<s>
An	O
enterprise	B-Library
architecture	I-Library
framework	I-Library
(	O
EA	B-Library
framework	I-Library
)	O
defines	O
how	O
to	O
create	O
and	O
use	O
an	O
enterprise	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
architecture	B-Architecture
framework	I-Architecture
provides	O
principles	O
and	O
practices	O
for	O
creating	O
and	O
using	O
the	O
architecture	O
description	O
of	O
a	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
manage	O
the	O
scale	O
and	O
complexity	O
of	O
this	O
system	O
,	O
an	O
architectural	B-Library
framework	I-Library
provides	O
tools	O
and	O
approaches	O
that	O
help	O
architects	O
abstract	O
from	O
the	O
level	O
of	O
detail	O
at	O
which	O
builders	O
work	O
,	O
to	O
bring	O
enterprise	O
design	O
tasks	O
into	O
focus	O
and	O
produce	O
valuable	O
architecture	O
description	O
documentation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
components	O
of	O
an	O
architecture	B-Architecture
framework	I-Architecture
provide	O
structured	O
guidance	O
that	O
is	O
divided	O
into	O
three	O
main	O
areas	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
rudiments	O
of	O
the	O
step-wise	O
planning	O
methodology	O
currently	O
advocated	O
by	O
The	B-Application
Open	I-Application
Group	I-Application
Architecture	B-Architecture
Framework	I-Architecture
(	O
TOGAF	O
)	O
and	O
other	O
EA	B-Library
frameworks	I-Library
can	O
be	O
traced	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
article	O
of	O
Marshall	O
K	O
.	O
Evans	O
and	O
Lou	O
R	O
.	O
Hague	O
titled	O
"	O
Master	O
Plan	O
for	O
Information	O
Systems	O
"	O
published	O
in	O
1962	O
in	O
Harvard	O
Business	O
Review	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
the	O
aims	O
,	O
principles	O
,	O
concepts	O
and	O
methods	O
now	O
employed	O
in	O
EA	B-Library
frameworks	I-Library
were	O
established	O
in	O
the	O
1980s	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
found	O
in	O
IS	O
and	O
IT	O
architecture	B-Architecture
frameworks	I-Architecture
published	O
in	O
that	O
decade	O
and	O
the	O
next	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1982	O
,	O
when	O
working	O
for	O
IBM	O
and	O
with	O
BSP	O
,	O
John	O
Zachman	O
outlined	O
his	O
framework	O
for	O
enterprise-level	O
"	O
Information	O
Systems	B-Architecture
Architecture	I-Architecture
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
in	O
this	O
article	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
Enterprise	O
Architecture	O
"	O
was	O
mentioned	O
only	O
once	O
without	O
any	O
specific	O
definition	O
and	O
all	O
subsequent	O
works	O
of	O
Zachman	O
used	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
Information	O
Systems	B-Architecture
Architecture	I-Architecture
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1986	O
,	O
the	O
PRISM	O
architecture	B-Architecture
framework	I-Architecture
was	O
developed	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
the	O
research	O
project	O
sponsored	O
by	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
companies	O
,	O
including	O
IBM	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
seemingly	O
the	O
first	O
published	O
EA	B-Library
framework	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1987	O
,	O
John	O
Zachman	O
,	O
who	O
was	O
a	O
marketing	O
specialist	O
at	O
IBM	O
,	O
published	O
the	O
paper	O
,	O
A	O
Framework	O
for	O
Information	O
Systems	B-Architecture
Architecture	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
paper	O
provided	O
a	O
classification	O
scheme	O
for	O
artifacts	B-Architecture
that	O
describe	O
(	O
at	O
several	O
levels	O
of	O
abstraction	O
)	O
the	O
what	O
,	O
how	O
,	O
where	O
,	O
who	O
,	O
when	O
and	O
why	O
of	O
information	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1989	O
,	O
the	O
National	O
Institute	O
of	O
Standards	O
and	O
Technology	O
(	O
NIST	O
)	O
published	O
the	O
NIST	B-Library
Enterprise	I-Library
Architecture	I-Library
Model	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
not	O
an	O
