<s>
The	O
physical-layer	B-Application
specifications	O
of	O
the	O
Ethernet	O
family	O
of	O
computer	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
standards	O
are	O
published	O
by	O
the	O
Institute	O
of	O
Electrical	O
and	O
Electronics	O
Engineers	O
(	O
IEEE	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
defines	O
the	O
electrical	O
or	O
optical	O
properties	O
and	O
the	O
transfer	O
speed	O
of	O
the	O
physical	O
connection	O
between	O
a	O
device	O
and	O
the	O
network	O
or	O
between	O
network	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
complemented	O
by	O
the	O
MAC	B-Protocol
layer	I-Protocol
and	O
the	O
logical	O
link	O
layer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Ethernet	B-Protocol
physical	I-Protocol
layer	I-Protocol
has	O
evolved	O
over	O
its	O
existence	O
starting	O
in	O
1980	O
and	O
encompasses	O
multiple	O
physical	O
media	O
interfaces	O
and	O
several	O
orders	B-Device
of	I-Device
magnitude	I-Device
of	O
speed	O
from	O
1Mbit/s	O
to	O
400Gbit/s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
physical	O
medium	O
ranges	O
from	O
bulky	O
coaxial	O
cable	O
to	O
twisted	O
pair	O
and	O
optical	B-Architecture
fiber	I-Architecture
with	O
a	O
standardized	O
reach	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
80km	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
general	O
,	O
network	B-Protocol
protocol	I-Protocol
stack	I-Protocol
software	O
will	O
work	O
similarly	O
on	O
all	O
physical	B-Application
layers	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
Ethernet	B-Protocol
adapters	I-Protocol
and	O
switch	B-Protocol
ports	I-Protocol
support	O
multiple	O
speeds	O
by	O
using	O
autonegotiation	B-Protocol
to	O
set	O
the	O
speed	O
and	O
duplex	O
for	O
the	O
best	O
values	O
supported	O
by	O
both	O
connected	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
autonegotiation	B-Protocol
fails	O
,	O
some	O
multiple-speed	O
devices	O
sense	O
the	O
speed	O
used	O
by	O
their	O
partner	O
,	O
but	O
this	O
may	O
result	O
in	O
a	O
duplex	B-Protocol
mismatch	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
rare	O
exceptions	O
,	O
a	O
100BASE-TX	B-Protocol
port	O
(	O
10/100	B-Protocol
)	O
also	O
supports	O
10BASE-T	B-Protocol
while	O
a	O
1000BASE-T	O
port	O
(	O
10/100/1000	B-Protocol
)	O
also	O
supports	O
10BASE-T	B-Protocol
and	O
100BASE-TX	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
10GBASE-T	O
ports	O
also	O
support	O
1000BASE-T	O
,	O
some	O
even	O
100BASE-TX	B-Protocol
or	O
10BASE-T	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
autonegotiation	B-Protocol
can	O
practically	O
be	O
relied	O
on	O
for	O
Ethernet	B-Protocol
over	I-Protocol
twisted	I-Protocol
pair	I-Protocol
,	O
few	O
optical-fiber	O
ports	O
support	O
multiple	O
speeds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
10	O
Gigabit	O
Ethernet	O
was	O
already	O
used	O
in	O
both	O
enterprise	O
and	O
carrier	O
networks	O
by	O
2007	O
,	O
with	O
40Gbit/s	O
and	O
100	B-Protocol
Gigabit	I-Protocol
Ethernet	I-Protocol
ratified	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
,	O
the	O
fastest	O
additions	O
to	O
the	O
Ethernet	O
family	O
were	O
200	B-Protocol
and	I-Protocol
400	I-Protocol
Gbit/s	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
10Mbit/s	O
,	O
no	O
encoding	O
is	O
indicated	O
as	O
all	O
variants	O
use	O
Manchester	B-Protocol
code	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
these	O
official	O
standards	O
,	O
many	O
vendors	O
have	O
implemented	O
proprietary	O
media	O
types	O
for	O
various	O
reasonsoften	O
to	O
support	O
longer	O
distances	O
over	O
fiber	B-Architecture
optic	I-Architecture
cabling	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
Ethernet	O
standards	O
used	O
Manchester	B-Protocol
coding	I-Protocol
so	O
that	O
the	O
signal	O
was	O
self-clocking	O
and	O
not	O
adversely	O
affected	O
by	O
high-pass	O
filters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NameStandard	O
(	O
Clause	O
)	O
Common	O
connectorsLink	O
reachRequired	O
cableDescription	O
Coaxial	O
cableXerox	O
experimental	O
EthernetProprietary	O
(	O
1976	O
)	O
Vampire	O
tap1	O
km75	O
Ω	O
coaxialThe	O
original	O
2.94	O
Mbit/s	O
Ethernet	O
implementation	O
had	O
eight-bit	O
addresses	O
and	O
other	O
differences	O
in	O
frame	O
format.10BASE5	O
(	O
8	O
)	O
