<s>
End-user	O
development	O
(	O
EUD	O
)	O
or	O
end-user	B-Application
programming	I-Application
(	O
EUP	O
)	O
refers	O
to	O
activities	O
and	O
tools	O
that	O
allow	O
end-users	O
–	O
people	O
who	O
are	O
not	O
professional	O
software	O
developers	O
–	O
to	O
program	B-General_Concept
computers	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
EUD	O
approaches	O
exist	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
an	O
active	O
research	O
topic	O
within	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
and	O
human-computer	O
interaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
include	O
natural	B-General_Concept
language	I-General_Concept
programming	I-General_Concept
,	O
spreadsheets	B-Application
,	O
scripting	O
languages	O
(	O
particularly	O
in	O
an	O
office	O
suite	O
or	O
art	O
application	B-Application
)	O
,	O
visual	B-Language
programming	I-Language
,	O
trigger-action	O
programming	O
and	O
programming	B-Application
by	I-Application
example	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
popular	O
EUD	O
tool	O
is	O
the	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
their	O
unrestricted	O
nature	O
,	O
spreadsheets	B-Application
allow	O
relatively	O
un-sophisticated	O
computer	O
users	O
to	O
write	O
programs	O
that	O
represent	O
complex	O
data	O
models	O
,	O
while	O
shielding	O
them	O
from	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
learn	O
lower-level	O
programming	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
programming	B-Application
by	I-Application
example	I-Application
(	O
PbE	O
)	O
approach	O
reduces	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
learn	O
the	O
abstractions	O
of	O
a	O
classic	O
programming	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Low-code	B-Architecture
development	I-Architecture
platforms	I-Architecture
are	O
also	O
an	O
approach	O
to	O
EUD	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
case	O
previous	O
approaches	O
for	O
desktop	B-Application
applications	I-Application
cannot	O
be	O
simply	O
reproposed	O
,	O
given	O
the	O
specific	O
characteristics	O
of	O
mobile	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lessons	O
learned	O
from	O
EUD	O
solutions	O
can	O
significantly	O
influence	O
the	O
software	O
life	O
cycles	O
for	O
commercial	O
software	O
products	O
,	O
in-house	O
intranet/extranet	O
developments	O
and	O
enterprise	O
application	B-Application
deployments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Often	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
low	B-Architecture
code	I-Architecture
development	O
platforms	O
,	O
web	O
based	O
interactions	O
guide	O
a	O
user	O
to	O
develop	O
an	O
application	B-Application
in	O
as	O
little	O
as	O
40	O
–	O
80	O
hours	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
End-user	B-Application
programming	I-Application
is	O
programming	O
to	O
achieve	O
the	O
result	O
of	O
a	O
program	O
primarily	O
for	O
personal	O
,	O
rather	O
 [ than ] 	O
public	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
examples	O
,	O
visual	B-Language
programming	I-Language
,	O
or	O
macro	O
generation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
parameters	O
that	O
choose	O
between	O
alternative	O
predefined	O
behaviors	O
of	O
an	O
application	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
End-User	O
Development	O
Lecture	O
Notes	O
in	O
Computer	B-General_Concept
Science	I-General_Concept
,	O
2009	O
,	O
Volume	O
5435/2009	O
,	O
3-14	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
Scripts	O
and	O
macros	O
added	O
to	O
extend	O
or	O
automate	O
office	O
productivity	O
suites	O
and	O
graphics	B-Application
applications	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Simultaneous	B-Application
editing	I-Application
of	O
many	O
related	O
items	O
either	O
through	O
a	O
batch	B-General_Concept
process	I-General_Concept
specified	O
by	O
the	O
end	O
user	O
or	O
by	O
direct	O
manipulation	O
,	O
like	O
those	O
available	O
in	O
the	O
Lapis	B-Application
text	I-Application
editor	I-Application
and	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Visual	B-Language
