<s>
Debian	O
(	O
)	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
Debian	O
GNU/Linux	B-Application
,	O
is	O
a	O
Linux	B-Application
distribution	I-Application
composed	O
of	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
,	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
community-supported	O
Debian	O
Project	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
established	O
by	O
Ian	O
Murdock	O
on	O
August	O
16	O
,	O
1993	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Debian	O
Stable	O
branch	O
is	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
edition	O
for	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
and	O
servers	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
is	O
also	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
many	O
other	O
distributions	O
,	O
most	O
notably	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
oldest	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
based	O
on	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
is	O
coordinated	O
over	O
the	O
Internet	O
by	O
a	O
team	O
of	O
volunteers	O
guided	O
by	O
the	O
Debian	O
Project	O
Leader	O
and	O
three	O
foundational	O
documents	O
:	O
the	O
Debian	O
Social	O
Contract	O
,	O
the	O
Debian	O
Constitution	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Debian	B-License
Free	I-License
Software	I-License
Guidelines	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
its	O
founding	O
,	O
Debian	O
has	O
been	O
developed	O
openly	O
and	O
distributed	O
freely	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
principles	O
of	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
Project	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
this	O
,	O
the	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
sponsored	O
the	O
project	O
from	O
November	O
1994	O
to	O
November	O
1995	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
's	O
unstable	O
trunk	B-General_Concept
is	O
named	O
after	O
Sid	O
,	O
a	O
character	O
who	O
regularly	O
destroyed	O
his	O
toys	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
was	O
first	O
announced	O
on	O
August	O
16	O
,	O
1993	O
,	O
by	O
Ian	O
Murdock	O
,	O
who	O
initially	O
called	O
the	O
system	O
"	O
the	O
Debian	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
Release	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
Debian	O
's	O
release	O
,	O
the	O
Softlanding	B-Operating_System
Linux	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
(	O
SLS	B-Operating_System
)	O
had	O
been	O
a	O
popular	O
Linux	B-Application
distribution	I-Application
and	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
Slackware	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
perceived	O
poor	O
maintenance	O
and	O
prevalence	O
of	O
bugs	B-Error_Name
in	O
SLS	B-Operating_System
motivated	O
Murdock	O
to	O
launch	O
a	O
new	O
distribution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
release	O
included	O
the	O
Debian	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
Manifesto	O
,	O
outlining	O
Murdock	O
's	O
view	O
for	O
the	O
new	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
it	O
he	O
called	O
for	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
a	O
distribution	O
to	O
be	O
maintained	O
"	O
openly	O
in	O
the	O
spirit	O
of	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
and	O
GNU.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
this	O
time	O
it	O
was	O
sponsored	O
by	O
the	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
for	O
one	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ian	O
Murdock	O
delegated	O
the	O
base	O
system	O
,	O
the	O
core	O
packages	B-Application
of	O
Debian	O
,	O
to	O
Bruce	O
Perens	O
and	O
Murdock	O
focused	O
on	O
the	O
management	O
of	O
the	O
growing	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
ports	O
to	O
non-IA-32	O
architectures	O
began	O
in	O
1995	O
,	O
and	O
Debian	O
1.1	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
1996	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
that	O
time	O
and	O
thanks	O
to	O
Ian	O
Jackson	O
,	O
the	O
dpkg	B-Language
package	B-Application
manager	I-Application
was	O
already	O
an	O
essential	O
part	O
of	O
Debian	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
drafted	O
a	O
social	O
contract	O
and	O
edited	O
suggestions	O
from	O
a	O
month-long	O
discussion	O
into	O
the	O
Debian	O
Social	O
Contract	O
and	O
the	O
Debian	B-License
Free	I-License
Software	I-License
Guidelines	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
FSF	O
withdrew	O
their	O
sponsorship	O
in	O
the	O
midst	O
of	O
the	O
free	B-License
software	I-License
vs.	I-License
open	I-License
source	I-License
debate	I-License
,	O
Perens	O
initiated	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
the	O
legal	O
umbrella	O
organization	O
Software	O
in	O
the	O
Public	O
Interest	O
instead	O
of	O
seeking	O
renewed	O
involvement	O
with	O
the	O
FSF	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
created	O
the	O
BusyBox	B-Application
program	O
to	O
make	O
it	O
possible	O
to	O
run	O
a	O
Debian	B-Language
installer	I-Language
on	O
a	O
single	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
,	O
and	O
wrote	O
a	O
new	O
installer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
2.0	O
introduced	O
the	O
second	O
official	O
port	O
,	O
m68k	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
this	O
time	O
the	O
first	O
port	O
to	O
a	O
non-Linux	O
kernel	O
,	O
Debian	O
GNU/Hurd	B-Application
,	O
was	O
started	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Advanced	B-Application
Packaging	I-Application
Tool	I-Application
