<s>
The	O
purpose	O
of	O
a	O
demo	O
is	O
to	O
show	O
off	O
programming	B-General_Concept
,	O
visual	O
art	O
,	O
and	O
musical	O
skills	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
scene	O
started	O
with	O
the	O
home	O
computer	O
revolution	O
of	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
subsequent	O
advent	O
of	O
software	B-Application
cracking	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Crackers	B-Application
altered	O
the	O
code	O
of	O
computer	O
games	O
to	O
remove	O
copy	B-Application
protection	I-Application
,	O
claiming	O
credit	O
by	O
adding	O
introduction	O
screens	O
of	O
their	O
own	O
(	O
"	O
cracktros	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
the	O
making	O
of	O
intros	O
and	O
stand-alone	O
demos	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
community	O
eventually	O
evolved	O
,	O
independent	O
of	O
the	O
gaming	O
and	O
software	B-Application
sharing	I-Application
scenes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
typical	O
competition	O
categories	O
for	O
intros	O
are	O
the	O
64k	O
intro	O
and	O
the	O
4K	O
intro	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
the	O
executable	O
file	O
is	O
restricted	O
to	O
65536	O
and	O
4096	O
bytes	B-Application
,	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
other	O
competitions	O
the	O
choice	O
of	O
platform	O
is	O
restricted	O
;	O
only	O
8-bit	O
computers	O
like	O
the	O
Atari	B-Device
800	I-Device
or	O
Commodore	O
64	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
16-bit	O
Amiga	B-Device
or	O
Atari	B-Device
ST	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
restrictions	O
provide	O
a	O
challenge	O
for	O
coders	B-Application
,	O
musicians	O
,	O
and	O
graphics	O
artists	O
,	O
to	O
make	O
a	O
device	O
do	O
more	O
than	O
was	O
intended	O
in	O
its	O
original	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Display	O
hacks	O
predate	O
the	O
demoscene	O
by	O
several	O
decades	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
earliest	B-Application
examples	I-Application
dating	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
early	O
1950s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Demos	O
in	O
the	O
demoscene	O
sense	O
began	O
as	O
software	B-Application
crackers	I-Application
 '	O
"	O
signatures	O
"	O
,	O
that	O
is	O
,	O
crack	O
screens	O
and	O
crack	O
intros	O
attached	O
to	O
software	O
whose	O
copy	B-Application
protection	I-Application
was	O
removed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
crack	O
screens	O
appeared	O
on	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
in	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
,	O
and	O
they	O
were	O
often	O
nothing	O
but	O
plain	O
text	O
screens	O
crediting	O
the	O
cracker	B-Application
or	O
their	O
group	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eventually	O
,	O
many	O
cracker	B-Application
groups	O
started	O
to	O
release	O
intro-like	O
programs	O
separately	O
,	O
without	O
being	O
attached	O
to	O
unlicensed	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1980	O
,	O
Atari	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
began	O
using	O
a	O
looping	O
demo	O
with	O
visual	O
effects	O
and	O
music	O
to	O
show	O
the	O
features	O
of	O
the	O
Atari	B-Device
400/800	I-Device
computers	I-Device
in	O
stores	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
in	O
1985	O
,	O
a	O
large	O
,	O
spinning	O
,	O
checkered	O
ball	O
—	O
casting	O
a	O
translucent	O
shadow	O
—	O
was	O
the	O
signature	O
demo	O
of	O
what	O
the	O
hardware	O
was	O
capable	O
of	O
when	O
Commodore	O
's	O
Amiga	B-Device
was	O
announced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
days	O
,	O