AUI	B-Protocol
,	O
N	B-Protocol
,	O
vampire	O
tap500	O
mRG-8XOriginal	O
standard	O
uses	O
a	O
single	O
coaxial	O
cable	O
in	O
which	O
a	O
connection	O
is	O
made	O
by	O
tapping	O
into	O
the	O
single	O
cable	O
,	O
drilling	O
in	O
to	O
make	O
contact	O
with	O
the	O
core	O
and	O
the	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
10	O
Mbit/s	O
over	O
expensive	O
50	O
Ω	O
coaxial	O
cabling	O
,	O
electrical	O
bus	B-Architecture
topology	I-Architecture
with	O
collision	O
detection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deprecated	O
2003.10BASE2	O
(	O
10	O
)	O
BNC	B-Protocol
,	O
185	O
mRG-5850	O
Ω	O
coaxial	O
cable	O
connects	O
machines	O
together	O
,	O
each	O
machine	O
using	O
a	O
T-connector	O
to	O
connect	O
to	O
its	O
NIC	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
10	O
Mbit/s	O
over	O
RG-58	O
coaxial	O
cabling	O
,	O
bus	B-Architecture
topology	I-Architecture
with	O
collision	O
detection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
utilized	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
modulation	O
techniques	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
those	O
employed	O
in	O
cable	B-Device
modem	I-Device
systems	O
,	O
and	O
operated	O
over	O
coaxial	O
cable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
10	O
Mbit/s	O
,	O
scrambled	O
NRZ	B-Protocol
signaling	O
modulated	O
(	O
PSK	B-General_Concept
)	O
over	O
high	O
frequency	O
carrier	O
,	O
broad	O
bandwidth	O
coaxial	O
cabling	O
,	O
bus	B-Architecture
topology	I-Architecture
with	O
collision	O
detection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twisted-pair	O
cable1BASE5	O
(	O
12	O
)	O
8P8C	O
(	O
)	O
250	O
mvoice-gradeAlso	O
called	O
StarLAN	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Operated	O
at	O
1	O
Mbit/s	O
over	B-Protocol
twisted	I-Protocol
pair	I-Protocol
to	O
an	O
active	B-Protocol
hub	I-Protocol
,	O
star	B-Architecture
topology	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
a	O
commercial	O
failure	O
,	O
1BASE5	B-Protocol
pioneered	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
twisted-pair	O
cabling	O
and	O
defined	O
the	O
architecture	O
for	O
all	O
subsequent	O
Ethernet	O
evolution	O
on	O
that	O
medium	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deprecated	O
2003.StarLAN	O
10Proprietary	O
(	O
1988	O
)	O
8P8C100	O
mvoice-grade10	O
Mbit/s	O
over	O
copper	O
twisted	O
pair	O
cabling	O
,	O
star	O
topologyevolved	O
into	O
10BASE-TLattisNet	O
UTPProprietary	O
(	O
1987	O
)	O
8P8C100	O
mvoice-grade	O
10	O
Mbit/s	O
over	O
copper	O
twisted	O
pair	O
cabling	O
,	O
star	O
topologyevolved	O
into	O
10BASE-T	B-Protocol
(	O
14	O
)	O
8P8C	O
(	O
)	O
100	O
m	O
Cat-3	B-Protocol
Runs	O
over	O
four	O
wires	O
(	O
two	O
twisted	O
pairs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
repeater	B-Protocol
hub	I-Protocol
or	O
switch	B-Protocol
sits	O
in	O
the	O
middle	O
and	O
has	O
a	O
port	O
for	O
each	O
node	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
14	O
)	O
100	O
mCat-5Energy-efficient	O
Ethernet	O
variant	O
of	O
10BASE-T	B-Protocol
using	O
a	O
reduced	O
amplitude	O
signal	O
over	O
Category	B-Protocol
5	I-Protocol
cable	I-Protocol
,	O
completely	O
interoperable	O
with	O
10BASE-T	B-Protocol
nodes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
146	O
)	O
IEC	O
63171-1	O
,	O
IEC	O
63171-61000	O
mEthernet	O
over	O
a	O
single	O
twisted	O
pair	O
-	O
long	O
reach	O
,	O
for	O
industrial	O
applications	O
(	O
147	O
)	O
25	O
mEthernet	O
over	O
a	O
single	O
twisted	O
pair	O
-	O
short	O
reach	O
,	O
for	O
automotive	O
applications	O
,	O
including	O
PoDL	O
Fiber-optical	O
cableFOIRL	O
(	O
9.9	O
)	O
ST1000	O
mFDDI-style	O
MMF	B-Device
Fiber-optic	B-Architecture
inter-repeater	O
link	O
;	O
the	O
original	O
standard	O
for	O
Ethernet	O
over	O
fiber	O
,	O
superseded	O
by	O
,	O
deprecated	O
2011	O
(	O
15	O
)	O
A	O
generic	O
term	O
for	O
the	O
family	O
of	O
10	O
Mbit/s	O
Ethernet	O
standards	O
using	O
fiber	B-Architecture
optic	I-Architecture
cable	O
:	O
,	O
and	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
10	O
Mbit/s	O
over	O
fiber	O
pair	O
(	O
15&18	O
)	O
ST2000	O
m	O
FDDI-style	O
MMF	B-Device
An	O
updated	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
FOIRL	O
standard	O
for	O
end	O
nodes	O
,	O
2	O
km	O
reach	O
over	O
FDDI-style	O