EA	B-Library
framework	I-Library
as	O
we	O
see	O
it	O
now	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
helped	O
to	O
establish	O
the	O
notion	O
of	O
dividing	O
EA	O
into	O
architecture	B-Architecture
domains	I-Architecture
or	O
layers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NIST	B-Library
Enterprise	I-Library
Architecture	I-Library
Model	I-Library
seemingly	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
publication	O
that	O
consistently	O
used	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
Enterprise	O
Architecture	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1992	O
,	O
a	O
paper	O
by	O
Zachman	O
and	O
Sowa	O
started	O
thus	O
"	O
John	O
Zachman	O
introduced	O
a	O
framework	O
for	O
information	O
systems	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
(	O
ISA	O
)	O
that	O
has	O
been	O
widely	O
adopted	O
by	O
systems	O
analysts	O
and	O
database	O
designers.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1993	O
,	O
Stephen	O
Spewak	O
's	O
book	O
Enterprise	B-Architecture
Architecture	I-Architecture
Planning	I-Architecture
(	O
EAP	B-Architecture
)	O
defined	O
a	O
process	O
for	O
defining	O
architectures	O
for	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
information	O
in	O
support	O
of	O
the	O
business	O
and	O
the	O
plan	O
for	O
implementing	O
those	O
architectures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Enterprise	B-Architecture
Architecture	I-Architecture
Planning	I-Architecture
is	O
a	O
data-centric	O
approach	O
to	O
architecture	O
planning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
EAP	B-Architecture
has	O
its	O
roots	O
in	O
IBM	O
's	O
Business	O
Systems	O
Planning	O
(	O
BSP	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1994	O
,	O
the	B-Application
Open	I-Application
Group	I-Application
selected	O
TAFIM	B-Library
from	O
the	O
US	O
DoD	O
as	O
a	O
basis	O
for	O
development	O
of	O
TOGAF	O
,	O
where	O
architecture	O
meant	O
IT	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1997	O
,	O
Zachman	O
had	O
renamed	O
and	O
refocused	O
his	O
ISA	O
framework	O
as	O
an	O
EA	B-Library
framework	I-Library
;	O
it	O
remained	O
a	O
classification	O
scheme	O
for	O
descriptive	O
artifacts	B-Architecture
,	O
not	O
a	O
process	O
for	O
planning	O
systems	O
or	O
changes	O
to	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1998	O
,	O
The	O
Federal	O
CIO	O
Council	O
began	O
developing	O
the	O
Federal	B-Library
Enterprise	I-Library
Architecture	I-Library
Framework	I-Library
(	O
FEAF	B-Library
)	O
in	O
accordance	O
with	O
the	O
priorities	O
enunciated	O
in	O
Clinger-Cohen	O
and	O
issued	O
it	O
in	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2001	O
,	O
the	O
US	O
Chief	O
CIO	O
council	O
published	O
A	O
practical	O
guide	O
to	O
Federal	B-Library
Enterprise	I-Library
Architecture	I-Library
,	O
which	O
starts	O
,	O
“	O
An	O
enterprise	O
architecture	O
(	O
EA	O
)	O
establishes	O
the	O
Agency-wide	O
roadmap	O
to	O
achieve	O
an	O
Agency	O
's	O
mission	O
through	O
optimal	O
performance	O
of	O
its	O
core	O
business	O
processes	O
within	O
an	O
efficient	O
information	O
technology	O
(	O
IT	O
)	O
environment.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
that	O
point	O
,	O
the	O
processes	O
in	O
TOGAF	O
,	O
FEAF	B-Library
,	O
EAP	B-Architecture
and	O
BSP	O
were	O
clearly	O
related	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
introduced	O
structured	O
analysis	O
,	O
after	O
information	B-Application
technology	I-Application
engineering	I-Application
,	O
which	O
features	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
mappings	O
of	O
organization	O
units	O
to	O
business	O
functions	O
and	O
data	O
entities	O
to	O
business	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
And	O
many	O
enterprise	O
architects	O
regard	O
their	O
business	O
function/capability	O
hierarchy/map	O
as	O
the	O
fundamental	O
Enterprise	O
Architecture	O
artifact	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2008	O
