<s>
Enhanced	B-Application
Privacy	I-Application
ID	I-Application
(	O
EPID	O
)	O
is	O
Intel	O
Corporation	O
's	O
recommended	O
algorithm	O
for	O
attestation	O
of	O
a	O
trusted	O
system	O
while	O
preserving	O
privacy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
EPID	O
complies	O
with	O
international	O
standards	O
ISO/IEC	O
20008	O
/	O
20009	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Trusted	O
Computing	O
Group	O
(	O
TCG	O
)	O
TPM	O
2.0	O
for	O
authentication	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intel	O
contributed	O
EPID	O
intellectual	O
property	O
to	O
ISO/IEC	O
under	O
RAND-Z	O
terms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intel	O
is	O
recommending	O
that	O
EPID	O
become	O
the	O
standard	O
across	O
the	O
industry	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
authentication	O
of	O
devices	O
in	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
(	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
)	O
and	O
in	O
December	O
2014	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
licensing	O
the	O
technology	O
to	O
third-party	O
chip	O
makers	O
to	O
broadly	O
enable	O
its	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
EPID	O
is	O
an	O
enhancement	O
of	O
the	O
Direct	B-Application
Anonymous	I-Application
Attestation	I-Application
(	O
DAA	O
)	O
algorithm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
EPID	O
enhances	O
DAA	O
by	O
providing	O
an	O
additional	O
utility	O
of	O
being	O
able	O
to	O
revoke	O
a	O
private	B-Application
key	I-Application
given	O
a	O
signature	O
created	O
by	O
that	O
key	O
,	O
even	O
if	O
the	O
key	O
itself	O
is	O
still	O
unknown	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1999	O
the	O
Pentium	B-General_Concept
III	I-General_Concept
added	O
a	O
Processor	O
Serial	O
Number	O
(	O
PSN	O
)	O
as	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
create	O
identity	O
for	O
security	O
of	O
endpoints	O
on	O
the	O
internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Building	O
on	O
improving	O
asymmetric	B-Application
cryptography	I-Application
of	O
the	O
time	O
and	O
group	O
keys	O
,	O
Intel	O
Labs	O
researched	O
and	O
then	O
standardized	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
get	O
to	O
the	O
benefits	O
of	O
PSN	O
while	O
preserving	O
privacy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
issuer	O
is	O
the	O
entity	O
that	O
issues	O
unique	O
EPID	O
private	B-Application
keys	I-Application
for	O
each	O
member	O
of	O
a	O
group	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
issuing	O
of	O
an	O
EPID	O
key	O
can	O
be	O
done	O
directly	O
by	O
the	O
issuer	O
creating	O
an	O
EPID	O
key	O
and	O
delivering	O
securely	O
to	O
the	O
member	O
,	O
or	O
blinded	O
so	O
that	O
the	O
issuer	O
does	O
not	O
know	O
the	O
EPID	O
private	B-Application
key	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
anticipated	O
that	O
EPID	O
will	O
become	O
prevalent	O
in	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
,	O
where	O
inherent	O
key	O
distribution	O
with	O
the	O
processor	O
chip	O
,	O
and	O
optional	O
privacy	O
benefits	O
will	O
be	O
especially	O
valued	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
securing	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
,	O
EPID	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
provide	O
authentication	O
while	O
also	O
preserving	O
privacy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
EPID	O
keys	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
devices	O
for	O
services	O
while	O
not	O
allowing	O
users	O
to	O
be	O
tracked	O
by	O
their	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
using	O
these	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
EPID	O
is	O
ideal	O
for	O
the	O
broad	O
range	O
of	O
anticipated	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
uses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Security	O
and	O
privacy	O
are	O
foundational	O
to	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
security	O
and	O
privacy	O
extend	O
beyond	O
Intel	O
processors	O
to	O
other	O
chipmaker	O
's	O
processors	O
in	O
sensors	O
,	O
Intel	O
announced	O
on	O
December	O
9	O
,	O
2014	O
their	O
intent	O
to	O
license	O
EPID	O
broadly	O
to	O
other	O
chip	O
manufacturers	O
for	O
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
has	O
been	O
described	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
network	O
of	O
networks	O
"	O
where	O
internal	O
workings	O