was	O
deployed	O
with	O
Debian	O
2.1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
Debian	O
derivatives	O
,	O
namely	O
Libranet	O
,	O
Corel	B-Application
Linux	I-Application
and	O
Stormix	O
's	O
Storm	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
,	O
were	O
started	O
in	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
2000	O
,	O
the	O
project	O
reorganized	O
the	O
archive	O
with	O
new	O
package	O
"	O
pools	O
"	O
and	O
created	O
the	O
Testing	O
distribution	O
,	O
made	O
up	O
of	O
packages	B-Application
considered	O
stable	O
,	O
to	O
reduce	O
the	O
freeze	O
for	O
the	O
next	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2001	O
,	O
Hewlett-Packard	O
announced	O
plans	O
to	O
base	O
its	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
development	O
on	O
Debian	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2002	O
,	O
the	O
project	O
released	O
version	O
3.0	O
,	O
code-named	O
Woody	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
release	O
to	O
include	O
cryptographic	O
software	O
,	O
a	O
free	O
licensed	O
KDE	B-Application
and	O
internationalization	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
events	O
disturbed	O
the	O
project	O
while	O
working	O
on	O
Sarge	O
,	O
as	O
Debian	O
servers	B-Application
were	O
attacked	O
by	O
fire	O
and	O
hackers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
was	O
a	O
large	O
reaction	O
because	O
the	O
proposal	O
looked	O
more	O
like	O
a	O
decision	O
and	O
because	O
such	O
a	O
drop	O
would	O
damage	O
Debian	O
's	O
aim	O
to	O
be	O
"	O
the	O
universal	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Debian-based	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
,	O
named	O
"	O
4.10	O
Warty	O
Warthog	O
"	O
,	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
October	O
20	O
,	O
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
it	O
was	O
distributed	O
as	O
a	O
free	O
download	O
,	O
it	O
became	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
and	O
successful	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
with	O
more	O
than	O
"	O
40	O
million	O
users	O
"	O
according	O
to	O
Canonical	O
Ltd	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
Murdock	O
was	O
critical	O
of	O
the	O
differences	O
between	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
packages	B-Application
and	O
Debian	O
,	O
stating	O
that	O
it	O
leads	O
to	O
incompatibilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
release	O
updated	O
73%	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
and	O
included	O
over	O
9,000	O
new	O
packages	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
new	O
installer	O
with	O
a	O
modular	O
design	O
,	O
Debian-Installer	B-Language
,	O
allowed	O
installations	O
with	O
RAID	B-Architecture
,	O
XFS	B-Application
and	O
LVM	B-Application
support	O
,	O
improved	O
hardware	O
detection	O
,	O
made	O
installations	O
easier	O
for	O
novice	O
users	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
translated	O
into	O
almost	O
forty	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
efforts	O
of	O
Skolelinux	B-Application
,	O
Debian-Med	B-Application
and	O
Debian-Accessibility	O
raised	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
packages	B-Application
that	O
were	O
educational	O
,	O
had	O
a	O
medical	O
affiliation	O
,	O
and	O
ones	O
made	O
for	O
people	O
with	O
disabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2006	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
a	O
much-publicized	O
dispute	O
,	O
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
software	I-Operating_System
was	I-Operating_System
rebranded	I-Operating_System
in	I-Operating_System
Debian	I-Operating_System
,	O
with	O
Firefox	B-Application
forked	O
as	O
Iceweasel	B-Protocol
and	O
Thunderbird	B-Application
as	O
Icedove	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Mozilla	O
Corporation	O
stated	O
that	O
software	O
with	O
unapproved	O
modifications	O
could	O
not	O
be	O
distributed	O
under	O
the	O
Firefox	B-Application
trademark	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
reasons	O
that	O
Debian	O
modifies	O
the	O
Firefox	B-Application
software	O
are	O
to	O
change	O
the	O
non-free	O
artwork	O
and	O
to	O
provide	O
security	O
patches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2016	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
announced	O
that	O
Mozilla	O
and	O
Debian	O
had	O
reached	O
an	O
agreement	O
and	O
Iceweasel	B-Protocol
would	O
revert	O
to	O
the	O
name	O
Firefox	B-Application
;	O
similar	O
agreement	O
was	O
anticipated	O
for	O
Icedove/Thunderbird	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
4.0	O
(	O
Etch	O
)	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
April	O
2007	O
,	O
featuring	O
the	O
x86-64	B-Device
port	O
and	O
a	O
graphical	O
installer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
5.0	O
(	O
Lenny	O
)	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
February	O
2009	O
,	O
supporting	O
Marvell	O
's	O
Orion	B-Device
platform	O
and	O
netbooks	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Asus	B-Device
Eee	I-Device
PC	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
6.0	O
(	O
Squeeze	O
)	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
February	O
2011	O
,	O
featuring	O
Debian	O
GNU/kFreeBSD	O
as	O
a	O
technology	O
preview	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
adding	O
a	O
dependency-based	O
boot	B-Operating_System
system	O
,	O
and	O
moving	O
problematic	O
firmware	B-Application
to	O
the	O
non-free	O
section	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
