<s>
Enterprise	B-Application
content	I-Application
management	I-Application
(	O
ECM	O
)	O
extends	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
content	B-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
by	O
adding	O
a	O
timeline	O
for	O
each	O
content	O
item	O
and	O
,	O
possibly	O
,	O
enforcing	O
processes	O
for	O
its	O
creation	O
,	O
approval	O
,	O
and	O
distribution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ECM	O
is	O
distinguished	O
from	O
general	O
content	B-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
by	O
its	O
cognizance	O
of	O
the	O
processes	O
and	O
procedures	O
of	O
the	O
enterprise	O
for	O
which	O
it	O
is	O
created	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
2006	O
:	O
ECM	O
tools	O
and	O
strategies	O
allowed	O
the	O
management	O
of	O
an	O
organization	O
's	O
unstructured	B-Application
information	I-Application
,	O
wherever	O
that	O
information	O
exists	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
March	O
2017	O
:	O
The	O
Association	O
for	O
Information	O
and	O
Image	O
Management	O
(	O
AIIM	O
)	O
proposed	O
replacing	O
"	O
enterprise	B-Application
content	I-Application
management	I-Application
"	O
with	O
"	O
intelligent	O
information	O
management	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ECM	O
,	O
as	O
an	O
umbrella	O
term	O
,	O
covers	O
document	O
and	O
web	O
content	B-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
,	O
search	O
,	O
collaboration	O
,	O
records	O
management	O
,	O
digital	O
asset	O
management	O
(	O
DAM	O
)	O
,	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
management	O
,	O
and	O
capture	B-Application
and	I-Application
scanning	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
an	O
ECM	O
system	O
in	O
place	O
,	O
a	O
bank	O
employee	O
could	O
query	B-Library
the	O
system	O
for	O
the	O
customer	O
's	O
account	O
number	O
and	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
the	O
requested	O
cheque	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Enterprise	B-Application
content	I-Application
management	I-Application
,	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
content	B-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
,	O
combines	O
the	O
capture	O
,	O
search	O
and	O
networking	O
of	O
documents	O
with	O
digital	O
archiving	O
,	O
document	O
management	O
and	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
ECM	O
solutions	O
focus	O
on	O
business-to-employee	B-Application
(	O
B2E	B-Application
)	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Information	O
about	O
how	O
(	O
and	O
when	O
)	O
people	O
use	O
the	O
content	O
can	O
allow	O
the	O
system	O
to	O
acquire	O
new	O
filtering	O
,	O
routing	O
and	O
search	O
pathways	O
,	O
corporate	B-Application
taxonomies	I-Application
and	O
semantic	O
networks	O
,	O
and	O
retention-rule	O
decisions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Solutions	O
can	O
provide	O
intranet	B-General_Concept
services	O
to	O
employees	O
(	O
B2E	B-Application
)	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
include	O
enterprise	B-Application
portals	I-Application
for	O
business-to-business	O
(	O
B2B	O
)	O
,	O
business-to-government	B-Application
(	O
B2G	O
)	O
,	O
government-to-business	O
(	O
G2B	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
other	O
business	O
relationships	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
category	O
includes	O
most	O
former	O
document-management	O
groupware	B-Application
and	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
solutions	O
that	O
had	O
not	O
,	O
by	O
2016	O
,	O
fully	O
converted	O
their	O
architecture	O
to	O
ECM	O
but	O
provided	O
a	O
web	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specialized	O
Healthcare	O
Content	B-Protocol
Management	I-Protocol
Systems	I-Protocol
meet	O
the	O
special	O
regulatory	O
requirements	O
for	O
medical	O
devices	O
and	O
interoperability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
DMS	O
products	O
were	O
stand-alone	O
,	O
providing	O
functionality	O
in	O
one	O
of	O
four	O
areas	O
:	O
imaging	B-Application
,	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
,	O
document	O
management	O
,	O
and	O
enterprise	O
relationship	O
management	O
(	O
ERM	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
typical	O
early	O
DMS	O
user	O
had	O
a	O
small-scale	O
imaging	B-Application