research	O
project	O
for	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
professional	O
certificates	O
in	O
enterprise	O
and	O
solution	O
architecture	O
by	O
the	O
British	O
Computer	O
Society	O
(	O
BCS	O
)	O
showed	O
that	O
enterprise	O
architecture	O
has	O
always	O
been	O
inseparable	O
from	O
information	O
system	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
,	O
which	O
is	O
natural	O
,	O
since	O
business	O
people	O
need	O
information	O
to	O
make	O
decisions	O
and	O
carry	O
out	O
business	O
processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TOGAF	O
9.1	O
specification	O
clarified	O
,	O
that	O
,	O
"	O
A	O
complete	O
enterprise	O
architecture	O
description	O
should	O
contain	O
all	O
four	O
architecture	B-Architecture
domains	I-Architecture
(	O
business	O
,	O
data	O
,	O
application	O
,	O
technology	O
)	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
realities	O
of	O
resource	O
and	O
time	O
constraints	O
often	O
mean	O
there	O
is	O
not	O
enough	O
time	O
,	O
funding	O
,	O
or	O
resources	O
to	O
build	O
a	O
top-down	O
,	O
all-inclusive	O
architecture	O
description	O
encompassing	O
all	O
four	O
architecture	B-Architecture
domains	I-Architecture
,	O
even	O
if	O
the	O
enterprise	O
scope	O
is	O
 [ ... ] 	O
less	O
than	O
the	O
full	O
extent	O
of	O
the	O
overall	O
enterprise.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
,	O
TOGAF	O
is	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
Architecture	B-Architecture
framework	I-Architecture
(	O
judged	O
by	O
published	O
certification	O
numbers	O
)	O
that	O
some	O
assume	O
it	O
defines	O
EA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
some	O
still	O
use	O
the	O
term	O
Enterprise	O
Architecture	O
as	O
a	O
synonym	O
for	O
Business	B-Architecture
Architecture	I-Architecture
,	O
rather	O
than	O
covering	O
all	O
four	O
architecture	B-Architecture
domains	I-Architecture
-	O
business	O
,	O
data	O
,	O
applications	O
and	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
Stephen	O
Spewak	O
's	O
Enterprise	B-Architecture
Architecture	I-Architecture
Planning	I-Architecture
(	O
EAP	B-Architecture
)	O
in	O
1993	O
–	O
and	O
perhaps	O
before	O
then	O
–	O
it	O
has	O
been	O
normal	O
to	O
divide	O
enterprises	O
architecture	O
into	O
four	O
architecture	B-Architecture
domains	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Business	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
,	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
,	O
</s>
<s>
Applications	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
,	O
</s>
<s>
Note	O
that	O
the	O
applications	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
is	O
about	O
the	O
choice	O
of	O
and	O
relationships	O
between	O
applications	O
in	O
the	O
enterprise	O
's	O
application	O
portfolio	O
,	O
not	O
about	O
the	O
internal	O
architecture	O
of	O
a	O
single	O
application	O
(	O
which	O
is	O
often	O
called	O
application	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
EA	B-Library
frameworks	I-Library
combine	O
data	O
and	O
application	O
domains	O
into	O
a	O
single	O
(	O
digitized	O
)	O
information	O
system	O
layer	O
,	O
sitting	O
below	O
the	O
business	O
(	O
usually	O
a	O
human	O
activity	O
system	O
)	O
and	O
above	O
the	O
technology	O
(	O
the	O
platform	O
IT	B-Application
infrastructure	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
many	O
years	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
been	O
common	O
to	O
regard	O
the	O
architecture	B-Architecture
domains	I-Architecture
as	O
layers	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
idea	O
that	O
each	O
layer	O
contains	O
components	O
that	O
execute	O
processes	O
and	O
offer	O
services	O
to	O
the	O
layer	O
above	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
way	O
of	O
looking	O
at	O
the	O
architecture	B-Architecture
domains	I-Architecture
was	O
evident	O
in	O
TOGAF	O
v1	O
(	O
1996	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
encapsulated	O
the	O
technology	O