competition	O
came	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
setting	O
records	O
,	O
like	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
"	O
bobs	O
"	O
(	O
blitter	B-Device
objects	I-Device
)	O
on	O
the	O
screen	O
per	O
frame	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
DYCP	B-Device
(	O
Different	O
Y	O
Character	O
Position	O
)	O
scrollers	O
on	O
a	O
C64	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
common	O
for	O
diskmags	O
to	O
have	O
voting-based	O
charts	O
which	O
provide	O
ranking	O
lists	O
for	O
the	O
best	O
coders	B-Application
,	O
graphicians	O
,	O
musicians	O
,	O
demos	O
and	O
other	O
things	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Demosceners	O
typically	O
organize	O
in	O
small	O
groups	O
,	O
centered	O
around	O
a	O
coder	B-Application
(	O
programmer	B-Application
)	O
,	O
a	O
musician	O
,	O
a	O
graphician	O
(	O
graphics	O
designer	O
)	O
and	O
a	O
swapper	O
(	O
who	O
spread	O
own	O
and	O
others	O
 '	O
creations	O
by	O
mail	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
practice	O
of	O
using	O
handles	O
rather	O
than	O
real	O
names	O
is	O
a	O
borrowing	O
from	O
the	O
cracker/warez	O
culture	O
,	O
where	O
it	O
serves	O
to	O
hide	O
the	O
identity	O
of	O
the	O
cracker	B-Application
from	O
law	O
enforcement	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
demoscene	O
(	O
oriented	O
toward	O
legal	O
activities	O
)	O
it	O
mostly	O
serves	O
as	O
a	O
manner	O
of	O
self-expression	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
competing	O
works	O
,	O
at	O
least	O
those	O
in	O
the	O
most	O
important	O
competitions	O
,	O
are	O
usually	O
shown	O
at	O
night	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
video	B-Device
projector	I-Device
and	O
loudspeakers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
this	O
end	O
,	O
most	O
parties	O
provide	O
a	O
large	O
hall	O
with	O
tables	O
,	O
electricity	O
and	O
usually	O
a	O
local	B-General_Concept
area	I-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
connected	O
to	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
respect	O
,	O
many	O
demoparties	O
resemble	O
LAN	B-General_Concept
parties	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
largest	O
events	O
also	O
gather	O
gamers	O
and	O
other	O
computer	O
enthusiasts	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
demosceners	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
major	O
difference	O
between	O
a	O
real	O
demoparty	O
and	O
a	O
LAN	B-General_Concept
party	O
is	O
that	O
demosceners	O
typically	O
spend	O
more	O
time	O
socializing	O
(	O
often	O
outside	O
the	O
actual	O
party	O
hall	O
)	O
than	O
in	O
front	O
of	O
their	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
@party	O
(	O
Atparty	O
)	O
Cambridge	O
,	O
Massachusetts	O
,	O
USA2010	O
–	O
Annual	O
demo	O
party	O
in	O
Massachusetts.BIRDIEUppsala	O
,	O
Sweden1993	O
–	O
Oldest	O
LAN	B-General_Concept
Party	O
of	O
Sweden	O
with	O
a	O
DemosceneBizarreEtten-Leur	O
,	O
Netherlands1994	O
–	O
2000First	O
PC	O
demo	O
party	O
in	O
The	O
Netherlands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Organised	O
by	O
local	O
groups	O
POP	O
and	O
FTS.DatastormGothenburg	O
,	O
Sweden2010	O
–	O
Amiga/C64	O
copy	O
party.DeadlineBerlin	O
,	O
Germany2014	O
–	O
Annual	O
demoparty/computer	O
arts	O
festival	O
in	O
Berlin	O
,	O
organized	O
by	O
Computerkunst	O
e.V.DemobitBratislava	O
,	O
Slovakia1995	O
–	O
The	O
biggest	O
multiplatform	O
party	O
in	O
Slovakia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Followed	O
by	O
Cookie.DemosplashPittsburgh	O
,	O
Pennsylvania	O
,	O
USA2011	O
–	O
Hosted	O
by	O
the	O
Carnegie	O
Mellon	O
University	O
Computer	O
Club.Nizhny	O