8.0	O
(	O
Jessie	O
)	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
April	O
2015	O
,	O
using	O
systemd	B-Application
as	O
the	O
new	O
init	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
9.0	O
(	O
Stretch	O
)	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
June	O
2017	O
,	O
with	O
nftables	O
as	O
a	O
replacement	O
for	O
iptables	O
,	O
support	O
for	O
Flatpak	B-Language
apps	O
,	O
and	O
MariaDB	O
as	O
the	O
replacement	O
for	O
MySQL	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
10.0	O
(	O
Buster	O
)	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
July	O
2019	O
,	O
adding	O
support	O
for	O
Secure	O
Boot	B-Operating_System
and	O
enabling	O
AppArmor	O
by	O
default	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
11.0	O
(	O
Bullseye	O
)	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
August	O
2021	O
,	O
enabling	O
persistency	O
in	O
the	O
system	O
journal	O
,	O
adding	O
support	O
for	O
driverless	O
scanning	O
,	O
and	O
containing	O
kernel-level	O
support	O
for	O
exFAT	B-Application
filesystems	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
is	O
still	O
in	O
development	O
and	O
new	O
packages	B-Application
are	O
uploaded	O
to	O
unstable	O
every	O
day	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Throughout	O
Debian	O
's	O
lifetime	O
,	O
both	O
the	O
Debian	O
distribution	O
and	O
its	O
website	O
have	O
won	O
various	O
awards	O
from	O
different	O
organizations	O
,	O
including	O
Server	O
Distribution	O
of	O
the	O
Year	O
2011	O
,	O
The	O
best	O
Linux	B-Application
distro	I-Application
of	O
2011	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
Best	O
of	O
the	O
Net	O
award	O
for	O
October	O
1998	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
2	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
announced	O
that	O
they	O
would	O
offer	O
Debian	O
GNU/Linux	B-Application
as	O
an	O
endorsed	O
distribution	O
on	O
the	O
Azure	B-Application
cloud	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
has	O
also	O
added	O
a	O
user	O
environment	O
to	O
their	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
desktop	B-General_Concept
operating	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
called	O
Windows	B-Library
Subsystem	O
for	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
that	O
offers	O
a	O
Debian	O
subset	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
has	O
access	O
to	O
online	O
repositories	B-Application
that	O
contain	O
over	O
51,000	O
packages	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
officially	O
contains	O
only	O
free	O
software	O
,	O
but	O
non-free	B-Application
software	I-Application
can	O
be	O
downloaded	O
and	O
installed	O
from	O
the	O
Debian	O
repositories	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
includes	O
popular	O
free	O
programs	O
such	O
as	O
LibreOffice	B-Application
,	O
Firefox	B-Application
web	I-Application
browser	I-Application
,	O
Evolution	B-Language
mail	I-Language
,	O
K3b	B-Language
disc	O
burner	O
,	O
VLC	B-Application
media	I-Application
player	I-Application
,	O
GIMP	B-Application
image	I-Application
editor	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Evince	B-Language
document	I-Language
viewer	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
is	O
a	O
popular	O
choice	O
for	O
servers	B-Application
,	O
for	O
example	O
as	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
component	O
of	O
a	O
LAMP	B-Application
stack	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
flavors	O
of	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
exist	O
for	O
each	O
port	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
i386	B-General_Concept
port	O
has	O
flavors	O
for	O
IA-32	B-Device
PCs	B-Device
supporting	O
Physical	B-General_Concept
Address	I-General_Concept
Extension	I-General_Concept
and	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
,	O
for	O
older	O
PCs	B-Device
,	O
and	O
for	O
x86-64	B-Device
PCs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
does	O
not	O
officially	O
contain	O
firmware	B-Application
lacking	O
source	O
code	O
,	O
although	O
such	O
firmware	B-Application
is	O
available	O
in	O
non-free	O
packages	B-Application
and	O
alternative	O
installation	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
offers	O
CD	O
and	O
DVD	O
images	B-General_Concept
specifically	O
built	O
for	O
XFCE	B-Language
,	O
GNOME	B-Application
,	O
KDE	B-Application
,	O
MATE	B-Language
,	O
Cinnamon	B-Language
,	O
LXDE	B-Language
,	O
and	O
LXQT	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
MATE	B-Language
is	O
officially	O
supported	O
,	O
while	O
Cinnamon	B-Language
support	O
was	O
added	O
with	O
Debian	O
8.0	O
Jessie	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Less	O
common	O
window	B-Application
managers	I-Application
such	O
as	O
Enlightenment	B-Application
,	O
Openbox	B-Language
,	O
Fluxbox	B-Language
,	O
IceWM	B-Language
,	O
Window	B-Application
Maker	I-Application
and	O
others	O
are	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
default	O
desktop	O
environment	O
of	O
version	O
7.0	O
Wheezy	O
was	O
temporarily	O
switched	O
to	O
Xfce	B-Language
,	O
because	O
GNOME	B-Application
3	O
did	O
not	O
fit	O
on	O
the	O
first	O
CD	O
of	O
the	O
set	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
default	O
for	O
the	O
version	O
8.0	O
Jessie	O
was	O
changed	O
again	O
to	O
Xfce	B-Language
in	O
November	O
2013	O
,	O
and	O
back	O
to	O
GNOME	B-Application
in	O
September	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
level	O
of	O
software	B-General_Concept
localization	I-General_Concept
depends	O