component	O
layer	O
behind	O
the	O
platform	O
services	O
defined	O
in	O
the	O
"	O
Technical	O
Reference	O
Model	O
"	O
-	O
very	O
much	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
philosophy	O
of	O
TAFIM	B-Library
and	O
POSIX	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
view	O
of	O
architecture	B-Architecture
domains	I-Architecture
as	O
layers	O
can	O
be	O
presented	O
thus	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
ideal	O
EA	B-Library
framework	I-Library
should	O
feature	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
modern	O
EA	B-Library
frameworks	I-Library
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
basic	O
data	O
model	O
type	O
which	O
is	O
most	O
commonly	O
used	O
is	O
called	O
merda	O
(	O
master	O
entity	B-Architecture
relationship	I-Architecture
diagrams	I-Architecture
assessment	O
,	O
see	O
entity-relationship	B-Architecture
model	I-Architecture
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Enterprise	O
Architecture	O
Reference	O
Traditional	O
Model	O
offers	O
a	O
clear	O
distinction	O
between	O
the	O
architecture	B-Architecture
domains	I-Architecture
(	O
business	O
,	O
information/data	O
,	O
application/integration	O
and	O
technical/infrastructure	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
enterprise	O
architecture	O
teams	O
consist	O
of	O
Individuals	O
with	O
Skills	O
aligned	O
with	O
the	O
Enterprise	O
Architecture	B-Architecture
Domains	I-Architecture
and	O
sub-domain	O
disciplines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Here	O
are	O
some	O
examples	O
:	O
enterprise	O
business	B-Architecture
architect	I-Architecture
,	O
enterprise	O
documentational	O
architect	O
,	O
enterprise	O
application	O
architect	O
,	O
enterprise	O
infrastructure	O
architect	O
,	O
enterprise	O
information	O
architect	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
of	O
the	O
list	O
of	O
reference	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
patterns	O
in	O
the	O
application	O
and	O
information	O
architecture	B-Architecture
domains	I-Architecture
are	O
available	O
at	O
Architectural	O
pattern	O
(	O
computer	O
science	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
view	B-Architecture
model	I-Architecture
is	O
a	O
framework	O
that	O
defines	O
the	O
set	O
of	O
views	O
or	O
approaches	O
used	O
in	O
systems	O
analysis	O
,	O
systems	O
design	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
construction	O
of	O
an	O
enterprise	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
,	O
there	O
have	O
been	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
efforts	O
to	O
define	O
standard	O
approaches	O
for	O
describing	O
and	O
analyzing	O
system	B-Architecture
architectures	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
the	O
recent	O
Enterprise	B-Library
Architecture	I-Library
frameworks	I-Library
have	O
some	O
kind	O
of	O
set	O
of	O
views	O
defined	O
,	O
but	O
these	O
sets	O
are	O
not	O
always	O
called	O
view	B-Architecture
models	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Perhaps	O
the	O
best-known	O
standard	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
software	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
and	O
system	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
started	O
life	O
as	O
IEEE	B-Architecture
1471	I-Architecture
,	O
an	O
IEEE	O
Standard	O
for	O
describing	O
the	O
architecture	O
of	O
a	O
software-intensive	O
system	O
approved	O
in	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
standard	O
defines	O
an	O
architecture	B-Architecture
framework	I-Architecture
as	O
conventions	O
,	O
principles	O
and	O
practices	O
for	O
the	O
description	O
of	O
architectures	O
established	O
within	O
a	O
specific	O
domain	O
of	O
application	O
and/or	O
community	O
of	O
stakeholders	O
,	O
and	O
proposes	O
an	O
architecture	B-Architecture
framework	I-Architecture
is	O
specified	O
by	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Architecture	B-Architecture
