<s>
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
paid	O
and	O
open-source	B-Application
computer	B-Application
software	I-Application
for	O
building	O
Amazon	B-Application
Web	I-Application
Services	I-Application
(	O
AWS	B-Application
)	O
-compatible	O
private	O
and	O
hybrid	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
environments	O
,	O
originally	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
company	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
Systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
is	O
an	O
acronym	O
for	O
Elastic	B-General_Concept
Utility	I-General_Concept
Computing	I-General_Concept
Architecture	I-General_Concept
for	I-General_Concept
Linking	I-General_Concept
Your	I-General_Concept
Programs	I-General_Concept
To	I-General_Concept
Useful	I-General_Concept
Systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
enables	O
pooling	O
compute	O
,	O
storage	O
,	O
and	O
network	O
resources	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
dynamically	O
scaled	O
up	O
or	O
down	O
as	O
application	O
workloads	O
change	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mårten	O
Mickos	O
was	O
the	O
CEO	O
of	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2014	O
,	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
was	O
acquired	O
by	O
Hewlett-Packard	O
and	O
then	O
maintained	O
by	O
DXC	O
Technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
DXC	O
stopped	O
developing	O
the	O
product	O
in	O
late	O
2017	O
,	O
AppScale	B-Application
Systems	I-Application
forked	O
the	O
code	O
and	O
started	O
supporting	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
software	I-Application
development	O
had	O
its	O
roots	O
in	O
the	O
Virtual	O
Grid	O
Application	O
Development	O
Software	O
project	O
,	O
at	O
Rice	O
University	O
and	O
other	O
institutions	O
from	O
2003	O
to	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
software	O
was	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
9.04	O
distribution	O
in	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
was	O
formed	O
in	O
2009	O
with	O
$5.5	O
million	O
in	O
funding	O
by	O
Benchmark	O
Capital	O
to	O
commercialize	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
co-founders	O
of	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
were	O
Rich	O
Wolski	O
(	O
CTO	O
)	O
,	O
Dan	O
Nurmi	O
,	O
Neil	O
Soman	O
,	O
Dmitrii	O
Zagorodnov	O
,	O
Chris	O
Grzegorczyk	O
,	O
Graziano	O
Obertelli	O
and	O
Woody	O
Rollins	O
(	O
CEO	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
Systems	O
announced	O
a	O
formal	O
agreement	O
with	O
Amazon	B-Application
Web	I-Application
Services	I-Application
in	O
March	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hewlett-Packard	O
acquired	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
in	O
September	O
2014	O
,	O
although	O
by	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2016	O
its	O
public	O
cloud	O
offering	O
HPE	B-General_Concept
Helion	I-General_Concept
was	O
shut	O
down	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
team	O
was	O
transferred	O
to	O
the	O
HPE	O
Enterprise	O
Services	O
division	O
,	O
which	O
split	O
away	O
from	O
HPE	O
and	O
merged	O
with	O
Computer	O
Sciences	O
Corporation	O
forming	O
DXC	O
Technology	O
on	O
April	O
1	O
,	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DXC	O
chose	O
to	O
stop	O
development	O
and	O
support	O
of	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
in	O
2017	O
,	O
prompting	O
AppScale	B-Application
Systems	I-Application
,	O
led	O
by	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
founding	O
team	O
,	O
to	O
fork	O
the	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AppScale	B-Application
Systems	I-Application
started	O
commercially	O
supporting	O
and	O
developing	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
which	O
was	O
renamed	O
AppScale	B-Application
ATS	O
,	O
since	O
late	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
commands	O
can	O
manage	O
either	O
Amazon	O
or	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
instances	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
can	O
also	O
move	O
instances	O
between	O
a	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
private	O
cloud	O
and	O
the	O
Amazon	B-General_Concept
Elastic	I-General_Concept
Compute	I-General_Concept
Cloud	I-General_Concept
to	O
create	O
a	O
hybrid	O
cloud	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hardware	B-General_Concept