on	O
the	O
language	O
,	O
ranging	O
from	O
the	O
highly	O
supported	O
German	O
and	O
French	O
to	O
the	O
barely	O
translated	O
Creek	O
and	O
Samoan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multimedia	O
support	O
has	O
been	O
problematic	O
in	O
Debian	O
regarding	O
codecs	B-General_Concept
threatened	O
by	O
possible	O
patent	O
infringements	O
,	O
lacking	O
source	O
code	O
,	O
or	O
under	O
too	O
restrictive	O
licenses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
though	O
packages	B-Application
with	O
problems	O
related	O
to	O
their	O
distribution	O
could	O
go	O
into	O
the	O
non-free	O
area	O
,	O
software	O
such	O
as	O
libdvdcss	B-Language
is	O
not	O
hosted	O
at	O
Debian	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
notable	O
third	O
party	O
repository	O
exists	O
,	O
formerly	O
named	O
Debian-multimedia.org,	O
providing	O
software	O
not	O
present	O
in	O
debian	O
such	O
as	O
Windows	B-Library
codecs	B-General_Concept
,	O
libdvdcss	B-Language
and	O
the	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Flash	I-Operating_System
Player	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
repository	O
provides	O
packages	B-Application
already	O
included	O
in	O
debian	O
,	O
interfering	O
with	O
the	O
official	O
maintenance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
offers	O
DVD	O
and	O
CD	O
images	B-General_Concept
for	O
installation	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
downloaded	O
using	O
BitTorrent	B-Protocol
or	O
jigdo	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
full	O
sets	O
are	O
made	O
up	O
of	O
several	O
discs	O
(	O
the	O
amd64	B-Device
port	O
consists	O
of	O
13	O
DVDs	O
or	O
84	O
CDs	O
)	O
,	O
but	O
only	O
the	O
first	O
disc	O
is	O
required	O
for	O
installation	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
installer	O
can	O
retrieve	O
software	O
not	O
contained	O
in	O
the	O
first	O
disc	O
image	O
from	O
online	O
repositories	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
option	O
is	O
to	O
boot	B-Operating_System
the	O
installer	O
from	O
the	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
default	O
bootstrap	B-Operating_System
loader	I-Operating_System
is	O
GNU	B-Application
GRUB	I-Application
version	O
2	O
,	O
though	O
the	O
package	O
name	O
is	O
simply	O
grub	B-Application
,	O
while	O
version	O
1	O
was	O
renamed	O
to	O
grub-legacy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
conflicts	O
with	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
Fedora	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
)	O
,	O
where	O
grub	B-Application
version	O
2	O
is	O
named	O
grub2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
default	O
desktop	O
may	O
be	O
chosen	O
from	O
the	O
DVD	O
boot	B-Operating_System
menu	I-Operating_System
among	O
GNOME	B-Application
,	O
KDE	B-Language
Plasma	I-Language
,	O
Xfce	B-Language
and	O
LXDE	B-Language
,	O
and	O
from	O
special	O
disc	O
1	O
CDs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
releases	O
live	O
install	O
images	B-General_Concept
for	O
CDs	O
,	O
DVDs	O
and	O
USB	O
thumb	O
drives	O
,	O
for	O
IA-32	B-Device
and	O
x86-64	B-Device
architectures	O
,	O
and	O
with	O
a	O
choice	O
of	O
desktop	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
Debian	O
Live	O
images	B-General_Concept
allow	O
users	O
to	O
boot	B-Operating_System
from	O
removable	O
media	O
and	O
run	O
Debian	O
without	O
affecting	O
the	O
contents	O
of	O
their	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Personalized	O
images	B-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
built	O
with	O
the	O
live-build	O
tool	O
for	O
discs	O
,	O
USB	O
drives	O
and	O
for	O
network	B-Device
booting	I-Device
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Installation	O
images	B-General_Concept
are	O
hybrid	B-Application
on	O
some	O
architectures	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
bootable	B-Operating_System
USB	O
drive	O
(	O
Live	O
USB	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Package	B-Application
management	I-Application
operations	O
can	O
be	O
performed	O
with	O
different	O
tools	O
available	O
on	O
Debian	O
,	O
from	O
the	O
lowest	O
level	O
command	O
dpkg	B-Language
to	O
graphical	O
front-ends	O
like	O
Synaptic	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
recommended	O
standard	O
for	O
administering	O
packages	B-Application
on	O
a	O
Debian	O
system	O
is	O
the	O
apt	B-Application
toolset	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
dpkg	B-Language
provides	O
the	O
low-level	O
infrastructure	O
for	O
package	B-Application
management	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
dpkg	B-Language
database	O
contains	O
the	O
list	O
of	O
installed	O
software	O
on	O
the	O
current	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
dpkg	B-Language
command	O
tool	O
does	O
not	O
know	O
about	O
repositories	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
command	O
can	O
work	O
with	O
local	O
.deb	O
package	O
files	O
,	O
and	O
information	O
from	O
the	O
dpkg	B-Language
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
Advanced	B-Application
Packaging	I-Application
Tool	I-Application
(	O
APT	B-Application
)	O
allows	O
administering	O
an	O
installed	O
Debian	O
system	O
to	O
retrieve	O
and	O
resolve	O
package	O
dependencies	B-Application
from	O
repositories	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
APT	B-Application
tools	O
share	O
dependency	B-Application
information	O
and	O
cached	O
packages	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
apt	B-Application
command	O
itself	O
is	O
intended	O