Novgorod	O
,	O
Russia1999	O
–	O
Second	O
largest	O
demoparty	O
in	O
Russia	O
(	O
after	O
Chaos	O
Constructions	O
)	O
.DreamHackJönköping	O
,	O
World	O
's	O
largest	O
LAN-party	O
,	O
which	O
later	O
became	O
more	O
of	O
Gaming	O
party	O
/	O
E-Sports	O
event.EquinoxFrance1988	O
–	O
2007Atari	O
ST	O
and	O
PCEvokeKöln	O
,	O
Germany1997	O
–	O
Demoparty	O
organized	O
by	O
Digitale	O
KulturFlashbackSydney	O
,	O
Australia2011	O
–	O
2015	O
,	O
2019	O
–	O
FlashpartyBuenos	O
Aires	O
,	O
Argentina1998	O
–	O
2001	O
,	O
2003	O
–	O
2005	O
,	O
2007	O
,	O
2018	O
–	O
First	O
Demoparty	O
in	O
Latin	O
AmericaForeverHorná	O
Súča	O
,	O
Slovakia2000	O
–	O
8-bit	O
party	O
,	O
C64	O
,	O
Spectrum	O
and	O
AtariFunctionBudapest	O
,	O
Hungary2003	O
–	O
GardeningPatras	O
,	O
Greece1995	O
–	O
1997First	O
demoparty	O
in	O
Greece.The	O
GatheringHamar	O
,	O
Norway	O
's	O
largest	O
demoparty	O
,	O
which	O
later	O
became	O
more	O
of	O
a	O
LAN/game	O
-party.HackerenceHärnösand	O
,	O
Sweden1989	O
–	O
2000Organized	O
by	O
the	O
youth	O
club	O
ComUn	O
(	O
Computer	O
Union	O
)	O
.HordeUdine	O
,	O
Italy2007A	O
result	O
of	O
a	O
split	O
from	O
the	O
computer	O
event	O
Codex	O
Alpe	O
Adria	O
to	O
focus	O
on	O
demo	O
scene	O
only.Icons	O
ArtpartyHelsinki	O
,	O
Finland2007	O
,	O
2008	O
,	O
2012	O
–	O
Demoparty	O
and	O
a	O
festival	O
of	O
electronic	O
art.Inércia	O
DemopartyPortugal2001	O
–	O
2006	O
,	O
2008	O
,	O
2010	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
2018	O
–	O
2022Oldest	O
running	O
Portuguese	O
demoparty.KindergardenHaga	O
,	O
Norway1994	O
–	O
2014Used	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
oldest	O
pure	O
demoparty	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
,	O
has	O
n't	O
been	O
held	O
since	O
2014.Last	O
PartyOpalenica	O
,	O
Poland1997	O
–	O
2003	O
,	O
2017Winter	O
Atari	O
copy	O
party.Lato	O
LudzikówOpalenica	O
,	O
Poland1999	O
–	O
2002Summer	O
Atari	O
copy	O
party.LayerOne	O
DemopartyPasadena	O
,	O
California2014	O
–	O
Newish	O
demoparty	O
held	O
every	O
year	O
at	O
the	O
LayerOne	O
Security	O
ConferenceLost	O
PartyLicheń	O
Stary	O
,	O
Poland2019	O
–	O
Summer	O
8-bit	O
demo	O
party.LovebyteNetherlands2021	O
–	O
Demoparty	O
dedicated	O
to	O
sizecodingMekka	O
&	O
SymposiumFallingbostel	O
,	O
Germany1996	O
–	O
2002One	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
respected	O
demoparties	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
64K	O
intro	O
is	O
a	O
demo	O
with	O
an	O
executable	O
file	O
size	O
limit	O
of	O
64	O
kibibytes	O
,	O
or	O
65,536	O
bytes	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
File	O
size	O
reduction	O
techniques	O
include	O
procedural	O
generation	O
,	O
sound	O
synthesis	O
,	O
and	O
executable	B-Application
compression	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
,	O
demo	O
sizes	O
grew	O
,	O
so	O
categories	O
were	O
created	O
for	O
limited	O
sizes	O
that	O
forced	O
developers	B-Application
to	O
not	O
simply	O
stream	O
data	O
from	O
storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
European	O
game	O
programmers	B-Application
,	O
artists	O
,	O
and	O
musicians	O
have	O
come	O
from	O
the	O
demoscene	O
,	O
often	O
cultivating	O
the	O
learned	O
techniques	O
,	O
practices	O
and	O
philosophies	O
in	O
their	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
Finnish	O
company	O
Remedy	O
Entertainment	O
,	O
known	O
for	O
the	O
Max	B-Application
Payne	I-Application
series	O
of	O
games	O
,	O
was	O
founded	O
by	O
the	O
PC	O
group	O
Future	O
Crew	O
,	O
and	O
most	O
of	O
its	O
employees	O
are	O
former	O
or	O
active	O
Finnish	O
demosceners	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sometimes	O
demos	O
even	O
provide	O
direct	O