of	O
one	O
network	O
may	O
not	O
be	O
appropriate	O
to	O
disclose	O
to	O
a	O
peer	O
or	O
foreign	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
use	O
case	O
involving	O
redundant	O
or	O
spare	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
facilitates	O
availability	O
and	O
serviceability	O
objectives	O
,	O
but	O
network	O
operations	O
that	O
load	O
balances	O
or	O
replaces	O
different	O
devices	O
need	O
not	O
be	O
reflected	O
to	O
peer	O
or	O
foreign	O
networks	O
that	O
"	O
share	O
"	O
a	O
device	O
across	O
network	O
contexts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
EPID	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
share	O
a	O
common	O
public	B-Application
key	I-Application
or	O
certificate	O
that	O
describes	O
and	O
attests	O
the	O
group	O
of	O
similar	O
devices	O
used	O
for	O
redundancy	O
and	O
availability	O
,	O
but	O
does	O
n't	O
allow	O
tracking	O
of	O
specific	O
device	O
movements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
EPID	O
's	O
privacy	O
preserving	O
properties	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
ideal	O
for	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
Device	O
identity	O
to	O
allow	O
a	O
device	O
to	O
securely	O
and	O
automatically	O
onboard	O
itself	O
into	O
an	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
Service	O
immediately	O
at	O
the	O
first	O
power	O
on	O
of	O
the	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Essentially	O
the	O
device	O
performs	O
a	O
secure	O
boot	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
before	O
anything	O
else	O
,	O
reaches	O
out	O
across	O
the	O
internet	O
to	O
find	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
Service	O
that	O
the	O
new	O
owner	O
has	O
chosen	O
for	O
managing	O
the	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
consequence	O
of	O
the	O
EPID	O
attestation	O
,	O
a	O
secure	O
channel	O
is	O
created	O
between	O
the	O
device	O
and	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
Service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
the	O
EPID	O
attestation	O
,	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
Service	O
knows	O
it	O
is	O
talking	O
to	O
the	O
real	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
Device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
Using	O
the	O
secure	O
channel	O
created	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
reciprocal	O
attestation	O
so	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
Device	O
knows	O
it	O
is	O
talking	O
to	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
Service	O
the	O
new	O
owner	O
selected	O
to	O
manage	O
it	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
privacy	O
of	O
onboarding	O
is	O
preserved	O
and	O
adversaries	O
can	O
no	O
longer	O
collect	O
data	O
to	O
create	O
attack	O
maps	O
for	O
later	O
use	O
when	O
future	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
Device	O
vulnerabilities	O
are	O
discovered	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moreover	O
,	O
additional	O
keys	O
can	O
be	O
securely	O
provisioned	O
over	O
the	O
air	O
or	O
down	O
the	O
wire	O
,	O
the	O
latest	O
version	O
of	O
software	O
,	O
perhaps	O
specific	O
to	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
Service	O
,	O
can	O
be	O
downloaded	O
and	O
default	O
logins	O
disabled	O
to	O
secure	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
Device	O
without	O
operator	O
intervention	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
October	O
3	O
,	O
2017	O
,	O
Intel	O
announced	O
Intel	O
Secure	O
Device	O
Onboard	O
,	O
a	O
software	O
solution	O
to	O
help	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
Device	O
Manufacturers	O
and	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
Cloud	O
Services	O
privately	O
,	O
securely	O
and	O
quickly	O
onboard	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
Devices	O
into	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
Services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
objective	O
is	O
to	O
onboard	O
"	O
Any	O
Device	O
to	O
Any	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
Platform	O
"	O
for	O
a	O
"	O
superior	O
Onboarding	O
experience	O
and	O
ecosystem	O
enablement	O
ROI	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
cases	O
and	O
protocols	O
from	O
SDO	O
have	O
been	O
submitted	O
to	O
the	O
FIDO	O
Alliance	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
working	O
group	O
.	O
</s>