as	O
an	O
end	O
user	O
interface	O
and	O
enables	O
some	O
options	O
better	O
suited	O
for	O
interactive	O
usage	O
by	O
default	O
compared	O
to	O
more	O
specialized	O
APT	B-Application
like	O
apt-get	B-Application
and	O
apt-cache	B-Application
explained	O
below	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
apt-get	B-Application
and	O
apt-cache	B-Application
are	O
command	O
tools	O
of	O
the	O
standard	O
apt	B-Application
package	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
apt-get	B-Application
installs	O
and	O
removes	O
packages	B-Application
,	O
and	O
apt-cache	B-Application
is	O
used	O
for	O
searching	O
packages	B-Application
and	O
displaying	O
package	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aptitude	O
is	O
a	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
tool	I-Application
that	O
also	O
offers	O
a	O
text-based	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
GDebi	O
is	O
an	O
APT	B-Application
tool	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
command-line	B-Application
and	O
on	O
the	O
GUI	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
GDebi	O
can	O
install	O
a	O
local	O
.deb	O
file	O
via	O
the	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
like	O
the	O
dpkg	B-Language
command	O
,	O
but	O
with	O
access	O
to	O
repositories	B-Application
to	O
resolve	O
dependencies	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
graphical	O
front-ends	O
for	O
APT	B-Application
include	O
Software	B-Language
Center	I-Language
,	O
Synaptic	B-Language
and	O
Apper	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
GNOME	B-Language
Software	I-Language
is	O
a	O
graphical	O
front-end	O
for	O
PackageKit	B-Language
,	O
which	O
itself	O
can	O
work	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
various	O
software	O
packaging	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Debian	B-License
Free	I-License
Software	I-License
Guidelines	I-License
(	O
DFSG	B-License
)	O
define	O
the	O
distinctive	O
meaning	O
of	O
the	O
word	O
"	O
free	O
"	O
as	O
in	O
"	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Packages	B-Application
that	O
comply	O
with	O
these	O
guidelines	O
,	O
usually	O
under	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
,	O
Modified	O
BSD	O
License	O
or	O
Artistic	B-License
License	I-License
,	O
are	O
included	O
inside	O
the	O
main	O
area	O
;	O
otherwise	O
,	O
they	O
are	O
included	O
inside	O
the	O
non-free	O
and	O
contrib	O
areas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Non-free	O
includes	O
packages	B-Application
that	O
do	O
not	O
comply	O
with	O
the	O
DFSG	B-License
,	O
such	O
as	O
documentation	O
with	O
invariant	O
sections	O
and	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
and	O
legally	O
questionable	O
packages	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Contrib	O
includes	O
packages	B-Application
which	O
do	O
comply	O
with	O
the	O
DFSG	B-License
but	O
fail	O
other	O
requirements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
they	O
may	O
depend	O
on	O
packages	B-Application
which	O
are	O
in	O
non-free	O
or	O
requires	O
such	O
for	O
building	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Richard	O
Stallman	O
and	O
the	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
have	O
criticized	O
the	O
Debian	O
project	O
for	O
hosting	O
the	O
non-free	O
repository	O
and	O
because	O
the	O
contrib	O
and	O
non-free	O
areas	O
are	O
easily	O
accessible	O
,	O
an	O
opinion	O
echoed	O
by	O
some	O
in	O
Debian	O
including	O
the	O
former	O
project	O
leader	O
Wichert	O
Akkerman	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
popular	O
optional	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
cross-distribution	O
package	B-Application
manager	I-Application
are	O
graphical	O
(	O
front-ends	O
)	O
package	B-Application
managers	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
are	O
widely	O
popular	O
with	O
both	O
Debian	O
users	O
and	O
Debian	O
software	O
developers	O
who	O
are	O
interested	O
in	O
installing	O
the	O
most	O
recent	O
versions	O
of	O
application	O
or	O
using	O
the	O
cross-distribution	O
package	B-Application
manager	I-Application
built-in	O
sandbox	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Four	O
most	O
popular	O
cross-distribution	O
package	B-Application
managers	I-Application
,	O
sorted	O
in	O
alphabetical	O
order	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Flatpak	B-Language
software	O
code	O
is	O
owned	O
and	O
maintained	O
by	O
the	O
not	O
for	O
profit	O
Flatpak	B-Language
Team	O
,	O
with	O
an	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
LGPL-2.1-only	B-Application
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Homebrew	B-Application
software	O
code	O
is	O
owned	O
and	O
maintained	O
by	O
its	O
original	O
author	O
Max	O
Howell	O
,	O
with	O
an	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
BSD	O
2-Clause	O
License	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Snap	B-Application
software	O
code	O
is	O
owned	O
and	O
maintained	O
by	O
the	O
for	O
profit	O
Canonical	O
Group	O
Limited	O
,	O
with	O
an	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
,	I-License
version	I-License
3.0	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Three	O
branches	B-General_Concept
of	O
Debian	O
(	O
also	O
called	O
releases	O
,	O
distributions	O
or	O
suites	O
)	O
are	O
regularly	O
maintained	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Stable	O
is	O
made	O
by	O
freezing	O
Testing	O
for	O
a	O
few	O
months	O
where	O
bugs	B-Error_Name
are	O
fixed	O
and	O
packages	B-Application
with	O
too	O
many	O
