O
the	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
3	O
(	O
ARM	B-Architecture
)	O
offers	O
a	O
highly	O
increased	O
speed	O
in	O
its	O
image	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
(	O
with	O
even	O
two	O
pipelines	O
on	O
the	O
EI-160	O
)	O
,	O
its	O
H.264	B-Application
video	O
encoder	O
and	O
is	O
controlled	O
by	O
a	O
dual-core	B-Architecture
ARM	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
microcontroller	B-Architecture
replacing	O
the	O
Fujitsu	B-Device
FR	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
CMOS/CCD	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
are	O
connected	O
with	O
additional	O
external	O
ICs	O
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
drivers	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
exception	O
of	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D3100	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
done	O
by	O
a	O
mixed	O
analog/digital	O
interface	B-Application
which	O
controls	O
the	O
sensor	O
digitally	O
,	O
but	O
receives	O
analog	O
signals	O
with	O
parallel	O
14-bit	O
analog-to-digital	O
(	O
A/D	O
)	O
converters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
variants	O
EI-142	O
and	O
EI-158	O
use	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
ASICs	O
to	O
connect	O
all	O
full-frame	O
(	O
FX	O
)	O
digital	B-Device
SLR	I-Device
sensors	O
and	O
additionally	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D300/D300s	O
with	O
12	O
simultaneous	O
,	O
parallel	O
analog	O
signal	O
readout	O
channels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mainly	O
due	O
to	O
a	O
larger	O
settling	B-Algorithm
time	I-Algorithm
it	O
allows	O
improved	O
conversion	O
accuracy	O
compared	O
to	O
the	O
four	O
channels	O
in	O
the	O
previous	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D2X	I-Algorithm
/	O
D2Xs	O
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D200	I-Algorithm
or	O
the	O
Canon	B-Algorithm
EOS	I-Algorithm
5D	I-Algorithm
Mark	I-Algorithm
II	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
six-channel	O
readout	O
is	O
supported	O
by	O
the	O
EI-149	O
and	O
EI-154	O
used	O
on	O
the	O
D90	O
,	O
D5000	B-Algorithm
,	O
D7000	B-Algorithm
and	O
D5100	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
D3100	B-Algorithm
uses	O
an	O
Analog	O
Devices	O
sensor	O
interface	B-Application
with	O
integrated	O
analog-to-digital	O
converters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
result	O
is	O
a	O
dynamic	O
range	O
only	O
at	O
the	O
level	O
of	O
competitors	O
like	O
the	O
(	O
higher	O
priced	O
)	O
Canon	B-Algorithm
EOS	I-Algorithm
600D	I-Algorithm
;	O
lower	O
than	O
other	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
DSLRs	B-Device
with	O
the	O
same	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
2	I-Algorithm
variant	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
EI-15x	O
and	O
EI-17x	O
A/D	O
converters	O
allow	O
an	O
increased	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
readout	O
clock	O
frequency	O
with	O
improved	O
A/D	O
converter	O
accuracy	O
,	O
especially	O
when	O
using	O
14-bit	O
sampling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Expeed	B-Algorithm
A/D	O
converters	O
used	O
for	O
EI-149	O
or	O
all	O
EI-142	O
need	O
considerably	O
reduced	O
clock	O
rates	O
(	O
1.8	O
fps	O
on	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D3X	I-Algorithm
)	O
for	O
higher	O
accuracy	O
,	O
limiting	O
for	O
example	O
the	O
D3s	B-Algorithm
dynamic	O
range	O
at	O
low	O
ISOs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
3	O
(	O
ARM	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
first	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
1	I-Algorithm
series	I-Algorithm
,	O
connects	O
a	O
data	B-General_Concept
stream	I-General_Concept
with	O
24	O
digital	B-General_Concept
channels	O
(	O
bus	O
)	O
,	O
using	O
A/D	O
converters	O
integrated	O
on	O
the	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
chip	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
variant	O
,	O
EI-14x	O
originally	O
included	O
a	O
video	O
encoder	O
capable	O
of	O
processing	O
VGA	B-General_Concept
resolution	O
with	O
30	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
and	O
MPEG-4	B-Algorithm
encoding	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
software	O
based	O
video	O
processor	O
realized	O
with	O
FR-V	B-General_Concept
processors	O
enabled	O
a	O
reprogramming	O
:	O
By	O
using	O
Motion	B-Application
JPEG	I-Application
encoding	B-Application
with	O
24p	O
frame	O
rate	O
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
achieved	O
720p	O
HD	O
video	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