multi-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
,	O
850	O
nm	O
wavelength	O
(	O
15&17	O
)	O
2000	O
m	O
Intended	O
for	O
backbones	O
connecting	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
hubs	B-Protocol
or	O
switches	O
as	O
a	O
direct	O
successor	O
to	O
FOIRL	O
;	O
deprecated	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
15&16	O
)	O
1000	O
m	O
A	O
passive	O
star	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
that	O
required	O
no	O
repeater	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
never	O
implemented	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
Fast	B-Protocol
Ethernet	I-Protocol
variants	O
use	O
a	O
star	B-Architecture
topology	I-Architecture
and	O
generally	O
use	O
4B5B	B-Protocol
line	B-Protocol
coding	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
NameStandard	O
(	O
Clause	O
)	O
Common	O
connectorsDescription	O
Twisted-pair	O
cable100BASE‑T	O
(	O
21	O
)	O
A	O
term	O
for	O
any	O
of	O
the	O
three	O
standards	O
for	O
100	O
Mbit/s	O
Ethernet	B-Protocol
over	I-Protocol
twisted	I-Protocol
pair	I-Protocol
cable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Includes	O
100BASE-TX	B-Protocol
,	O
100BASE-T4	O
and	O
100BASE-T2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
100BASE-TX	B-Protocol
has	O
totally	O
dominated	O
the	O
market	O
,	O
and	O
may	O
be	O
considered	O
synonymous	O
with	O
100BASE-T	O
in	O
informal	O
usage.100BASE-TX	O
(	O
24	O
,	O
25	O
)	O
8P8C	O
(	O
FDDI	B-Protocol
TP-PMD	O
standard	O
,	O
ANSI	O
INCITS	O
263-1995	O
)	O
4B5B	B-Protocol
MLT-3	B-Protocol
coded	O
signaling	O
,	O
Category	B-Protocol
5	I-Protocol
cable	I-Protocol
using	O
two	O
twisted	O
pairs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
still	O
very	O
popular.100BASE-T4	O
(	O
23	O
)	O
8P8C	O
(	O
)	O
8B6T	O
PAM-3	B-Device
coded	O
signaling	O
,	O
Category	B-Protocol
3	I-Protocol
cable	I-Protocol
(	O
as	O
used	O
for	O
10BASE-T	B-Protocol
installations	O
)	O
using	O
four	O
twisted	O
pairs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deprecated	O
2003.100BASE-T2	O
(	O
32	O
)	O
8P8C	O
(	O
)	O
PAM-5	B-Device
coded	O
signaling	O
,	O
CAT3	O
copper	O
cabling	O
with	O
two	O
twisted	O
pairs	O
,	O
star	B-Architecture
topology	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
functionally	O
equivalent	O
to	O
100BASE-TX	B-Protocol
,	O
but	O
supports	O
old	O
telephone	O
cable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
special	O
sophisticated	O
digital	O
signal	O
processors	O
are	O
required	O
to	O
handle	O
encoding	B-Protocol
schemes	I-Protocol
required	O
,	O
making	O
this	O
option	O
fairly	O
expensive	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
arrived	O
well	O
after	O
100BASE-TX	B-Protocol
was	O
established	O
in	O
the	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
100BASE-T2	O
and	O
100BASE-T4	O
were	O
not	O
widely	O
adopted	O
but	O
the	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
technology	O
developed	O
for	O
them	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
1000BASE-T	O
.	O
Deprecated	O
2003.100BASE-T1	O
(	O
96	O
)	O
none	O
specified	O
Uses	O
PAM-3	B-Device
modulation	O
at	O
66.7	O
MBd	O
over	O
a	O
single	O
,	O
bi-directional	O
twisted	O
pair	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
15	O
m	O
;	O
three	O
bits	O
are	O
encoded	O
as	O
two	O
ternary	O
symbols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inherently	O
half-duplex	O
,	O
it	O
needed	O
four	O
pairs	O
in	O
a	O
Cat-3	B-Protocol
cable	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Now	O
obsolete	O
,	O
the	O
standard	O
has	O
been	O
withdrawn	O
in	O
2001.HDMI	O
Ethernet	O
Channel	O
(	O
2009	O
)	O
HDMIHEC	O
uses	O
a	O
hybrid	O
to	O
mix	O
and	O
separate	O
100BASE-TX	B-Protocol
'	O
s	O
transmit	O
and	O
receive	O
signals	O
through	O
a	O
single	O
twisted	O
pair	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fiber-optical	O
cable100BASE‑FX	O
(	O
24	O
,	O
26	O
)	O
ST	O
,	O
SC4B5B	O
NRZI	O
coded	O
signaling	O
,	O
two	O
strands	O
of	O
multi-mode	B-Device
optical	I-Device
fiber	I-Device
using	O
1300	O
nm	O
wavelength	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
specifications	O
are	O
largely	O
borrowed	O
from	O
FDDI.100BASE	O
‑SX	O
(	O
2000	O
)	O
ST	O
,	O
SC100	O
Mbit/s	O
Ethernet	O
over	O
multi-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