bugs	B-Error_Name
are	O
removed	O
;	O
then	O
the	O
resulting	O
system	O
is	O
released	O
as	O
stable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
packages	B-Application
included	O
in	O
this	O
branch	O
have	O
had	O
some	O
testing	O
in	O
unstable	O
but	O
they	O
may	O
not	O
be	O
fit	O
for	O
release	O
yet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
contains	O
newer	O
packages	B-Application
than	O
stable	O
but	O
older	O
than	O
unstable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unstable	O
,	O
always	O
codenamed	O
sid	O
,	O
is	O
the	O
trunk	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Packages	B-Application
are	O
accepted	O
without	O
checking	O
the	O
distribution	O
as	O
a	O
whole	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
does	O
not	O
provide	O
full	O
Sid	O
installation	O
discs	O
,	O
but	O
rather	O
a	O
minimal	O
ISO	B-General_Concept
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
install	O
over	O
a	O
network	O
connection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
branches	B-General_Concept
in	O
Debian	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
not	O
a	O
full	O
distribution	O
and	O
missing	O
dependencies	B-Application
are	O
commonly	O
found	O
in	O
unstable	O
,	O
where	O
new	O
software	O
without	O
the	O
damage	O
chance	O
is	O
normally	O
uploaded	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
snapshot	O
archive	O
provides	O
older	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
branches	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
Debian	O
5.0	O
,	O
the	O
numbering	O
scheme	O
of	O
point	O
releases	O
was	O
changed	O
,	O
conforming	O
to	O
the	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
version	O
numbering	O
standard	O
;	O
the	O
first	O
point	O
release	O
of	O
Debian	O
5.0	O
was	O
5.0.1	O
instead	O
of	O
5.0r1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
Linux	B-Application
distributions	I-Application
,	O
and	O
many	O
other	O
distributions	O
have	O
been	O
created	O
from	O
the	O
Debian	O
codebase	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
GNU/kFreeBSD	O
is	O
a	O
discontinued	O
Debian	O
flavor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
used	O
the	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
kernel	B-Operating_System
and	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
userland	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
majority	O
of	O
software	O
in	O
Debian	O
GNU/kFreeBSD	O
was	O
built	O
from	O
the	O
same	O
sources	O
as	O
Debian	O
,	O
with	O
some	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
packages	B-Application
from	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
k	O
in	O
kFreeBSD	O
is	O
an	O
abbreviation	O
for	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
kernel	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
discontinuing	O
the	O
project	O
,	O
Debian	O
maintained	O
i386	B-General_Concept
and	O
amd64	B-Device
ports	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
GNU/kFreeBSD	O
was	O
created	O
in	O
2002	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
GNU/kFreeBSD	O
was	O
discontinued	O
as	O
an	O
officially	O
supported	O
platform	O
as	O
of	O
Debian	O
8.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
developers	O
cited	O
OSS	B-Library
,	O
pf	B-Protocol
,	O
jails	B-Language
,	O
NDIS	B-Application
,	O
and	O
ZFS	B-Application
as	O
reasons	O
for	O
being	O
interested	O
in	O
the	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
kernel	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
July	O
2019	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
continues	O
to	O
be	O
maintained	O
unofficially	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
GNU/Hurd	B-Application
is	O
a	O
flavor	O
based	O
on	O
the	B-Application
Hurd	I-Application
microkernel	B-Operating_System
,	O
instead	O
of	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
GNU/Hurd	B-Application
has	O
been	O
in	O
development	O
since	O
1998	O
,	O
and	O
made	O
a	O
formal	O
release	O
in	O
May	O
2013	O
,	O
with	O
78%	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
packaged	O
for	O
Debian	O
GNU/Linux	B-Application
ported	O
to	O
the	O
GNU	B-Application
Hurd	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hurd	B-Application
is	O
not	O
yet	O
an	O
official	O
Debian	O
release	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
maintained	O
and	O
developed	O
as	O
an	O
unofficial	O
port	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
GNU/Hurd	B-Application
is	O
distributed	O
as	O
an	O
installer	O
CD	O
(	O
running	O
the	O
official	O
Debian	B-Language
installer	I-Language
)	O
or	O
ready-to-run	O
virtual	O
disk	O
image	O
(	O
Live	O
CD	O
,	O
Live	O
USB	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CD	O
uses	O
the	O
IA-32	B-Device
architecture	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
compatible	O
with	O
IA-32	B-Device
and	O
x86-64	B-Device
PCs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
current	O
version	O
of	O
Debian	O
GNU/Hurd	B-Application
is	O
2021	O
,	O
published	O
in	O
August	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
former	O
Debian	O
project	O
leader	O
Bruce	O
Perens	O
used	O
to	O
work	O
for	O
Pixar	O
and	O
is	O
credited	O
as	O
a	O
studio	O
tools	O
engineer	O
on	O
Toy	B-Application
Story	I-Application
2	I-Application
(	O
1999	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hardware	O
requirements	O
are	O
at	O
least	O
those	O
of	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
and	O
the	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