advantages	O
are	O
easy	O
JPEG	O
image	B-General_Concept
extraction	O
,	O
no	O
motion	B-Algorithm
compensation	I-Algorithm
artifacts	O
and	O
low	O
processing	O
power	O
enabling	O
higher	O
resolution	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
disadvantage	O
is	O
a	O
larger	O
file	O
size	O
,	O
nearly	O
reaching	O
the	O
2	B-Application
GB	I-Application
limit	I-Application
(	O
for	O
full	O
compatibility	O
)	O
in	O
5	O
minutes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D90	I-Algorithm
was	O
the	O
first	O
DSLR	B-Device
with	O
video	O
recording	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
2	I-Algorithm
(	O
variant	O
EI-154	O
)	O
greatly	O
expanded	O
the	O
capabilities	O
by	O
its	O
1080p	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
HD	O
video	O
encoder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
offers	O
an	O
increased	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
analog	O
signal	O
readout	O
clock	O
rate	O
,	O
reducing	O
rolling	O
shutter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compared	O
to	O
competitors	O
from	O
Canon	O
(	O
DIGIC	B-General_Concept
,	O
"	O
IPP	O
"	O
compressionMPEG-2	O
equivalent	O
:	O
Only	O
one	O
previous	O
frame	O
analyzed	O
)	O
the	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
2	I-Algorithm
offers	O
video	B-General_Concept
compression	I-General_Concept
also	O
based	O
on	O
complex	O
B-frames	B-General_Concept
(	O
bi-directional	O
differencing	O
between	O
frames	O
and	O
motion	O
prediction	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
the	O
advantage	O
of	O
higher	O
quality	O
(	O
lower	O
motion	O
blur	O
based	O
on	O
better	O
motion	B-Algorithm
compensation	I-Algorithm
)	O
even	O
with	O
significant	O
higher	O
compression	O
ratio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
the	O
Canon	B-Algorithm
5D	I-Algorithm
Mark	I-Algorithm
III	I-Algorithm
introduced	O
a	O
similar	O
compression	O
called	O
"	O
IPB	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
introduced	O
was	O
"	O
All-I	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
uses	O
the	O
simpler	O
I‑frames	O
(	O
coded	O
pictures	O
)	O
without	O
processing	O
any	O
differences	O
between	O
them	O
,	O
but	O
using	O
a	O
low	O
compression	O
(	O
high	O
data	O
rate	O
)	O
and	O
behaves	O
also	O
in	O
other	O
uses	O
like	O
image	B-General_Concept
extraction	O
quite	O
similar	O
to	O
Motion	B-Application
JPEG	I-Application
formerly	O
used	O
by	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
3	O
(	O
FR	O
)	O
(	O
variants	O
EI-158	O
and	O
EI-175	O
)	O
offers	O
no	O
significant	O
change	O
,	O
but	O
introduced	O
the	O
first	O
DSLRs	B-Device
to	O
offer	O
uncompressed	B-Device
video	I-Device
output	O
(	O
8bit	O
4:2:2	O
)	O
over	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
:	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D4	I-Algorithm
,	O
Nikon	O
D800/D800E	O
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D600	I-Algorithm
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D7100	I-Algorithm
and	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D5200	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
3	O
(	O
ARM	B-Architecture
)	O
introduced	O
high-speed	O
video	O
(	O
slow-motion	O
)	O
in	O
its	O
enhanced	O
H.264	B-Application
HD	O
video	O
engine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Socionext	O
specifies	O
each	O
Milbeaut	B-General_Concept
generation	O
with	O
different	O
numbers	O
of	O
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nikon	B-Algorithm
gives	O
no	O
details	O
,	O
but	O
uses	O
different	O
designated	O
processors	O
in	O
its	O
professional	O
and	O
consumer	O
lines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
Milbeaut	B-General_Concept
(	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
)	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
different	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
designs	O
and	O
by	O
other	O
manufacturers	O
,	O
the	O
software/firmware	O
specifies	O
many	O
of	O
its	O
functions	O
and	O
details	O
and	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
processors	O
or	O
included	O
modules	O
may	O
vary	O
in	O
this	O
ASIC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DSLRs	B-Device
announced	O
before	O
August	O
2006	O
do	O
not	O
contain	O
processors	O
named	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
(	O
for	O
example	O
Nikon	O
D70/D70s	O
processor	O
:	O
EI-118	O
)	O
,	O
although	O
that	O
does	O
not	O
mean	O
that	O
these	O
processors	O
use	O
a	O
different	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Or	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D200	I-Algorithm