100BASE-SX	O
used	O
short	O
wavelength	O
(	O
850	O
nm	O
)	O
optics	O
that	O
was	O
sharable	O
with	O
10BASE-FL	O
,	O
thus	O
making	O
an	O
autonegotiation	B-Protocol
scheme	O
possible	O
with	O
10/100	B-Protocol
fiber	O
adapters.100BASE	O
‑BX10	O
(	O
58	O
,	O
66	O
)	O
ST	O
,	O
SC	O
,	O
LC100	O
Mbit/s	O
Ethernet	O
bidirectionally	O
over	O
a	O
single	O
strand	O
of	O
single-mode	B-Device
optical	I-Device
fiber	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Extensions	O
of	O
the	O
10	O
Gb/s	O
Reconciliation	O
Sublayer	O
(	O
RS	O
)	O
,	O
100BASE-X	B-Protocol
PHY	O
,	O
and	O
1000BASE-X	O
PHY	O
for	O
unidirectional	O
transport100BASE-LX10	O
(	O
58	O
)	O
ST	O
,	O
SC	O
,	O
LC100	O
Mbit/s	O
Ethernet	O
up	O
to	O
10	O
km	O
over	O
a	O
pair	O
of	O
single-mode	B-Device
fibers	I-Device
,	O
using	O
1310	O
wavelength	O
,	O
full-duplex	O
only	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
Gigabit	O
Ethernet	O
variants	O
use	O
a	O
star	B-Architecture
topology	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
1000BASE-X	O
variants	O
use	O
8b/10b	B-Protocol
PCS	O
encoding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NameStandard	O
(	O
Clause	O
)	O
Common	O
connectorsDescription	O
Twisted-pair	O
cable1000BASE-T	O
(	O
40	O
)	O
8P8C	O
(	O
)	O
PAM-5	B-Device
coded	O
signaling	O
,	O
at	O
least	O
Category	B-Protocol
5	I-Protocol
cable	I-Protocol
,	O
with	O
Category	B-Protocol
5e	I-Protocol
strongly	O
recommended	O
copper	O
cabling	O
with	O
four	O
twisted	O
pairs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Extremely	O
wide	O
adoption.1000BASE-T1	O
(	O
97	O
)	O
none	O
specifiedUses	O
a	O
single	O
,	O
bi-directional	O
twisted	O
pair	O
in	O
full	O
duplex	O
mode	O
only	O
;	O
cables	O
specified	O
for	O
a	O
reach	O
of	O
15	O
m	O
(	O
automotive	O
link	O
segment	O
)	O
or	O
40	O
m	O
(	O
optional	O
link	O
segment	O
)	O
,	O
intended	O
for	O
automotive	O
and	O
industrial	O
applications	O
;	O
it	O
uses	O
80B/81B	O
encoding	O
in	O
the	O
PCS	O
,	O
PAM-3	B-Device
signalling	O
at	O
750	O
MBd	O
(	O
three	O
bits	O
transmitted	O
as	O
two	O
ternary	O
symbols	O
)	O
and	O
includes	O
Reed	O
–	O
Solomon	O
error	O
correction.1000BASE-TX	O
(	O
2001	O
)	O
8P8C	O
(	O
)	O
Category	B-Protocol
6	I-Protocol
cable	I-Protocol
required	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fiber-optic	B-Architecture
cable1000BASE-SX	O
(	O
38	O
)	O
ST	O
,	O
SC	O
,	O
LC8b/10b	O
NRZ	B-Protocol
coded	O
signaling	O
on	O
850	O
nm	O
carrier	O
,	O
short-range	O
multi-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
(	O
up	O
to	O
550	O
m	O
)	O
.1000BASE-LX	O
(	O
38	O
)	O
SC	O
,	O
LC8b/10b	O
NRZ	B-Protocol
coded	O
signaling	O
on	O
1310	O
nm	O
carrier	O
,	O
multi-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
(	O
up	O
to	O
550	O
m	O
)	O
or	O
single-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
of	O
up	O
to	O
5	O
km	O
;	O
most	O
current	O
implementations	O
are	O
actually	O
1000BASE-LX10	O
with	O
10	O
km	O
reach1000BASE-BX10	O
(	O
59	O
)	O
SC	O
,	O
LCup	O
to	O
10	O
km	O
on	O
1490	O
and	O
1310	O
nm	O
carriers	O
;	O
bidirectional	O
over	O
single	O
strand	O
of	O
single-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
;	O
often	O
called	O
just	O
1000BASE-BX1000BASE-LX10	O
(	O
59	O
)	O
SC	O
,	O
LCidentical	O
to	O
1000BASE-LX	O
but	O
increased	O
power	O
and	O
sensitivity	O
for	O
up	O
to	O
10	O
km	O
over	O
a	O
pair	O
of	O
single-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
;	O
commonly	O
called	O
just	O
1000BASE-LX	O
or	O
,	O
prior	O
to	O
802.3ah	B-Protocol
,	O
1000BASE-LH	O
;	O
vendor-specific	O
extensions	O
exist	O
for	O
up	O
to	O
40	O
km	O
reach1000BASE‑PX10‑D	O
(	O
60	O
)	O
SC	O
,	O
LCdownstream	O
(	O
from	O
head-end	O
to	O
tail-ends	O
)	O
over	O
single-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
using	O
point-to-multipoint	B-General_Concept
topology	O
(	O
supports	O
at	O
least	O
10	O
km	O
)	O
.1000BASE	O
‑PX10‑U	O
(	O
60	O
)	O
upstream	O
(	O
from	O
a	O
tail-end	O
to	O
the	O
head-end	O
)	O
over	O
single-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
using	O
point-to-multipoint	B-General_Concept
topology	O
(	O
supports	O
at	O
least	O
10	O
km	O
)	O
.1000BASE	O
‑PX20‑D	O
(	O
60	O
)	O
downstream	O
(	O
from	O
head-end	O
to	O
tail-ends	O
)	O
over	O
single-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