toolsets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
install	O
Debian	O
with	O
170MB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
for	O
x86-64	B-Device
;	O
the	O
installer	O
will	O
run	O
in	O
low	O
memory	O
mode	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
recommended	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
swap	B-Architecture
partition	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
installer	O
for	O
z/Architecture	B-Device
requires	O
about	O
20MB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
but	O
relies	O
on	O
network	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
disk	O
space	O
requirements	O
,	O
which	O
depend	O
on	O
the	O
packages	B-Application
to	O
be	O
installed	O
,	O
can	O
be	O
reduced	O
by	O
manually	O
selecting	O
the	O
packages	B-Application
needed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
run	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
on	O
older	O
or	O
low-end	O
systems	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
installation	O
of	O
window	B-Application
managers	I-Application
instead	O
of	O
desktop	O
environments	O
is	O
recommended	O
,	O
as	O
desktop	O
environments	O
are	O
more	O
resource	O
intensive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
supports	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
ARM-based	O
NAS	B-Application
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NSLU2	B-Application
was	O
supported	O
by	O
the	O
installer	O
in	O
Debian	O
4.0	O
and	O
5.0	O
,	O
and	O
Martin	O
Michlmayr	O
is	O
providing	O
installation	O
tarballs	B-Application
since	O
version	O
6.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
supported	O
NAS	B-Application
devices	O
are	O
the	O
Buffalo	B-Application
Kurobox	B-Application
Pro	O
,	O
GLAN	O
Tank	O
,	O
Thecus	O
N2100	O
and	O
QNAP	O
Turbo	O
Stations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Devices	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Kirkwood	O
system	B-Architecture
on	I-Architecture
a	I-Architecture
chip	I-Architecture
(	O
SoC	O
)	O
are	O
supported	O
too	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
SheevaPlug	B-Application
plug	O
computer	O
and	O
OpenRD	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
efforts	O
to	O
run	O
Debian	O
on	O
mobile	O
devices	O
,	O
but	O
this	O
is	O
not	O
a	O
project	O
goal	O
yet	O
since	O
the	O
Debian	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
maintainers	O
would	O
not	O
apply	O
the	O
needed	O
patches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nevertheless	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
packages	B-Application
for	O
resource-limited	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
efforts	O
to	O
support	O
Debian	O
on	O
wireless	B-Device
access	I-Device
points	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
BeagleBoard	B-Application
,	O
a	O
low-power	O
open-source	B-Application
hardware	O
single-board	O
computer	O
(	O
made	O
by	O
Texas	O
Instruments	O
)	O
has	O
switched	O
to	O
Debian	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
preloaded	O
on	O
its	O
Beaglebone	O
Black	O
board	O
's	O
flash	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Roqos	O
Core	O
,	O
manufactured	O
by	O
Roqos	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
x86-64	B-Device
based	O
IPS	O
firewall	O
router	O
running	O
Debian	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Debian	B-License
Free	I-License
Software	I-License
Guidelines	I-License
define	O
the	O
criteria	O
for	O
"	O
free	O
software	O
"	O
and	O
thus	O
what	O
software	O
is	O
permissible	O
in	O
the	O
distribution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
guidelines	O
have	O
been	O
adopted	O
as	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
the	B-License
Open	I-License
Source	I-License
Definition	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
issues	O
with	O
single	O
packages	B-Application
and	O
other	O
tasks	O
,	O
a	O
public	O
bug	B-Error_Name
tracking	O
system	O
is	O
used	O
by	O
developers	O
and	O
end	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internet	B-Protocol
Relay	I-Protocol
Chat	I-Protocol
is	O
also	O
used	O
for	O
communication	O
among	O
developers	O
and	O
to	O
provide	O
real	O
time	O
help	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
software	B-Application
package	I-Application
has	O
a	O
maintainer	O
that	O
may	O
be	O
either	O
one	O
person	O
or	O
a	O
team	O
of	O
Debian	O
developers	O
and	O
non-developer	O
maintainers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
maintainer	O
keeps	O
track	O
of	O
upstream	B-General_Concept
releases	O
,	O
and	O
ensures	O
that	O
the	O
package	O
coheres	O
with	O
the	O
rest	O
of	O
the	O
distribution	O
and	O
meets	O
the	O
standards	O
of	O
quality	O
of	O
Debian	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Packages	B-Application
may	O
include	O
modifications	O
introduced	O
by	O
Debian	O
to	O
achieve	O
compliance	O
with	O
Debian	O
Policy	O
,	O
even	O
to	O
fix	O
non-Debian	O
specific	O
bugs	B-Error_Name
,	O
although	O
coordination	O
with	O
upstream	B-General_Concept
developers	O
is	O
advised	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
maintainer	O
releases	O
a	O
new	O
version	O
by	O
uploading	O
the	O
package	O
to	O
the	O
"	O
incoming	O
"	O
system	O
,	O
which	O
verifies	O
the	O
integrity	O
of	O
the	O
packages	B-Application
and	O
their	O
digital	O
signatures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
Debian	O
developers	O
have	O
individual	O
cryptographic	B-Application
key	I-Application
pairs	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