programming	I-Language
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
visual	O
languages	O
such	O
as	O
AgentSheets	B-Language
,	O
LabVIEW	B-Application
,	O
Scratch	B-Language
(	O
programming	O
language	O
)	O
or	O
LEGO	B-Application
Mindstorms	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Web	B-Application
Mashups	I-Application
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
visual	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
and	O
second	O
costs	O
are	O
incurred	O
once	O
during	O
acquisition	O
,	O
whereas	O
the	O
third	O
and	O
fourth	O
are	O
incurred	O
every	O
time	O
an	O
application	B-Application
is	O
developed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Besides	O
programming	O
collaboration	O
platforms	O
like	O
GitHub	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
mostly	O
utilized	O
by	O
expert	O
developers	O
due	O
to	O
their	O
steep	O
learning	O
curve	O
,	O
collaborations	O
among	O
end-user	O
developers	O
often	O
take	O
place	O
on	O
wiki	B-Protocol
platforms	O
where	O
the	O
software	O
artifacts	O
created	O
are	O
shared	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
such	O
application	B-Application
include	O
CoScripter	O
and	O
HILC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
such	O
applications	O
,	O
user	O
can	O
create	O
scripts	O
for	O
tasks	O
using	O
pseudo-natural	O
language	O
or	O
via	O
programming	B-Application
by	I-Application
demonstration	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
users	O
can	O
choose	O
to	O
upload	O
the	O
script	O
to	O
a	O
wiki	B-Protocol
style	O
repository	O
of	O
scripts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
this	O
wiki	B-Protocol
,	O
users	O
can	O
browse	O
available	O
scripts	O
and	O
extend	O
existing	O
scripts	O
to	O
support	O
additional	O
parameters	O
,	O
to	O
handle	O
additional	O
conditions	O
or	O
to	O
operate	O
on	O
additional	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Warren	O
Harrison	O
,	O
a	O
professor	O
of	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
at	O
Portland	O
State	O
University	O
,	O
wrote	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
’s	O
simply	O
unfathomable	O
that	O
we	O
could	O
expect	O
security	O
...	O
from	O
the	O
vast	O
majority	O
of	O
software	B-Application
applications	I-Application
out	O
there	O
when	O
they	O
’re	O
written	O
with	O
little	O
,	O
if	O
any	O
,	O
knowledge	O
of	O
generally	O
accepted	O
good	O
practices	O
such	O
as	O
specifying	O
before	O
coding	O
,	O
systematic	O
testing	O
,	O
and	O
so	O
on	O
....	O
How	O
many	O
X	O
for	O
Complete	O
Idiots	O
(	O
where	O
"	O
X	O
"	O
is	O
your	O
favorite	O
programming	O
language	O
)	O
books	O
are	O
out	O
there	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
compared	O
with	O
expert	O
programmers	O
,	O
end-user	O
programmers	O
rarely	O
have	O
the	O
time	O
or	O
interest	O
in	O
systematic	O
and	O
disciplined	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
activities	O
,	O
which	O
makes	O
ensuring	O
the	O
quality	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
artifact	O
produced	O
by	O
end-user	O
development	O
particularly	O
challenging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
to	O
this	O
,	O
the	O
study	O
of	O
end-user	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
has	O
emerged	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
alternative	O
scenario	O
is	O
that	O
end	O
users	O
or	O
their	O
consultants	O
employ	O
declarative	B-Language
tools	O
that	O
support	O
rigorous	O
business	O
and	O
security	O
rules	O
at	O
the	O
expense	O
of	O
performance	O
and	O
scalability	O
;	O
tools	O
created	O
using	O
EUD	O
will	O
typically	O
have	O
worse	O
efficiency	O
than	O
those	O
created	O
with	O
professional	O
programming	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
users	O
will	O
define	O
the	O
functions	O
required	O
before	O
these	O
experts	O
have	O
a	O
chance	O
to	O
consider	O
the	O
limitations	O
of	O
a	O
specific	O
application	B-Application
or	O
software	B-Architecture
framework	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