using	O
point-to-multipoint	B-General_Concept
topology	O
(	O
supports	O
at	O
least	O
20	O
km	O
)	O
.1000BASE	O
‑PX20‑U	O
(	O
60	O
)	O
upstream	O
(	O
from	O
a	O
tail-end	O
to	O
the	O
head-end	O
)	O
over	O
single-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
using	O
point-to-multipoint	B-General_Concept
topology	O
(	O
supports	O
at	O
least	O
20	O
km	O
)	O
.1000BASE-EX1000BASE-ZXmulti-vendorSC	O
,	O
LCup	O
to	O
40	O
or	O
100	O
km	O
over	O
single-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
on	O
1550	O
nm	O
carrier	O
OtherSFPSFPnot	O
a	O
complete	O
PHY	O
in	O
its	O
own	O
right	O
but	O
highly	O
popular	O
for	O
adding	O
modular	O
transceivers	O
;	O
single	O
lane	O
,	O
usually	O
1.25	O
Gbit/s1000BASE	O
-CX	O
(	O
39	O
)	O
DE-9	B-Protocol
,	O
FC	O
style-2/IEC	O
61076-3-103	O
,	O
CX4/SFF-84708b/10b	O
NRZ	B-Protocol
coded	O
signaling	O
over	O
up	O
to	O
25	O
m	O
shielded	O
,	O
balanced	O
copper	O
cable	O
(	O
150	O
Ω	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
physical	B-Application
layers	I-Application
support	O
twisted-pair	O
copper	O
cabling	O
and	O
backplanes	B-Architecture
only	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Subsequent	O
standards	O
encompass	O
media	O
types	O
for	O
single-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
(	O
long	O
haul	O
)	O
,	O
multi-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
(	O
up	O
to	O
400m	O
)	O
,	O
copper	O
backplane	B-Architecture
(	O
up	O
to	O
1m	O
)	O
and	O
copper	O
twisted	O
pair	O
(	O
up	O
to	O
100m	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
10-gigabit	O
variants	O
use	O
64b/66b	O
PCS	B-Protocol
code	I-Protocol
(	O
-R	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NameStandard	O
(	O
Clause	O
)	O
Common	O
connectorsDescription	O
Twisted-pair	O
cable	O
(	O
55	O
)	O
8P8C	O
(	O
(	O
unscreened	O
)	O
or	O
(	O
screened	O
)	O
)	O
Uses	O
Cat	B-Protocol
6A	I-Protocol
twisted-pair	O
wiring	O
,	O
four	O
lanes	O
at	O
800	O
MBd	O
each	O
,	O
PAM-16	O
with	O
DSQ128	O
line	B-Protocol
code	I-Protocol
10GBASE-T1	O
(	O
149	O
)	O
Uses	O
a	O
single	O
,	O
bi-directional	O
twisted	O
pair	O
in	O
full	O
duplex	O
mode	O
only	O
,	O
intended	O
for	O
automotive	O
and	O
industrial	O
applications	O
Fiber-optical	O
cable	O
(	O
52	O
)	O
SC	O
,	O
LCDesigned	O
to	O
support	O
short	O
distances	O
over	O
deployed	O
multi-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
cabling	O
using	O
850	O
nm	O
wavelength	O
;	O
it	O
has	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
between	O
26	O
m	O
and	O
400	O
m	O
depending	O
on	O
cable	O
type	O
(	O
modal	O
bandwidth:reach	O
:	O
160	O
MHz·	O
km(FDDI )	O
:26	O
m	O
,	O
200	O
MHz·	O
km(OM1 )	O
:33	O
m	O
,	O
400	O
MHz·	O
km:66	O
m	O
,	O
500	O
MHz·	O
km(OM2 )	O
:82	O
m	O
,	O
2000	O
MHz·km( 	O
>OM3	O
)	O
:300	O
m	O
,	O
4700	O
MHz·km( 	O
>OM4	O
)	O
:400	O
m	O
)	O
IEEE	O
802.3	O
Table	O
52-6	O
10GBASE-S	O
operating	O
range	O
for	O
each	O
optical	B-Architecture
fiber	I-Architecture
type	O
(	O
53	O
)	O
SC	O
,	O
LCUses	O
four	O
8b/10b	B-Protocol
lanes	O
with	O
wavelength	B-Architecture
division	I-Architecture
multiplexing	I-Architecture
(	O
1275	O
,	O
1300	O
,	O
1325	O
,	O
and	O
1350	O
nm	O
)	O
over	O
deployed/legacy	O
multi-mode	O
cabling	O
to	O
support	O
ranges	O
of	O
between	O
240	O
m	O
and	O
300	O
m	O
(	O
400/500	O
MHz·km	O
modal	O
bandwidth	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
supports	O
10	O
km	O
over	O
single-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
52	O
)	O
SC	O
,	O
LCSupports	O
10	O
km	O
over	O
single-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
using	O
1,310	O
nm	O
wavelength	O
(	O
52	O
)	O
SC	O
,	O
LCSupports	O
30	O
km	O
over	O
single-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
using	O
1,550	O
nm	O
wavelength	O
(	O
40	O
km	O
over	O
engineered	O
links	O
)	O
Multi-vendorSC	O
,	O
LCOffered	O
by	O
various	O
vendors	O
;	O
supports	O
80	O
km	O
or	O
more	O
over	O
single-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
using	O
1,550	O
nm	O
wavelength	O
(	O
52	O
)	O
A	O
variation	O
of	O
10GBASE-SR	O
with	O
9.58464	O
Gbit/s	O
,	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
mapped	O
directly	O
as	O
OC-192/STM	O
-64	O
SONET/SDH	B-Protocol
streams	O
(	O
850	O
nm	O
wavelength	O
)	O
(	O
52	O
)	O
A	O
variation	O
of	O