virtualization	I-General_Concept
isolates	O
applications	O
from	O
computer	O
hardware	O
details	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
uses	O
the	O
terminology	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
bundled	O
and	O
uploaded	O
to	O
the	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
cloud	O
,	O
this	O
becomes	O
a	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
machine	O
image	O
(	O
EMI	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IP	B-Protocol
addressing	I-Protocol
–	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
instances	O
can	O
have	O
public	O
and	O
private	O
IP	B-Protocol
addresses	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
is	O
assigned	O
to	O
an	O
instance	O
when	O
the	O
instance	O
is	O
created	O
from	O
an	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instances	O
that	O
require	O
a	O
persistent	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
web-server	O
,	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
supplies	O
elastic	O
IP	B-Protocol
addresses	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
are	O
pre-allocated	O
by	O
the	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
cloud	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
reassigned	O
to	O
a	O
running	O
instance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Security	O
–	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
security	O
groups	O
share	O
a	O
common	O
set	O
of	O
firewall	O
rules	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
a	O
mechanism	O
to	O
firewall	O
off	O
an	O
instance	O
using	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
and	O
port	O
block/allow	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instances	O
are	O
isolated	O
at	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
layer	O
2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Managed	O
Mode	O
,	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
manages	O
a	O
local	O
network	O
of	O
instances	O
,	O
including	O
security	O
groups	O
and	O
IP	B-Protocol
addresses	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
System	O
Mode	O
,	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
assigns	O
a	O
MAC	O
address	O
and	O
attaches	O
the	O
instance	O
's	O
network	O
interface	O
to	O
the	O
physical	O
network	O
through	O
the	O
Node	O
Controller	O
's	O
bridge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
System	O
Mode	O
does	O
not	O
offer	O
elastic	O
IP	B-Protocol
addresses	I-Protocol
,	O
security	O
groups	O
,	O
or	O
VM	O
isolation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Static	O
Mode	O
,	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
assigns	O
IP	B-Protocol
addresses	I-Protocol
to	O
instances	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Access	O
Control	O
–	O
A	O
user	O
of	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
is	O
assigned	O
an	O
identity	O
,	O
and	O
identities	O
can	O
be	O
grouped	O
together	O
for	O
access	O
control	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
has	O
six	O
components	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Cloud	O
Controller	O
(	O
CLC	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
Java	B-Language
program	O
that	O
offers	O
EC2-compatible	O
interfaces	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
a	O
web	O
interface	O
to	O
the	O
outside	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CLC	O
accepts	O
user	O
API	O
requests	O
from	O
command-line	O
interfaces	O
like	O
euca2ools	B-General_Concept
or	O
GUI-based	O
tools	O
like	O
the	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
User	O
Console	O
and	O
manages	O
the	O
underlying	O
compute	O
,	O
storage	O
,	O
and	O
network	O
resources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Walrus	O
,	O
also	O
written	O
in	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
is	O
the	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
equivalent	O
to	O
AWS	B-Application
Simple	B-General_Concept
Storage	I-General_Concept
Service	I-General_Concept
(	O
S3	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Walrus	O
offers	O
persistent	O
storage	O
to	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
virtual	O
machines	O
in	O
the	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
cloud	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
simple	O
HTTP	O
put/get	O
storage	O
as	O
a	O
service	O
solution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Cluster	O
Controller	O