and	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
system	O
(	O
perhaps	O
one	O
department	O
)	O
to	O
improve	O
a	O
paper-intensive	O
process	O
and	O
work	O
towards	O
a	O
paperless	O
office	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
customer-service	O
department	O
could	O
combine	O
imaging	B-Application
,	O
document	O
management	O
and	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
;	O
an	O
accounting	O
department	O
could	O
access	O
supplier	O
invoices	O
from	O
an	O
ERM	O
system	O
,	O
purchase	O
orders	O
from	O
an	O
imaging	B-Application
system	O
,	O
and	O
contracts	O
from	O
a	O
document-management	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Around	O
2001	O
,	O
the	O
industry	O
began	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
enterprise	B-Application
content	I-Application
management	I-Application
"	O
for	O
integrated	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2006	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
(	O
with	O
its	O
SharePoint	B-Protocol
product	O
family	O
)	O
and	O
Oracle	B-Application
Corporation	I-Application
(	O
with	O
Oracle	B-Application
Content	I-Application
Management	I-Application
)	O
entered	O
the	O
low-cost	O
ECM	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	B-License
source	I-License
ECM	O
products	O
are	O
also	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Middleware	B-General_Concept
,	O
eliminating	O
the	O
restrictions	O
of	O
vertical	O
applications	O
and	O
island	O
architecture	O
and	O
transparent	O
to	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Kampffmeyer	O
,	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
application	I-Architecture
integration	I-Architecture
(	O
EAI	O
)	O
and	O
service-oriented	O
architecture	O
(	O
SOA	O
)	O
will	O
play	O
important	O
roles	O
in	O
ECM	O
implementation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Information	B-Protocol
lifecycle	I-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
will	O
also	O
play	O
an	O
important	O
role	O
in	O
the	O
implementation	O
of	O
ECM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ECM	O
is	O
a	O
multi-layer	O
model	O
which	O
includes	O
technology	O
for	O
handling	O
,	O
delivering	O
,	O
and	O
managing	O
structured	O
data	O
and	O
unstructured	B-Application
information	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
manages	O
the	O
information	O
in	O
a	O
web	O
content	B-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
and	O
archives	O
as	O
a	O
universal	O
repository	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Image	B-Application
scanners	I-Application
make	O
digital	O
copies	O
of	O
paper	O
documents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Automatic	O
or	O
semi-automatic	O
capture	O
can	O
use	O
electronic	O
data	O
interchange	O
(	O
EDI	O
)	O
or	O
XML	B-Protocol
documents	I-Protocol
,	O
business	O
and	O
ERP	O
applications	O
,	O
or	O
specialized-application	O
systems	O
as	O
sources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recognition	O
technologies	O
to	O
extract	O
information	O
from	O
scanned	B-Application
documents	O
and	O
digital	O
faxes	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Enterprise	B-Protocol
report	I-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
(	O
ERM	O
)	O
records	O
reports	O
and	O
other	O
documents	O
on	O
optical	B-Device
disks	I-Device
or	O
other	O
digital	O
storage	O
for	O
ECM	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Document	O
management	O
,	O
web	O
content	B-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
,	O
collaboration	O
,	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
and	O
business	O
process	O
management	O
address	O
the	O
dynamic	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
information	O
's	O
life	O
cycle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Document	O
management	O
overlaps	O
with	O
other	O
manage	O
components	O
,	O
office	O
applications	O
(	O
like	O
Microsoft	O
Outlook	O
and	O
Exchange	O
,	O
or	O
Lotus	B-Operating_System
Notes	I-Operating_System
and	O
Domino	B-Operating_System
)	O
,	O
and	O
library	O
services	O
which	O
administer	O
information	O
storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ECM	O
integrates	O
Content	B-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
systems	I-Protocol
(	O
CMS	O
)	O
,	O