10GBASE-LR	O
with	O
9.58464	O
Gbit/s	O
,	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
mapped	O
directly	O
as	O
OC-192/STM	O
-64	O
SONET/SDH	B-Protocol
streams	O
(	O
1,310	O
nm	O
wavelength	O
)	O
(	O
52	O
)	O
A	O
variation	O
of	O
10GBASE-ER	O
with	O
9.58464	O
Gbit/s	O
,	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
mapped	O
directly	O
as	O
OC-192/STM	O
-64	O
SONET/SDH	B-Protocol
streams	O
(	O
1,550	O
nm	O
wavelength	O
)	O
(	O
68	O
)	O
SC	O
,	O
LCUp	O
to	O
220	O
m	O
over	O
deployed	O
500	O
MHz·km	O
multi-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
(	O
1,310	O
nm	O
wavelength	O
)	O
10GBASE-PR	B-Protocol
(	O
75	O
)	O
Providing	O
P2MP	B-General_Concept
10	B-Protocol
Gbit/s	I-Protocol
Ethernet	I-Protocol
links	I-Protocol
over	I-Protocol
PONs	I-Protocol
,	O
at	O
the	O
distance	O
of	O
10	O
or	O
20	O
km.10GBASE-BR1010GBASE-BR2010GBASE-BR40	O
(	O
158	O
)	O
SC	O
,	O
LCbidirectional	O
over	O
a	O
single	O
strand	O
of	O
single-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
for	O
up	O
to	O
10	O
,	O
20	O
or	O
40	O
km	O
using	O
1330	O
(	O
-D	O
;	O
OLT	B-Protocol
→	O
ONU	O
)	O
and	O
1270	O
nm	O
(	O
-U	O
;	O
ONU	O
→	O
OLT	B-Protocol
)	O
wavelengths	O
;	O
pre-standard	O
variants	O
offered	O
by	O
various	O
vendors	O
,	O
often	O
called	O
10GBASE-BX	O
or	O
BiDi	O
Other	O
(	O
54	O
)	O
CX4/SFF-8470/IEC	O
61076-3-113Designed	O
to	O
support	O
short	O
distances	O
over	O
copper	O
cabling	O
,	O
it	O
uses	O
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
4x	O
connectors	O
and	O
CX4	O
twinaxial	O
cabling	O
and	O
allows	O
a	O
cable	O
length	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
15	O
m	O
.	O
Was	O
specified	O
in	O
IEEE	O
802.3ak-2004	O
which	O
has	O
been	O
incorporated	O
into	O
IEEE	O
802.3-2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shipping	O
has	O
all	O
but	O
stopped	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
10GBASE-T	O
and	O
SFP+	B-Protocol
direct	O
attach	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Single-lane	O
25-gigabit	B-Protocol
Ethernet	I-Protocol
is	O
based	O
on	O
one	O
25.78125GBd	O
lane	O
of	O
the	O
four	O
from	O
the	O
100	B-Protocol
Gigabit	I-Protocol
Ethernet	I-Protocol
standard	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
P802.3by	O
task	O
force	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
25GBASE-T	O
over	B-Protocol
twisted	I-Protocol
pair	I-Protocol
was	O
approved	O
alongside	O
40GBASE-T	O
within	O
IEEE	B-Protocol
802.3bq	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
NameStandard	O
(	O
Clause	O
)	O
Common	O
connectorsDescription	O
Twisted-pair	O
cable	O
25GBASE-T	O
(	O
113	O
)	O
8P8C	O
(	O
and	O
,	O
2000	O
MHz	O
)	O
Scaled-down	O
version	O
of	O
40GBASE-T	O
–	O
up	O
to	O
30	O
m	O
Category	O
8	O
or	O
ISO/IEC	O
TR	O
11801-9905	O
 [ B1 ] 	O
cabling	O
Fiber-optical	O
cable	O
25GBASE-SR	O
(	O
112	O
)	O
LC	O
,	O
SC	O
850	O
nm	O
over	O
multi-mode	O
cabling	O
with	O
100	O
m	O
(	O
OM4	B-Device
)	O
or	O
70	O
m	O
(	O
OM3	O
)	O
reachNx25-EPON	O
(	O
141	O
)	O
Providing	O
P2MP	B-General_Concept
25	O
Gbit/s	O
Ethernet	O
links	O
over	O
PONs	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
distance	O
of	O
at	O
least	O
20	O
km	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
class	O
of	O
Ethernet	O
was	O
standardized	O
in	O
June	O
2010	O
as	O
IEEE	B-Protocol
802.3ba	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IEEE	B-Protocol
802.3cd	I-Protocol
task	O
force	O
developed	O
50Gbit/s	O
along	O
with	O
next-generation	O
100	O
and	O
200Gbit/s	O
standards	O
using	O
50Gbit/s	O
lanes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
generation	O
of	O
100	B-Protocol
Gigabit	I-Protocol
Ethernet	I-Protocol
using	O
10	O
and	O
25Gbit/s	O
lanes	O
was	O
standardized	O
in	O
June	O
2010	O
as	O
IEEE	B-Protocol
802.3ba	I-Protocol
alongside	O
40	B-Protocol
Gigabit	I-Protocol
Ethernet	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
second	O
generation	O
using	O
50Gbit/s	O
lanes	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
IEEE	B-Protocol
802.3cd	I-Protocol
task	O
force	O
along	O
with	O
50	O
and	O
200Gbit/s	O
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IEEE	B-Protocol
802.3cd	I-Protocol
task	O
force	O
has	O
developed	O
50	O
and	O
next-generation	O
100	O
and	O
200Gbit/s	O
standards	O
using	O
one	O