(	O
CC	O
)	O
is	O
written	O
in	O
C	B-Language
and	O
acts	O
as	O
the	O
front	O
end	O
for	O
a	O
cluster	O
within	O
a	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
cloud	O
and	O
communicates	O
with	O
the	O
Storage	O
Controller	O
and	O
Node	O
Controller	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Storage	O
Controller	O
(	O
SC	O
)	O
is	O
written	O
in	O
Java	B-Language
and	O
is	O
the	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
equivalent	O
to	O
AWS	B-Application
EBS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
communicates	O
with	O
the	O
Cluster	O
Controller	O
and	O
Node	O
Controller	O
and	O
manages	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
block	O
volumes	O
and	O
snapshots	O
to	O
the	O
instances	O
within	O
its	O
specific	O
cluster	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
VMware	O
Broker	O
is	O
an	O
optional	O
component	O
that	O
provides	O
an	O
AWS-compatible	O
interface	O
for	O
VMware	O
environments	O
and	O
physically	O
runs	O
on	O
the	O
Cluster	O
Controller	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
VMware	O
Broker	O
overlays	O
existing	O
ESX/ESXi	O
hosts	O
and	O
transforms	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
Machine	O
Images	O
(	O
EMIs	O
)	O
to	O
VMware	O
virtual	O
disks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Node	O
Controller	O
(	O
NC	O
)	O
is	O
written	O
in	O
C	B-Language
and	O
hosts	O
the	O
virtual	O
machine	O
instances	O
and	O
manages	O
the	O
virtual	O
network	O
endpoints	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Organizations	O
can	O
use	O
or	O
reuse	O
AWS-compatible	O
tools	O
,	O
images	O
,	O
and	O
scripts	O
to	O
manage	O
their	O
own	O
on-premises	O
infrastructure	B-General_Concept
as	I-General_Concept
a	I-General_Concept
service	I-General_Concept
(	O
IaaS	B-General_Concept
)	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
AWS	B-Application
API	O
is	O
implemented	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
,	O
so	O
tools	O
in	B-Architecture
the	I-Architecture
cloud	I-Architecture
ecosystem	O
that	O
can	O
communicate	O
with	O
AWS	B-Application
can	O
use	O
the	O
same	O
API	O
with	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2012	O
,	O
Amazon	B-Application
Web	I-Application
Services	I-Application
and	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
announced	O
details	O
of	O
the	O
compatibility	O
between	O
AWS	B-Application
and	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
part	O
of	O
this	O
agreement	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
will	O
support	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
as	O
they	O
continue	O
to	O
extend	O
compatibility	O
with	O
AWS	B-Application
APIs	O
and	O
customer	O
use	O
cases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Customers	O
can	O
run	O
applications	O
in	O
their	O
existing	O
data	O
centers	O
that	O
are	O
compatible	O
with	O
Amazon	B-Application
Web	I-Application
Services	I-Application
such	O
as	O
Amazon	B-General_Concept
Elastic	I-General_Concept
Compute	I-General_Concept
Cloud	I-General_Concept
(	O
EC2	O
)	O
and	O
Amazon	B-General_Concept
Simple	I-General_Concept
Storage	I-General_Concept
Service	I-General_Concept
(	O
S3	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
3.3	O
was	O
released	O
,	O
featuring	O
a	O
new	O
series	O
of	O
AWS-compatible	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Autoscaling	B-General_Concept
–	O
Allows	O
application	O
developers	O
to	O
scale	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
cloud	O
resources	O
up	O
or	O
down	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
maintain	O
performance	O
and	O
meet	O
SLAs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
auto-scaling	B-General_Concept
,	O
developers	O
can	O
add	O
instances	O
and	O
virtual	O
machines	O
as	O
traffic	O
demands	O
increase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Auto-scaling	B-General_Concept
policies	O
for	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
are	O
defined	O
using	O
Amazon	O
EC2-compatible	O
APIs	O
and	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Elastic	B-Application
Load	I-Application
Balancing	I-Application
–	O
A	O
service	O
that	O
distributes	O
incoming	O
application	O
traffic	O
and	O
service	O
calls	O
across	O
multiple	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
workload	O
instances	O
,	O
providing	O
greater	O
application	O
fault	O
tolerance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CloudWatch	O