processor	O
(	O
EI-126	O
)	O
uses	O
the	O
same	O
,	O
but	O
greatly	O
expanded	O
firmware	B-Application
as	O
the	O
D80	O
(	O
unofficial	O
"	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
processor	O
variant	O
EI-137	O
is	O
found	O
in	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D40	I-Algorithm
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D40x	I-Algorithm
and	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D80as	O
it	O
is	O
officially	O
in	O
the	O
later-released	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D60	I-Algorithm
and	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D3000	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
First	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D3	I-Algorithm
and	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D300	I-Algorithm
in	O
2007	O
,	O
the	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
was	O
used	O
later	O
in	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D3X	I-Algorithm
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D700	I-Algorithm
and	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D300s	I-Algorithm
,	O
marked	O
EI-142	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
consumer	O
line	O
variant	O
with	O
reduced	O
processor	O
cores	O
in	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D90	I-Algorithm
and	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D5000	I-Algorithm
,	O
marked	O
EI-149	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
Socionext	O
Milbeaut	B-General_Concept
imaging-processor	O
with	O
720p	O
Motion	B-Application
JPEG	I-Application
video	O
encoder	O
,	O
DSP	B-Architecture
and	O
FR-80	O
(	O
EI-14x	O
versions	O
)	O
core	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
uses	O
a	O
90	O
nanometer	O
process	B-Architecture
technology	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
EI-137	O
variant	O
in	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D60	I-Algorithm
and	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D3000additionally	O
found	O
in	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D40	I-Algorithm
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D40x	I-Algorithm
and	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D80is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
older	O
Milbeaut	B-General_Concept
M-3	O
in	O
180	B-Algorithm
nanometer	I-Algorithm
technology	O
(	O
like	O
all	O
former	O
Expeed/Milbeaut	O
since	O
2001	O
)	O
,	O
includes	O
an	O
FR-71	O
core	O
with	O
only	O
12-bit	O
,	O
two-channel	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
readout	O
,	O
no	O
DSP	B-Architecture
,	O
slower	O
memory	O
and	O
a	O
reduced	O
feature	O
set	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1080p	O
H.264/MPEG	O
-4	O
HD	O
video	O
encoder	O
,	O
improved	O
face	B-General_Concept
detection	I-General_Concept
,	O
image	B-Algorithm
noise	I-Algorithm
reduction	O
and	O
image	B-General_Concept
distortion	O
correction	O
are	O
the	O
main	O
improved	O
features	O
compared	O
to	O
EI-14x	O
Expeeds	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Used	O
in	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D7000	I-Algorithm
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D3100	I-Algorithm
and	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D5100	I-Algorithm
and	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
marked	O
EI-154	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
readout	O
clock	O
frequency	O
has	O
increased	O
by	O
a	O
factor	O
of	O
1.75	O
,	O
A/D	O
converter	O
accuracy	O
is	O
improved	O
,	O
especially	O
when	O
using	O
14-bit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Image	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
performance	O
is	O
increased	O
,	O
performing	O
a	O
higher	O
continuous	O
shooting	O
frame	O
rate	O
even	O
when	O
high	O
ISO	O
noise	O
reduction	O
or	O
Active	O
D-Lighting	O
is	O
activated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
EI-15x	O
are	O
controlled	O
by	O
an	O
integrated	O
FR-80/FR	O
-81	O
core	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D3s	I-Algorithm
processoralthough	O
named	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
2uses	O
nearly	O
the	O
same	O
EI-142	O
processor	O
as	O
the	O
previous	O
D3/D3X	O
featuring	O
for	O
example	O
only	O
720p	O
Motion	B-Application
JPEG	I-Application
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
offers	O
the	O
same	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
interface	B-Application
with	O
identical	O
speed	O
and	O
A/D	O
converter	O
accuracy	O
,	O
limiting	O
the	O
D3s	B-Algorithm
dynamic	O