does	O
not	O
have	O
"	O
release-critical	O
"	O
bugs	B-Error_Name
,	O
except	O
for	O
the	O
ones	O
already	O
present	O
in	O
Testing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Release-critical	O
bugs	B-Error_Name
are	O
those	O
considered	O
serious	O
enough	O
that	O
they	O
make	O
the	O
package	O
unsuitable	O
for	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
migration	O
does	O
not	O
break	O
any	O
packages	B-Application
in	O
Testing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
dependencies	B-Application
can	O
be	O
satisfied	O
by	O
packages	B-Application
already	O
in	O
Testing	O
or	O
by	O
packages	B-Application
being	O
migrated	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
a	O
release-critical	O
bug	B-Error_Name
in	O
a	O
new	O
version	O
of	O
a	O
shared	O
library	O
on	O
which	O
many	O
packages	B-Application
depend	O
may	O
prevent	O
those	O
packages	B-Application
from	O
entering	O
Testing	O
,	O
because	O
the	O
updated	O
library	O
must	O
meet	O
the	O
requirements	O
too	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
the	O
branch	O
viewpoint	O
,	O
the	O
migration	O
process	O
happens	O
twice	O
per	O
day	O
,	O
rendering	O
Testing	O
in	O
perpetual	B-General_Concept
beta	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
that	O
time	O
,	O
all	O
packages	B-Application
in	O
the	O
testing	O
branch	O
become	O
the	O
new	O
stable	O
branch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
way	O
to	O
resolve	O
the	O
challenge	O
of	O
a	O
release-critical	O
bug	B-Error_Name
in	O
a	O
new	O
application	O
version	O
is	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
optional	O
package	B-Application
managers	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
benefit	O
of	O
a	O
cross-distribution	O
package	B-Application
manager	I-Application
is	O
that	O
they	O
allow	O
application	O
developers	O
to	O
directly	O
provide	O
updates	O
to	O
users	O
without	O
going	O
through	O
distributions	O
,	O
and	O
without	O
having	O
to	O
package	O
and	O
test	O
the	O
application	O
separately	O
for	O
each	O
distribution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
used	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
security	O
audit	O
project	O
that	O
focused	O
on	O
packages	B-Application
in	O
the	O
stable	O
release	O
looking	O
for	O
security	O
bugs	B-Error_Name
;	O
Steve	O
Kemp	O
,	O
who	O
started	O
the	O
project	O
,	O
retired	O
in	O
2011	O
but	O
resumed	O
his	O
activities	O
and	O
applied	O
to	O
rejoin	O
in	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
Squeeze	O
is	O
not	O
officially	O
supported	O
,	O
Debian	O
is	O
coordinating	O
an	O
effort	O
to	O
provide	O
long-term	O
support	O
(	O
LTS	O
)	O
until	O
February	O
2016	O
,	O
five	O
years	O
after	O
the	O
initial	O
release	O
,	O
but	O
only	O
for	O
the	O
IA-32	B-Device
and	O
x86-64	B-Device
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
provides	O
an	O
optional	O
hardening	O
wrapper	O
,	O
and	O
does	O
not	O
harden	O
all	O
of	O
its	O
software	O
by	O
default	O
using	O
gcc	B-Application
features	O
such	O
as	O
PIE	B-Operating_System
and	O
buffer	B-Error_Name
overflow	I-Error_Name
protection	I-Error_Name
,	O
unlike	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
such	O
as	O
OpenBSD	B-Operating_System
,	O
but	O
tries	O
to	O
build	O
as	O
many	O
packages	B-Application
as	O
possible	O
with	O
hardening	O
flags	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2008	O
,	O
a	O
Debian	O
developer	O
discovered	O
that	O
the	O
OpenSSL	B-Language
package	O
distributed	O
with	O
Debian	O
and	O
derivatives	O
such	O
as	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
made	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
security	O
keys	O
vulnerable	O
to	O
a	O
random	B-Algorithm
number	I-Algorithm
generator	I-Algorithm
attack	I-Algorithm
,	O
since	O
only	O
32,767	O
different	O
keys	O
were	O
generated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
cost	O
of	O
developing	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
packages	B-Application
included	O
in	O
Debian	O
5.0	O
Lenny	O
(	O
323	O
million	O
lines	O
of	O
code	O
)	O
has	O
been	O
estimated	O
to	O
be	O
about	O
,	O
using	O
one	O
method	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
COCOMO	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
Black	B-Application
Duck	I-Application
Open	I-Application
Hub	I-Application
estimates	O
that	O
the	O
current	O
codebase	B-General_Concept
(	O
74	O
million	O
lines	O
of	O
code	O
)	O
would	O
cost	O
about	O
to	O
develop	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
different	O
method	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
forks	B-Application
and	O
derivatives	O
have	O
been	O
built	O
upon	O
Debian	O
over	O
the	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
the	O
more	O
notable	O
are	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
,	O
developed	O
by	O
Canonical	O
Ltd	O
.	O
and	O
first	O
released	O
in	O
2004	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
surpassed	O
Debian	O
in	O
popularity	O
with	O
desktop	O
users	O
;	O
Knoppix	O
,	O
first	O
released	O
in	O
the	O
year	O
2000	O
and	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
distributions	O
optimized	O
to	O
boot	B-Operating_System
from	O
external	O
storage	O
;	O
and	O
Devuan	O
,	O
which	O
gained	O
attention	O
in	O
2014	O
when	O
it	O
forked	O
in	O
disagreement	O
over	O
Debian	O
's	O
adoption	O
of	O
the	O
systemd	B-Application
software	O
suite	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
been	O
mirroring	O
Debian	O
releases	O
since	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
