<s>
Endomicroscopy	B-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
technique	O
for	O
obtaining	O
histology-like	O
images	O
from	O
inside	O
the	O
human	O
body	O
in	O
real-time	O
,	O
a	O
process	O
known	O
as	O
‘	O
optical	O
biopsy’	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
generally	O
refers	O
to	O
fluorescence	O
confocal	O
microscopy	O
,	O
although	O
multi-photon	O
microscopy	O
and	O
optical	B-Application
coherence	I-Application
tomography	I-Application
have	O
also	O
been	O
adapted	O
for	O
endoscopic	B-Application
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
number	O
of	O
pre-clinical	O
and	O
transnational	O
applications	O
have	O
been	O
developed	O
for	O
endomicroscopy	B-Algorithm
as	O
it	O
enables	O
researchers	O
to	O
perform	O
live	O
animal	O
imaging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fibre	O
bundles	O
were	O
originally	O
developed	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
flexible	O
endoscopes	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
and	O
have	O
since	O
been	O
adapted	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
endomicroscopy	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
if	O
one	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
bundle	O
is	O
placed	O
at	O
the	O
focus	O
of	O
a	O
table-top	O
confocal	O
microscope	O
,	O
the	O
bundle	O
will	O
act	O
as	O
a	O
flexible	O
extension	O
and	O
allow	O
endoscopic	B-Application
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
experimental	O
devices	O
have	O
either	O
used	O
MEMS	B-Architecture
scanning	O
mirrors	O
,	O
or	O
direct	O
translation	O
of	O
the	O
fibre	O
using	O
electromagnetic	O
actuation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Optical	B-Application
coherence	I-Application
tomography	I-Application
and	O
multi-photon	O
microscopy	O
have	O
both	O
been	O
demonstrated	O
endoscopically	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Four	O
endomicroscope	O
products	O
have	O
been	O
developed	O
:	O
The	O
fluorescence	O
in	O
vivo	O
endomicroscope	O
-	O
FIVE2	O
(	O
OptiScan	O
Imaging	O
Ltd	O
,	O
Melbourne	O
,	O
Australia	O
)	O
developed	O
for	O
pre-clinical	O
research	O
,	O
the	O
neurosurgical	O
device	O
Convivo	O
(	O
Carl	O
Zeiss	O
Meditech	O
AG	O
,	O
Jena	O
,	O
Germany	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
Pentax	B-Application
ISC-1000/EC3870CIK	O
endoscope	O
(	O
Pentax/Hoya	O
,	O
Tokyo	O
,	O
Japan	O
)	O
,	O
now	O
withdrawn	O
from	O
some	O
markets	O
,	O
and	O
Cellvizio	O
(	O
Mauna	O
Kea	O
Technologies	O
,	O
Paris	O
,	O
France	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Pentax	B-Application
Medical	O
device	O
was	O
packaged	O
into	O
an	O
endoscope	O
,	O
that	O
used	O
OptiScan	O
's	O
electromagnetic-controlled	O
scanning	O
of	O
a	O
single	O
fibre	O
to	O
perform	O
the	O
confocal	O
scanning	O
at	O
the	O
distal	O
tip	O
of	O
the	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
Pentax	B-Application
instrument	O
had	O
variable	O
frame	O
rate	O
up	O
to	O
1.6	O
fps	O
and	O
dynamic	O
adjustment	O
of	O
working	O
distance	O
by	O
the	O
user	O
over	O
a	O
depth	O
range	O
from	O
surface	O
to	O
250	O
μm.The	O
second	O
generation	O
of	O
OptiScan	O
's	O
scanner	O
has	O
an	O
adjustable	O
frame	O
rate	O
between	O
0.8fps	O
to	O
3.5fps	O
,	O
field	O
of	O
view	O
of	O
475μm	O
and	O
a	O
depth	O
range	O
of	O
surface	O
to	O
400μm	O
.	O
</s>