,	O
two	O
,	O
or	O
four	O
50Gbit/s	O
lanes	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
next	O
generation	O
using	O
100	O
Gbit/s	O
lanes	O
was	O
standardized	O
in	O
September	O
2022	O
as	O
IEEE	O
802.3ck	O
along	O
with	O
100	O
and	O
400Gbit/s	O
PHYs	O
and	O
attachment	B-Protocol
unit	I-Protocol
interfaces	I-Protocol
(	O
AUI	B-Protocol
)	O
using	O
100Gbit/s	O
lanes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2018	O
,	O
IEEE	O
802.3	O
started	O
the	O
802.3ck	O
task	O
force	O
to	O
develop	O
standards	O
for	O
100	O
,	O
200	O
,	O
and	O
400Gbit/s	O
PHYs	O
and	O
attachment	B-Protocol
unit	I-Protocol
interfaces	I-Protocol
(	O
AUI	B-Protocol
)	O
using	O
100Gbit/s	O
lanes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2008	O
,	O
Robert	O
Metcalfe	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
co-inventors	O
of	O
Ethernet	O
,	O
said	O
he	O
believed	O
commercial	O
applications	O
using	O
Terabit	B-Protocol
Ethernet	I-Protocol
may	O
occur	O
by	O
2015	O
,	O
though	O
it	O
might	O
require	O
new	O
Ethernet	O
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Ethernet	B-Protocol
Technology	I-Protocol
Consortium	I-Protocol
proposed	O
an	O
800Gbit/s	O
Ethernet	O
PCS	O
variant	O
based	O
on	O
tightly	O
bundled	O
400GBASE-R	O
in	O
April	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2021	O
,	O
IEEE	O
started	O
the	O
P802.3df	O
Task	O
Force	O
to	O
define	O
variants	O
for	O
800	O
and	O
1600Gbit/s	O
over	O
twinaxial	O
copper	O
,	O
electrical	O
backplanes	B-Architecture
,	O
single-mode	O
and	O
multi-mode	B-Device
optical	I-Device
fiber	I-Device
along	O
with	O
new	O
200	O
and	O
400Gbit/s	O
variants	O
using	O
100	O
and	O
200Gbit/s	O
lanes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NameStandard	O
(	O
Clause	O
)	O
Common	O
connectorsDescription	O
Fiber-optical	O
cable	O
TBD	O
802.3df	O
eight	O
pairs	O
of	O
multi-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
for	O
50	O
m	O
reach	O
TBD	O
eight	O
pairs	O
of	O
multi-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
for	O
100	O
m	O
reach	O
TBD	O
eight	O
pairs	O
of	O
single-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
for	O
500	O
m	O
reach	O
TBD	O
eight	O
pairs	O
of	O
single-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
for	O
2	O
km	O
reach	O
TBD	O
four	O
pairs	O
of	O
single-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
for	O
500	O
m	O
reach	O
TBD	O
four	O
pairs	O
of	O
single-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
for	O
2	O
km	O
reach	O
TBD	O
using	O
four	O
wavelengths	O
(	O
WDM	B-Architecture
)	O
over	O
a	O
single	O
strand	O
of	O
SMF	O
for	O
2	O
km	O
reach	O
TBD	O
using	O
a	O
single	O
strand	O
of	O
SMF	O
for	O
10	O
km	O
reach	O
TBD	O
using	O
a	O
single	O
strand	O
of	O
SMF	O
for	O
40	O
km	O
reach	O
Other	O
TBD	O
802.3df	O
four	O
twinax	O
pairs	O
for	O
1	O
m	O
reach	O
TBD	O
eight	O
lanes	O
over	O
twinax	O
for	O
2	O
m	O
reach	O
TBD	O
eight	O
lanes	O
over	O
electrical	O
backplane	B-Architecture
800GBASE-R	O
,	O
the	O
PCS	O
and	O
PMA	O
sublayers	O
seem	O
to	O
be	O
defined	O
,	O
using	O
eight	O
lanes	O
of	O
100	O
Gbit/s	O
each	O
,	O
and	O
connecting	O
with	O
the	O
transceiver	O
module	O
through	O
a	O
C2M	O
or	O
C2C	O
interface	O
defined	O
in	O
802.3ck	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2021	O
,	O
IEEE	O
started	O
the	O
P802.3df	O
Task	O
Force	O
to	O
define	O
variants	O
for	O
800	O
and	O
1600Gbit/s	O
over	O
twinaxial	O
copper	O
,	O
electrical	O
backplanes	B-Architecture
,	O
single-mode	O
and	O
multi-mode	B-Device
optical	I-Device
fiber	I-Device
along	O
with	O
new	O
200	O
and	O
400Gbit/s	O
variants	O
using	O
100	O
and200	O
Gbit/s	O
lanes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ethernet	B-Protocol
in	I-Protocol
the	I-Protocol
first	I-Protocol
mile	I-Protocol
provides	O
Internet	O
access	O
service	O
directly	O
from	O
providers	O
to	O
homes	O
and	O
small	O
businesses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
with	O
Fast	B-Protocol
Ethernet	I-Protocol
,	O
the	O
physical	B-Application
layer	I-Application
specifications	O
are	O
divided	O
into	O
three	O
sublayers	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
simplify	O
design	O
and	O
interoperability	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
PCS	O
(	O
Physical	B-Protocol
Coding	I-Protocol