presenting	O
existing	O
information	O
managed	O
in	O
the	O
ECM	O
repository	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
terms	O
"	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
"	O
and	O
"	O
business	O
process	O
management	O
"	O
(	O
BPM	O
)	O
are	O
often	O
used	O
interchangeably	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Production	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
uses	O
predefined	O
sequences	O
to	O
control	O
processes	O
;	O
in	O
an	O
ad-hoc	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
user	O
determines	O
the	O
process	O
sequence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
interact	O
in	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
solutions	O
,	O
and	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
engines	O
are	O
a	O
background	O
service	O
controlling	O
information	O
and	O
data	O
flow	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Workflow	B-Operating_System
management	O
includes	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
warehouses	O
:	O
Complex	O
storage	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
based	O
on	O
databases	O
,	O
which	O
provide	O
information	O
from	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
sources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
library	O
service	O
works	O
with	O
the	O
manage	O
components	O
 '	O
database	O
to	O
provide	O
search	O
and	O
retrieval	B-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
manages	O
online	B-General_Concept
storage	I-General_Concept
(	O
direct	O
access	O
to	O
data	O
and	O
documents	O
)	O
,	O
nearline	B-General_Concept
storage	I-General_Concept
(	O
data	O
and	O
documents	O
on	O
a	O
medium	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
accessed	O
quickly	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
data	O
on	O
an	O
optical	B-Device
disc	I-Device
in	O
a	O
storage	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
's	O
racks	O
but	O
not	O
inserted	O
in	O
a	O
drive	O
that	O
can	O
read	O
it	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
offline	O
storage	O
(	O
data	O
and	O
documents	O
on	O
a	O
medium	O
which	O
is	O
not	O
quickly	O
available	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Magnetic	O
online	O
media	O
:	O
Hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drives	I-Device
(	O
typically	O
configured	O
as	O
RAID	B-Architecture
systems	O
)	O
may	O
be	O
locally	O
attached	O
,	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
storage	O
area	O
network	O
,	O
or	O
mounted	O
from	O
another	O
server	O
(	O
network-attached	B-Application
storage	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Magnetic	O
tape	O
:	O
Magnetic	B-Architecture
tape	I-Architecture
data	I-Architecture
storage	I-Architecture
,	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
tape	B-Device
libraries	I-Device
,	O
use	O
robotics	O
to	O
provide	O
nearline	B-General_Concept
storage	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	O
optical	B-Device
media	I-Device
:	O
In	O
addition	O
to	O
compact	O
disc	O
and	O
DVD	O
optical	B-Device
media	I-Device
,	O
storage	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
may	O
use	O
magneto-optical	B-Device
drives	I-Device
;	O
optical	B-Device
jukeboxes	I-Device
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
nearline	B-General_Concept
storage	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Optical	B-Device
media	I-Device
in	O
jukeboxes	O
may	O
be	O
moved	O
offline	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
:	O
Data	O
may	O
be	O
accessed	O
via	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microforms	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
microfilm	O
,	O
microfiche	O
,	O
and	O
aperture	B-Application
cards	I-Application
,	O
are	O
typically	O
used	O
to	O
secure	O
electronic	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Enterprise	B-Architecture
output	I-Architecture
management	I-Architecture
presents	O
information	O
from	O
the	O
manage	O
,	O
store	O
,	O
and	O
preserve	O
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transformation	O
and	O
security	O
are	O
middleware	B-General_Concept
services	O
and	O
should	O
be	O
equally	O
available	O
to	O
all	O
ECM	O
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PDF	B-Application
(	O
Portable	B-Application