range	O
at	O
200	O
and	O
especially	O
100	O
ISOs	O
lower	O
as	O
the	O
D7000/D5100	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Variant	O
used	O
in	O
some	O
Coolpix	B-Device
compact	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cheaper	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
compact	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
use	O
Sanyo	O
or	O
Zoran	O
Coach	O
image/video	O
processors	O
;	O
both	O
with	O
a	O
completely	O
different	O
technology	O
and	O
different	O
firmware	B-Application
compared	O
to	O
the	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compared	O
to	O
the	O
previous	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
1	O
(	O
EI-142	O
)	O
,	O
it	O
offers	O
the	O
same	O
improvements	O
as	O
the	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
2	I-Algorithm
EI-154	O
with	O
Socionext	O
65nm	O
process	O
,	O
including	O
increased	O
A/D	O
converter	O
accuracy	O
and	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
analog	O
signal	O
readout	O
clock	O
rate	O
,	O
reducing	O
rolling	O
shutter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Marked	O
EI-158	O
,	O
this	O
variant	O
is	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D4	I-Algorithm
and	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D800	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
EI-158	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
to	O
offer	O
uncompressed	B-Device
video	I-Device
output	O
(	O
8bit	O
4:2:2	O
)	O
over	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D600	I-Algorithm
(	O
teardown	O
)	O
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D3200	I-Algorithm
and	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D5200	I-Algorithm
(	O
teardown	O
)	O
use	O
an	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
3	O
(	O
EI-175	O
,	O
differently	O
marked	O
ML-1131	O
on	O
D5200	B-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
D4	O
and	O
D800	O
series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
architecture	O
is	O
close	O
to	O
the	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
2	I-Algorithm
variant	O
EI-154	O
with	O
some	O
improvements	O
like	O
DDR3	O
memory	O
,	O
and	O
with	O
increased	O
computing	O
power	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
D5200	B-Algorithm
uses	O
a	O
package	B-Algorithm
on	I-Algorithm
package	I-Algorithm
with	O
a	O
4Gbit	O
DDR3	O
SDRAM	O
on	O
top	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
1	I-Algorithm
series	I-Algorithm
September	O
2011	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
introduced	O
a	O
new	O
largely	O
changed	O
architecture	O
–	O
the	O
main	O
control	B-Device
unit	I-Device
it	O
uses	O
an	O
ARM	B-Architecture
microcontroller	I-Architecture
which	O
requires	O
new	O
firmware	B-Application
compared	O
to	O
the	O
totally	O
different	O
Fujitsu	B-Device
FR	I-Device
microcontroller	B-Architecture
used	O
in	O
all	O
former	O
Milbeaut	B-General_Concept
and	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
also	O
the	O
first	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
using	O
digital	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
readout	O
–	O
no	O
analog	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
interface	B-Application
is	O
needed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
1	I-Algorithm
cameras	O
introduced	O
September	O
2011	O
it	O
uses	O
1GB	O
fast	O
DDR2	O
RAM	B-Architecture
packaged	O
in	O
2x	O
4Gbit	O
chips	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nikon	B-Algorithm
marked	O
EI-160	O
,	O
manufactured	O
in	O
the	O
Socionext	O
65nm	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
High-speed	O
dual	O
multi-core	B-Architecture
image-processing	B-General_Concept
engines	I-General_Concept
with	O
world	O
record	O
(	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
claim	O
)	O
600megapixels	O
per	O
second	O
speed	O
,	O
enhanced	O
H.264	B-Application
HD	O
video	O
engine	O
and	O
controlled	O
by	O
a	O
dual-core	B-Architecture
ARM	B-Architecture
microcontroller	I-Architecture
are	O
the	O
main	O
improvements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
high	O
speed	O
allows	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
fastest	O
speed	O
(	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
claim	O
)	O
of	O
60	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
(	O
10fps	O
with	O
full	O
autofocus	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
3A	O
,	O
a	O
successor	O
to	O
the	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
3	O
EI-160	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
1	I-Algorithm
series	I-Algorithm