Sublayer	I-Protocol
)	O
-	O
This	O
sublayer	O
performs	O
auto-negotiation	O
and	O
basic	O
encoding	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
8b/10b	B-Protocol
)	O
,	O
lane	O
separation	O
and	O
recombination	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PMA	O
(	O
Physical	B-Protocol
Medium	I-Protocol
Attachment	I-Protocol
sublayer	O
)	O
-	O
This	O
sublayer	O
performs	O
PMA	O
framing	O
,	O
octet	O
synchronization/detection	O
,	O
and	O
polynomial	O
scrambling/descrambling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PMD	O
(	O
Physical	B-Protocol
Medium	I-Protocol
Dependent	I-Protocol
sublayer	O
)	O
-	O
This	O
sublayer	O
consists	O
of	O
a	O
transceiver	O
for	O
the	O
physical	O
medium	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
varieties	B-Protocol
of	I-Protocol
Ethernet	I-Protocol
were	O
specifically	O
designed	O
to	O
run	O
over	O
4-pair	O
copper	O
structured	O
cabling	O
already	O
installed	O
in	O
many	O
locations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
departure	O
from	O
both	O
10BASE-T	B-Protocol
and	O
100BASE-TX	B-Protocol
,	O
1000BASE-T	O
and	O
above	O
use	O
all	O
four	O
cable	O
pairs	O
for	O
simultaneous	O
transmission	O
in	O
both	O
directions	O
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
echo	O
cancellation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
called	O
power	B-Device
over	I-Device
Ethernet	I-Device
and	O
there	O
are	O
several	O
variations	O
defined	O
in	O
IEEE	O
802.3	O
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Combining	O
10BASE-T	B-Protocol
(	O
or	O
100BASE-TX	B-Protocol
)	O
with	O
Mode	O
A	O
allows	O
a	O
hub	B-Protocol
or	O
a	O
switch	B-Protocol
to	O
transmit	O
both	O
power	O
and	O
data	O
over	O
only	O
two	O
pairs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
pins	O
used	O
in	O
Mode	O
B	O
supply	O
power	O
over	O
the	O
spare	O
pairs	O
not	O
used	O
by	O
10BASE-T	B-Protocol
and	O
100BASE-TX	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
4PPoE	B-Device
defined	O
in	O
IEEE	O
802.3bt	O
can	O
use	O
all	O
four	O
pairs	O
to	O
supply	O
up	O
to	O
100W	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
10BASE-T	B-Protocol
,	O
100BASE-T	O
,	O
and	O
1000BASE-T	O
installations	O
running	O
on	O
twisted	O
pair	O
cable	O
use	O
a	O
star	B-Architecture
topology	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
LattisNet	B-Protocol
—	O
A	O
SynOptics	O
pre-standard	O
twisted-pair	O
10Mbit/s	O
variant	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
100BaseVG	B-Protocol
—	O
An	O
early	O
contender	O
for	O
100Mbit/s	O
Ethernet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
runs	O
over	O
four	O
pairs	O
of	O
Category	B-Protocol
3	I-Protocol
cable	I-Protocol
but	O
was	O
not	O
commercially	O
successful	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
main	O
feature	O
is	O
interoperability	O
with	O
10BASE-FL	O
,	O
supporting	O
autonegotiation	B-Protocol
between	O
10	O
and	O
100Mbit/s	O
operation	O
–	O
a	O
feature	O
lacking	O
in	O
the	O
official	O
standards	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
differing	O
LED	O
wavelengths	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1000BASE-TX	O
uses	O
a	O
simpler	O
protocol	O
than	O
the	O
official	O
1000BASE-T	O
standard	O
so	O
the	O
electronics	O
can	O
be	O
cheaper	O
,	O
but	O
requires	O
Category	B-Protocol
6	I-Protocol
cable	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
G.hn—A	O
standard	O
developed	O
by	O
ITU-T	O
and	O
promoted	O
by	O
HomeGrid	O
Forum	O
for	O
high-speed	O
(	O
up	O
to	O
1Gbit/s	O
)	O
local	B-General_Concept
area	I-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
over	O
existing	O
home	O
wiring	O
(	O
coaxial	B-Protocol
cables	I-Protocol
,	O
power	B-Device
lines	I-Device
and	O
phone	O
lines	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
G.hn	B-General_Concept
defines	O
an	O
Application	O
Protocol	O
Convergence	O
(	O
APC	O
)	O
layer	O
that	O
accepts	O
Ethernet	O
frames	O
and	O
encapsulates	O
them	O
into	O
G.hn	B-General_Concept
MSDUs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
special-purpose	O
physical	B-Application
layers	I-Application
include	O
Avionics	B-Protocol
Full-Duplex	I-Protocol
Switched	I-Protocol
Ethernet	I-Protocol
and	O
TTEthernet	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