frameworks	I-Architecture
conforming	O
to	O
the	O
standard	O
can	O
include	O
additional	O
methods	O
,	O
tools	O
,	O
definitions	O
,	O
and	O
practices	O
beyond	O
those	O
specified	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nowadays	O
there	O
are	O
now	O
countless	O
EA	B-Library
frameworks	I-Library
,	O
many	O
more	O
than	O
in	O
the	O
following	O
listing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Cloud	O
Security	O
Alliance	O
(	O
Trusted	O
Cloud	O
Initiative	O
)	O
TCI	O
reference	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
RM-ODP	B-Operating_System
–	O
the	O
Reference	O
Model	O
of	O
Open	B-Operating_System
Distributed	I-Operating_System
Processing	I-Operating_System
(	O
ITU-T	O
Rec	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
X.901-X.904	O
|	O
ISO/IEC	B-Operating_System
10746	I-Operating_System
)	O
defines	O
an	O
enterprise	B-Library
architecture	I-Library
framework	I-Library
for	O
structuring	O
the	O
specifications	O
of	O
open	B-Operating_System
distributed	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
TOGAF	O
–	O
The	B-Application
Open	I-Application
Group	I-Application
Architecture	B-Architecture
Framework	I-Architecture
–	O
a	O
widely	O
used	O
framework	O
including	O
an	O
architectural	O
Development	O
Method	O
and	O
standards	O
for	O
describing	O
various	O
types	O
of	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Treasury	O
Enterprise	B-Library
Architecture	I-Library
Framework	I-Library
(	O
TEAF	O
)	O
–	O
a	O
framework	O
for	O
treasury	O
,	O
published	O
by	O
the	O
US	O
Department	O
of	O
the	O
Treasury	O
in	O
July	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Enterprise	B-Library
architecture	I-Library
frameworks	I-Library
that	O
are	O
released	O
as	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
:	O
</s>
<s>
Lean	O
Architecture	B-Architecture
Framework	I-Architecture
(	O
LAF	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
good	O
practices	O
thanks	O
to	O
which	O
the	O
IT	O
environment	O
will	O
respond	O
consistently	O
and	O
quickly	O
to	O
a	O
changing	O
business	O
situation	O
while	O
maintaining	O
its	O
consistent	O
form	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MEGAF	O
is	O
an	O
infrastructure	O
for	O
realizing	O
architecture	B-Architecture
frameworks	I-Architecture
that	O
conform	O
to	O
the	O
definition	O
of	O
architecture	B-Architecture
framework	I-Architecture
provided	O
in	O
ISO/IEC/IEEE	O
42010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TRAK	B-Library
–	O
a	O
general	O
systems-oriented	O
framework	O
based	O
on	O
MODAF	B-Library
1.2	O
and	O
released	O
under	O
GPL/GFDL	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sherwood	B-Architecture
Applied	I-Architecture
Business	I-Architecture
Security	I-Architecture
Architecture	I-Architecture
(	O
SABSA	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
open	B-Operating_System
framework	O
and	O
methodology	O
for	O
Enterprise	O
Security	O
Architecture	O
and	O
Service	O
Management	O
,	O
that	O
is	O
risk	O
based	O
and	O
focuses	O
on	O
integrating	O
security	O
into	O
business	O
and	O
IT	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BRM	O
(	O
Build-Run-Manage	O
)	O
Framework	O
-	O
an	O
architecture	B-Architecture
framework	I-Architecture
created	O
by	O
Sanjeev	O
"	O
Sunny	O
"	O
Mishra	O
during	O
his	O
early	O
days	O
at	O
IBM	O
in	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DYA	B-Library
framework	I-Library
developed	O
by	O
Sogeti	O
since	O
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Purdue	B-Library
Enterprise	I-Library
Reference	I-Library
Architecture	I-Library
developed	O
by	O
Theodore	O
J	O
.	O
Williams	O
at	O
the	O
Purdue	O
University	O
early	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Solution	O
Architecting	O
Mechanism	O
(	O
SAM	O
)	O
–	O
A	O
coherent	O
architecture	B-Architecture
framework	I-Architecture
consisting	O
of	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
integral	O
modules	O
.	O
</s>