–	O
A	O
monitoring	O
tool	O
similar	O
to	O
Amazon	O
CloudWatch	O
that	O
monitors	O
resources	O
and	O
applications	O
on	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
clouds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
3.3	O
is	O
also	O
the	O
first	O
private	O
cloud	O
platform	O
to	O
support	O
Netflix	O
's	O
open	O
source	O
tools	O
–	O
including	O
Chaos	O
Monkey	O
,	O
Asgard	O
,	O
and	O
Edda	O
–	O
through	O
its	O
API	O
fidelity	O
with	O
AWS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
User	O
Console	O
provides	O
an	O
interface	O
for	O
users	O
to	O
self-service	O
provision	O
and	O
configure	O
compute	O
,	O
network	O
,	O
and	O
storage	O
resources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IaaS	B-General_Concept
service	O
components	O
Cloud	O
Controller	O
,	O
Cluster	O
Controller	O
,	O
Walrus	O
,	O
Storage	O
Controller	O
,	O
and	O
VMware	O
Broker	O
are	O
configurable	O
as	O
redundant	O
systems	O
that	O
are	O
resilient	O
to	O
multiple	O
types	O
of	O
failures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
can	O
run	O
multiple	O
versions	O
of	O
Windows	O
and	O
Linux	B-Application
virtual	O
machine	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
can	O
build	O
a	O
library	O
of	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
Machine	O
Images	O
(	O
EMIs	O
)	O
with	O
application	O
metadata	O
that	O
are	O
decoupled	O
from	O
infrastructure	O
details	O
to	O
allow	O
them	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
clouds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amazon	O
Machine	O
Images	O
are	O
also	O
compatible	O
with	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
clouds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VMware	O
Images	O
and	O
vApps	O
can	O
be	O
converted	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
clouds	O
and	O
AWS	B-Application
public	O
clouds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
user	O
identity	O
management	O
can	O
be	O
integrated	O
with	O
existing	O
Microsoft	O
Active	O
Directory	O
or	O
LDAP	O
systems	O
to	O
have	O
fine-grained	O
role	O
based	O
access	O
control	O
over	O
cloud	O
resources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
supports	O
storage	O
area	O
network	O
devices	O
to	O
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
storage	O
arrays	O
to	O
improve	O
performance	O
and	O
reliability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
Machine	O
Images	O
can	O
be	O
backed	O
by	O
EBS-like	O
persistent	O
storage	O
volumes	O
,	O
improving	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
image	O
launch	O
time	O
and	O
enabling	O
fully	O
persistent	O
virtual	O
machine	O
instances	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
also	O
supports	O
direct-attached	B-General_Concept
storage	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
3.3	O
offers	O
new	O
features	O
for	O
AWS	B-Application
compatibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
include	O
resource	O
tagging	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
application	O
developers	O
and	O
cloud	O
administrators	O
to	O
assign	O
customizable	O
metadata	O
tags	O
to	O
resources	O
such	O
as	O
firewalls	O
,	O
load	B-Application
balancers	I-Application
,	O
Web	O
servers	O
,	O
and	O
individual	O
workloads	O
to	O
better	O
identify	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
3.3	O
also	O
supports	O
an	O
expanded	O
set	O
of	O
instance	O
types	O
to	O
more	O
closely	O
align	O
to	O
instance	O
types	O
in	O
Amazon	B-General_Concept
EC2	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
3.3	O
also	O
includes	O
a	O
new	O
Maintenance	O
Mode	O
that	O
allows	O
cloud	O
administrators	O
to	O
perform	O
maintenance	O
on	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
clouds	O
with	O
zero	O
downtime	O
to	O
instances	O
or	O
cloud	B-Architecture
applications	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
3.4	O
,	O
released	O
on	O
October	O
24	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
added	O
new	O
features	O
including	O
improved	O
image	O
management	O
and	O
migration	O
tools	O
,	O
capabilities	O
for	O
warm	O
upgrades	O
,	O
a	O
hybrid	O
cloud	O
user	O
console	O
to	O
manage	O
both	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
and	O
AWS	B-Application
resources	O
,	O
Identity	O
and	O
Access	O
Management	O
(	O
IAM	O
)	O
roles	O
,	O
and	O
improved	O
High	O
Availability	O
(	O
HA	O
)	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