influence	O
even	O
to	O
game	O
developers	B-Application
that	O
have	O
no	O
demoscene	O
affiliation	O
:	O
for	O
instance	O
,	O
Will	O
Wright	O
names	O
demoscene	O
as	O
a	O
major	O
influence	O
on	O
the	O
Maxis	O
game	O
Spore	B-Application
,	O
which	O
is	O
largely	O
based	O
on	O
procedural	O
content	O
generation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
at	O
QuakeCon	O
in	O
2011	O
,	O
John	O
Carmack	O
noted	O
that	O
he	O
"	O
thinks	O
highly	O
"	O
of	O
people	O
who	O
do	O
64k	O
intros	O
,	O
as	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
artificial	O
limitations	O
encouraging	O
creative	O
programming	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jerry	O
Holkins	O
from	O
Penny	B-Application
Arcade	I-Application
claimed	O
to	O
have	O
an	O
"	O
abiding	O
love	O
"	O
for	O
the	O
demoscene	O
,	O
and	O
noted	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
"	O
stuff	O
worth	O
knowing	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tracker	B-Application
music	I-Application
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
originated	O
in	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
game	O
industry	O
but	O
was	O
soon	O
heavily	O
dominated	O
by	O
demoscene	O
musicians	O
;	O
producer	O
Adam	O
Fielding	O
claims	O
to	O
have	O
tracker/demoscene	O
roots	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Origins	O
of	O
creative	O
coding	O
tools	O
like	O
Shadertoy	B-Language
and	O
Three.js	B-Language
can	O
be	O
directly	O
traced	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
scene	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
the	O
years	O
,	O
desktop	O
computer	O
hardware	O
capabilities	O
have	O
improved	O
by	O
orders	O
of	O
magnitude	O
,	O
and	O
so	O
for	O
most	O
programmers	B-Application
,	O
tight	O
hardware	O
restrictions	O
are	O
no	O
longer	O
a	O
common	O
issue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
handheld	B-Application
consoles	I-Application
and	O
cellular	O
phones	O
have	O
comparable	O
processing	O
power	O
or	O
capabilities	O
to	O
the	O
desktop	O
platforms	O
of	O
old	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
low	O
resolution	O
screens	O
which	O
require	O
pixel	O
art	O
,	O
or	O
very	O
limited	O
storage	O
and	O
memory	O
for	O
music	O
replay	O
)	O
,	O
many	O
demosceners	O
have	O
been	O
able	O
to	O
apply	O
their	O
niche	O
skills	O
to	O
develop	O
games	O
for	O
these	O
platforms	O
,	O
and	O
earn	O
a	O
living	O
doing	O
so	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
particular	O
example	O
is	O
Angry	B-Application
Birds	I-Application
,	O
whose	O
lead	O
designer	O
Jaakko	B-Application
Iisalo	I-Application
was	O
an	O
active	O
and	O
well-known	O
demoscener	O
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
4players.de	O
reported	O
that	O
"	O
numerous	O
"	O
demo	O
and	O
intro	O
programmers	B-Application
,	O
artists	O
,	O
and	O
musicians	O
were	O
employed	O
in	O
the	O
games	O
industry	O
by	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Tracker	B-Application
music	I-Application
which	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
Demoscene	O
culture	O
could	O
be	O
found	O
in	O
many	O
Video	O
games	O
of	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
and	O
early	O
2000s	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Unreal	B-Application
,	O
Unreal	B-Operating_System
Tournament	I-Operating_System
,	O
Deus	B-Application
Ex	I-Application
,	O
Crusader	B-Application
:	I-Application
No	I-Application
Remorse	I-Application
,	O
One	B-Application
Must	I-Application
Fall	I-Application
:	I-Application
2097	I-Application
,	O
Jazz	B-Application
Jackrabbit	I-Application
and	O
Uplink	B-Application
.	O
</s>