Document	I-Application
Format	I-Application
)	O
:	O
A	O
cross-platform	O
printing	O
and	O
distribution	O
format	O
which	O
permits	O
content	O
searches	O
,	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
metadata	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
embedding	O
of	O
electronic	O
signatures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
generated	O
from	O
electronic	O
data	O
,	O
PDFs	B-Application
are	O
resolution-independent	B-General_Concept
and	O
allow	O
crisp	O
reproduction	O
at	O
any	O
scale	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	B-Device
XML	I-Device
Paper	I-Device
Specification	I-Device
(	O
OpenXPS	B-Device
)	O
:	O
An	O
XML	B-Protocol
specification	I-Protocol
,	O
developed	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
describing	O
the	O
formats	O
and	O
rules	O
for	O
distributing	O
,	O
archiving	O
,	O
rendering	O
,	O
and	O
processing	O
XPS	O
documents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
compression	I-General_Concept
:	O
Reduces	O
the	O
storage	O
space	O
needed	O
for	O
pictorial	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Public	B-Architecture
key	I-Architecture
infrastructure	I-Architecture
is	O
a	O
basic	O
electronic-signature	O
technology	O
,	O
managing	O
keys	O
and	O
certificates	O
and	O
checking	O
signature	O
authenticity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Electronic	O
watermarks	B-General_Concept
,	O
embedded	O
in	O
a	O
file	O
,	O
protect	O
use	O
rights	O
for	O
Internet	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On-premises	B-General_Concept
ECM	O
systems	O
may	O
be	O
customized	O
for	O
organizational	O
needs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
paper-document	O
capture	O
requires	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
image	B-Application
scanners	I-Application
or	O
multi-function	O
devices	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
typically	O
performed	O
on-premises	B-General_Concept
;	O
however	O
,	O
it	O
may	O
be	O
outsourced	O
to	O
service	O
bureaus	O
for	O
high-volume	O
scanning	O
,	O
indexing	O
and	O
return	O
via	O
web	O
transfer	O
or	O
on	O
CDs	O
,	O
DVDs	O
or	O
other	O
external	O
storage	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	B-Architecture
as	I-Architecture
a	I-Architecture
service	I-Architecture
ECM	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
is	O
user-accessible	O
online	O
on	O
demand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
2003	O
,	O
the	O
ECM	O
market	O
was	O
dominated	O
by	O
medium-sized	O
independent	O
vendors	O
which	O
fell	O
into	O
two	O
categories	O
:	O
those	O
who	O
originated	O
as	O
document-management	O
companies	O
(	O
Laserfiche	O
,	O
Saros	O
,	O
Documentum	O
,	O
docStar	O
,	O
Newgen	O
,	O
and	O
OpenText	O
)	O
and	O
began	O
adding	O
the	O
management	O
of	O
other	O
business	O
content	O
,	O
and	O
those	O
who	O
started	O
as	O
web	O
content	B-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
providers	O
(	O
Interwoven	O
,	O
Vignette	O
,	O
and	O
Stellent	O
)	O
tried	O
to	O
branch	O
out	O
into	O
managing	O
business	O
documents	O
and	O
rich	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2002	O
,	O
Documentum	O
added	O
collaboration	O
capabilities	O
with	O
its	O
acquisition	O
of	O
eRoom	B-Protocol
;	O
Interwoven	O
and	O
Vignette	O
countered	O
with	O
their	O
acquisitions	O
of	O
iManage	O
and	O
Intraspect	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
purchased	O
FileNet	O
and	O
Oracle	B-Application
purchased	O
Stellent	O
in	O
2006	O
;	O
OpenText	O
also	O
purchased	O
Hummingbird	O
Ltd	O
.	O
that	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2009	O
,	O
Autonomy	B-General_Concept
purchased	O
Interwoven	O
;	O
OpenText	O
acquired	O
Vignette	O
in	O
July	O
of	O
that	O
year	O
and	O
MetaStorm	O
in	O
February	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenText	O
acquired	O
Global	O
360	O
in	O
July	O
2011	O
,	O
and	O
HP	O
agreed	O
to	O
purchase	O
Autonomy	B-General_Concept
in	O
August	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nuxeo	B-Language
and	O
Alfresco	B-Language
offered	O
open-source	B-License
ECM	O
software	O
that	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
Real	O
Story	O
Group	O
(	O
formerly	O
CMS	O
Watch	O
)	O
added	O
cloud-based	B-Architecture
vendors	O
to	O
its	O
2014	O
ECM	O
evaluations	O
.	O
</s>