,	O
was	O
first	O
released	O
in	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
1	I-Algorithm
V2	I-Algorithm
and	O
mainly	O
features	O
an	O
increased	O
world	O
record	O
image-processing	O
speed	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
850megapixels	O
per	O
second	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
enables	O
60	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
(	O
15fps	O
with	O
full	O
autofocus	O
)	O
speed	O
even	O
with	O
the	O
new	O
14	O
megapixel	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
developed	O
exclusively	O
for	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
1	I-Algorithm
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Expeed	B-Algorithm
4	O
uses	O
a	O
processor	O
with	O
ARM	B-Architecture
central	O
controller	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D810	I-Algorithm
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D750	I-Algorithm
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D5300	I-Algorithm
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D5500	I-Algorithm
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D5600	I-Algorithm
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D3300	I-Algorithm
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D3400	I-Algorithm
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D3500	I-Algorithm
and	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D7200	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
offers	O
full	O
HD	O
(	O
1080p	O
)	O
video	O
capture	O
at	O
50/60	O
fps	O
with	O
improved	O
contrast	O
detection	O
autofocus	O
and	O
live	B-Device
preview	I-Device
autofocus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
includes	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
features	O
of	O
the	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
3	O
(	O
FR	O
)	O
and	O
older	O
versions	O
of	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
,	O
plus	O
it	O
consumes	O
less	O
power	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D4S	I-Algorithm
's	O
processor	O
is	O
identical	O
to	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D4	I-Algorithm
,	O
marked	O
EI-158	O
,	O
using	O
its	O
processing	O
power	O
with	O
improved	O
software	O
enabling	O
1080p	O
video	O
capture	O
at	O
50/60fps	O
,	O
11	O
fps	O
photos	O
with	O
improved	O
autofocus	O
,	O
new	O
noise	O
reduction	O
with	O
image-content	O
variable	O
algorithm	O
(	O
context-adaptive	O
)	O
and	O
other	O
improvements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
4A	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
1	I-Algorithm
V3	I-Algorithm
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
1	I-Algorithm
J4	I-Algorithm
and	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
1	I-Algorithm
S2	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nikon	B-Algorithm
announced	O
EXPEED	B-Algorithm
5	O
processor	O
engine	O
in	O
their	O
new	O
DX	O
and	O
FX	O
cameras	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D500	I-Algorithm
and	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D5	I-Algorithm
at	O
CES	O
2016	O
,	O
(	O
Las	O
Vegas	O
,	O
January	O
5	O
,	O
2016	O
)	O
and	O
also	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D7500	I-Algorithm
and	O
D850	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
EXPEED	B-Algorithm
5A	O
image-processing	B-General_Concept
engine	I-General_Concept
is	O
first	O
seen	O
in	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
1	I-Algorithm
J5	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
was	O
announced	O
April	O
2	O
,	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
1	I-Algorithm
J5	I-Algorithm
it	O
is	O
capable	O
of	O
4k	O
Ultra	O
HD	O
(	O
3840*2160	O
)	O
at	O
15	O
fps	O
,	O
Full-HD	O
(	O
1920*1080	O
)	O
at	O
60	O
fps	O
,	O
HD	O
(	O
1280*720	O
)	O
at	O
120	O
fps	O
,	O
800	O
x	O
296	O
at	O
400	O
fps	O
and	O
400	O
x	O
144	O
at	O
1200	O
fps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nikon	B-Algorithm
announced	O
the	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
6	O
processor	O
engine	O
on	O
23	O
August	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
appears	O
in	O
their	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
Z	I-Algorithm
7	I-Algorithm
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
Z	I-Algorithm
6	I-Algorithm
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
Z	I-Algorithm
50	I-Algorithm
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
Z	I-Algorithm
5	I-Algorithm
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D780	I-Algorithm
and	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D6	I-Algorithm
