<s>
Enterprise	B-Architecture
integration	I-Architecture
is	O
a	O
technical	O
field	O
of	O
enterprise	O
architecture	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
focused	O
on	O
the	O
study	O
of	O
topics	O
such	O
as	O
system	O
interconnection	O
,	O
electronic	O
data	O
interchange	O
,	O
product	O
data	O
exchange	O
and	O
distributed	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
concept	O
in	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
engineering	I-Architecture
to	O
provide	O
the	O
relevant	O
information	O
and	O
thereby	O
enable	O
communication	O
between	O
people	O
,	O
machines	O
and	O
computers	O
and	O
their	O
efficient	O
co-operation	O
and	O
co-ordination	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Enterprise	B-Architecture
Integration	I-Architecture
,	O
according	O
to	O
Brosey	O
et	O
al	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Enterprise	B-Architecture
Integration	I-Architecture
is	O
focused	O
on	O
optimizing	O
operations	O
in	O
a	O
world	O
which	O
could	O
be	O
considered	O
full	O
of	O
continuous	O
and	O
largely	O
unpredictable	O
change	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Enterprise	B-Architecture
integration	I-Architecture
has	O
been	O
discussed	O
since	O
the	O
early	O
days	O
of	O
computers	O
in	O
industry	O
and	O
especially	O
in	O
the	O
manufacturing	O
industry	O
with	O
computer-integrated	O
manufacturing	O
(	O
CIM	O
)	O
as	O
the	O
acronym	O
for	O
operations	O
integration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
spite	O
of	O
the	O
different	O
understandings	O
of	O
the	O
scope	O
of	O
integration	O
in	O
CIM	O
it	O
has	O
always	O
stood	O
for	O
information	B-General_Concept
integration	I-General_Concept
across	O
at	O
least	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
enterprise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Information	B-General_Concept
integration	I-General_Concept
essentially	O
consists	O
of	O
providing	O
the	O
right	O
information	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
right	O
place	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
right	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1990s	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
integration	I-Architecture
and	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
engineering	I-Architecture
became	O
a	O
focal	O
point	O
of	O
discussions	O
with	O
active	O
contribution	O
of	O
many	O
disciplines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
state	O
of	O
the	O
art	O
in	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
engineering	I-Architecture
and	O
integration	O
by	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
1990s	O
has	O
been	O
rather	O
confusing	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
Jim	O
Nell	O
and	O
Kurt	O
Kosanke	O
(	O
1997	O
)	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
one	O
hand	O
,	O
it	O
claims	O
to	O
provide	O
solutions	O
for	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
issues	O
identified	O
in	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
integration	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Workflow	B-Operating_System
modelling	I-Operating_System
,	O
business	O
process	O
modelling	O
,	O
business	O
process	O
reengineering	O
(	O
BPR	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
concurrent	O
engineering	O
all	O
aim	O
toward	O
identifying	O
and	O
providing	O
the	O
information	O
needed	O
in	O
the	O
enterprise	O
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
business	O
process	O
reengineering	O
and	O
the	O
first	O
step	O
to	O
achieving	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
integration	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Enterprise	B-Architecture
integration	I-Architecture
according	O
to	O
Vernadat	O
is	O
a	O
rapidly	O
developing	O
technical	O
field	O
which	O
has	O
already	O
shown	O
proven	O
solutions	O
for	O
system	O
interconnection	O
,	O
electronic	O
data	O
interchange	O
,	O
product	O
data	O
exchange	O
and	O
distributed	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
His	O
book	O
combines	O
these	O
two	O
methodologies	O
and	O
advocates	O
a	O
systematic	O
engineering	O
approach	O
called	O
Enterprise	B-Architecture
Engineering	I-Architecture
,	O
for	O
modeling	O
,	O
analysing	O
,	O
designing	O
and	O
implementing	O
integrated	O
enterprise	O
systems	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
this	O
understanding	O
the	O
different	O
needs	O
in	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
integration	I-Architecture
can	O
be	O
identified	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Generalised	B-Library
Enterprise	I-Library
Reference	I-Library
Architecture	I-Library
and	I-Library
Methodology	I-Library
(	O
GERAM	B-Library
)	O
framework	O
defined	O
by	O
the	O
IFAC/IFIP	O
Task	O
Force	O
provides	O
the	O
necessary	O
guidance	O
of	O
the	O
modelling	O
process	O
,	O
see	O
figure	O
,	O
and	O
enables	O
semantic	O
unification	O
of	O
the	O
model	O
contents	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1936-1938	O
)	O
,	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Enterprise	B-Architecture
Integration	I-Architecture
Act	O
of	O
2002	O
,	O
authorizes	O
the	O
National	O
Institute	O
of	O
Standards	O
and	O
Technology	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
major	O
manufacturing	O
industries	O
on	O
an	O
initiative	O
of	O
standards	O
development	O
and	O
implementation	O
for	O
electronic	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
integration	I-Architecture
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
requires	O
the	O
Director	O
of	O
the	O
National	O
Institute	O
of	O
Standards	O
and	O
Technology	O
(	O
NIST	O
)	O
to	O
establish	O
an	O
initiative	O
for	O
advancing	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
integration	I-Architecture
within	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
which	O
shall	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
address	O
the	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
integration	I-Architecture
needs	O
of	O
each	O
major	O
U.S.	O
manufacturing	O
industry	O
at	O
the	O
earliest	O
possible	O
date	O
.	O
</s>