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
Z	I-Algorithm
6II	I-Algorithm
and	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
Z	I-Algorithm
7II	I-Algorithm
each	O
have	O
two	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
6	O
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nikon	B-Algorithm
announced	O
the	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
7	O
processor	O
engine	O
on	O
28	O
October	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
appears	O
in	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
Z	I-Algorithm
9	I-Algorithm
mirrorless	B-Device
camera	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
input/output	B-General_Concept
(	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
)	O
processor	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
uses	O
external	O
32-bit	O
microcontrollers	B-Architecture
to	O
connect	O
additional	O
sensors	O
and	O
displays	O
:	O
Viewfinder	O
,	O
top-display	O
,	O
flash	O
(	O
Speedlight	O
)	O
/hot	O
shoe	O
,	O
shutter/aperture	O
motors	O
,	O
metering/autofocus	O
sensors	O
and	O
lens/battery	O
grip/battery	O
control	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Used	O
variants	O
are	O
the	O
Fujitsu	B-Device
FR	I-Device
in	O
the	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
EI-14x	O
series	O
,	O
which	O
changed	O
to	O
MIPS	B-Device
architecture	I-Device
in	O
the	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
EI-15x	O
and	O
EI-17x	O
series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
professional	O
series	O
uses	O
two	O
or	O
more	O
Hitachi/Renesas	O
H8SX	B-Device
controllers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Former	O
DSLRs	B-Device
used	O
H8S	B-Device
microcontrollers	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ARM-based	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
in	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
1	I-Algorithm
series	I-Algorithm
with	O
its	O
dual	O
ARM	B-Architecture
core	O
needs	O
no	O
additional	O
I/O	B-Device
processors	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
1	I-Algorithm
series	I-Algorithm
also	O
includes	O
an	O
Epson	O
graphic	B-Architecture
processor	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
with	O
CHDK	B-General_Concept
or	O
Magic	B-Device
Lantern	I-Device
modified	O
Canon	O
digital	B-General_Concept
cameras	O
based	O
on	O
DIGIC	B-General_Concept
processors	O
,	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
programmers	O
called	O
"	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
Hacker	I-Algorithm
"	O
develops	O
custom	O
firmware	B-Application
,	O
making	O
recent	O
progress	O
including	O
an	O
FR	O
emulator	O
for	O
some	O
DSLRs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
shown	O
that	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
uses	O
the	O
Softune	B-Application
integrated	B-Application
development	I-Application
environment	I-Application
together	O
with	O
an	O
µITRON	O
realtime	B-Operating_System
kernel	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
there	O
is	O
some	O
modified	O
firmware	B-Application
available	O
mainly	O
removing	O
time	O
based	O
video	O
and	O
uncompressed	O
NEF	O
files	O
restrictions	O
,	O
but	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
stable	O
alternative	O
firmware	B-Application
available	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
project	O
is	O
still	O
in	O
an	O
early	O
state	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
supplied	O
firmware-updates	O
normally	O
include	O
the	O
firmware	B-Application
A	O
for	O
the	O
I/O	B-Device
processor	I-Device
and	O
the	O
firmware	B-Application
B	O
to	O
control	O
Expeeds	B-Algorithm
by	O
integrated	O
FR	O
microcontrollers	B-Architecture
(	O
different	O
for	O
the	O
ARM-based	O
Expeed	B-Algorithm
3	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Besides	O
a	O
general	O
analysis	O
of	O
the	O
hardware	B-General_Concept
and	O
software	O
of	O
the	O
D7000	B-Algorithm
,	O
D5100	B-Algorithm
and	O
D3100	B-Algorithm
and	O
newer	O
cameras	O
,	O
the	O
project	O
focuses	O
on	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
changelog	O
shows	O
firmware	B-Application
also	O
for	O
newer	O
variants	O
like	O
D800	O
,	O
D610	O
,	O
D5200	B-Algorithm
and	O
D3200	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
not	O
a	O
firmware	B-Application
hack	O
,	O
but	O
a	O
method	O
(	O
Photopc	O
–	O
digital	B-General_Concept
camera	O
control	O
)	O
calling	O
an	O
already	O
implemented	O
diagnostic	O
mode	O
on	O
some	O
old	O
Nikon	B-Device
Coolpix	I-Device
cameras	O
with	O
Fujitsu	O
Sparclite	B-Device
processors	O
.	O
</s>
