<s>
An	O
electrostatic	B-Algorithm
generator	I-Algorithm
,	O
or	O
electrostatic	B-Algorithm
machine	I-Algorithm
,	O
is	O
an	O
electrical	O
generator	O
that	O
produces	O
static	O
electricity	O
,	O
or	O
electricity	O
at	O
high	O
voltage	O
and	O
low	O
continuous	O
current	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
17th	O
century	O
,	O
researchers	O
had	O
developed	O
practical	O
means	O
of	O
generating	O
electricity	O
by	O
friction	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
electrostatic	B-Algorithm
machines	I-Algorithm
did	O
not	O
begin	O
in	O
earnest	O
until	O
the	O
18th	O
century	O
,	O
when	O
they	O
became	O
fundamental	O
instruments	O
in	O
the	O
studies	O
about	O
the	O
new	O
science	O
of	O
electricity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Electrostatic	B-Algorithm
generators	I-Algorithm
operate	O
by	O
using	O
manual	O
(	O
or	O
other	O
)	O
power	O
to	O
transform	O
mechanical	O
work	O
into	O
electric	O
energy	O
,	O
or	O
using	O
electric	O
currents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Manual	O
electrostatic	B-Algorithm
generators	I-Algorithm
develop	O
electrostatic	O
charges	O
of	O
opposite	O
signs	O
rendered	O
to	O
two	O
conductors	O
,	O
using	O
only	O
electric	O
forces	O
,	O
and	O
work	O
by	O
using	O
moving	O
plates	O
,	O
drums	O
,	O
or	O
belts	O
to	O
carry	O
electric	O
charge	O
to	O
a	O
high	O
potential	O
electrode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Electrostatic	B-Algorithm
machines	I-Algorithm
are	O
typically	O
used	O
in	O
science	O
classrooms	O
to	O
safely	O
demonstrate	O
electrical	O
forces	O
and	O
high	O
voltage	O
phenomena	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Electrostatic	B-Algorithm
generators	I-Algorithm
such	O
as	O
the	O
Van	O
de	O
Graaff	O
generator	O
,	O
and	O
variations	O
as	O
the	O
Pelletron	B-Algorithm
,	O
also	O
find	O
use	O
in	O
physics	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Electrostatic	B-Algorithm
generators	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
divided	O
into	O
categories	O
depending	O
on	O
how	O
the	O
charge	O
is	O
generated	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
electrostatic	B-Algorithm
generators	I-Algorithm
are	O
called	O
friction	O
machines	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
friction	O
in	O
the	O
generation	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1783	O
,	O
Dutch	O
scientist	O
Martin	O
van	O
Marum	O
of	O
Haarlem	O
designed	O
a	O
large	O
electrostatic	B-Algorithm
machine	I-Algorithm
of	O
high	O
quality	O
with	O
glass	O
disks	O
1.65	O
meters	O
in	O
diameter	O
for	O
his	O
experiments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Edward	O
Nairne	O
developed	O
an	O
electrostatic	B-Algorithm
generator	I-Algorithm
for	O
medical	O
purposes	O
in	O
1787	O
that	O
had	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
generate	O
either	O
positive	O
or	O
negative	O
electricity	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
of	O
these	O
being	O
collected	O
from	O
the	O
prime	O
conductor	O
carrying	O
the	O
collecting	O
points	O
and	O
the	O
second	O
from	O
another	O
prime	O
conductor	O
carrying	O
the	O
friction	O
pad	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
in	O
1840	O
,	O
the	O
Armstrong	B-Algorithm
hydroelectric	I-Algorithm
machine	I-Algorithm
was	O
developed	O
,	O
using	O
steam	O
as	O
a	O
charge	O
carrier	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Frictional	O
machines	O
were	O
,	O
in	O
time	O
,	O
gradually	O
superseded	O
by	O
the	O
second	O
class	O
of	O
instrument	O
mentioned	O
above	O
,	O
namely	O
,	O
influence	B-Algorithm
machines	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
suggestion	O
of	O
an	O
influence	B-Algorithm
machine	I-Algorithm
appears	O
to	O
have	O
grown	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
invention	O
of	O
Volta	O
's	O
electrophorus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1788	O
,	O
William	O
Nicholson	O
proposed	O
his	O
rotating	O
doubler	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
considered	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
rotating	O
influence	B-Algorithm
machine	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
symmetrical	O
influence	B-Algorithm
machine	I-Algorithm
,	O
with	O
identical	O
structures	O
for	O
both	O
terminals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lord	O
Kelvin	O
also	O
devised	O
a	O
combined	O
influence	B-Algorithm
machine	I-Algorithm
and	O
electromagnetic	O
machine	O
,	O
commonly	O
called	O
a	O
mouse	O
mill	O
,	O
for	O
electrifying	O
the	O
ink	O
in	O
connection	O
with	O
his	O
siphon	O
recorder	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
water-drop	O
electrostatic	B-Algorithm
generator	I-Algorithm
(	O
1867	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
he	O
called	O
the	O
"	O
water-dropping	O
condenser	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Between	O
1864	O
and	O
1880	O
,	O
W	O
.	O
T	O
.	O
B	O
.	O
Holtz	O
constructed	O
and	O
described	O
a	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
influence	B-Algorithm
machines	I-Algorithm
which	O
were	O
considered	O
the	O
most	O
advanced	O
developments	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1865	O
,	O
August	O
J	O
.	O
I	O
.	O
Toepler	O
developed	O
an	O
influence	B-Algorithm
machine	I-Algorithm
that	O
consisted	O
of	O
two	O
disks	O
fixed	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
shaft	O
and	O
rotating	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
direction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
action	O
and	O
efficiency	O
of	O
influence	B-Algorithm
machines	I-Algorithm
were	O
further	O
investigated	O
by	O
F	O
.	O
Rossetti	O
,	O
A	O
.	O
Righi	O
,	O
and	O
Friedrich	O
Kohlrausch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
E	O
.	O
E	O
.	O
N	O
.	O
Mascart	O
,	O
A	O
.	O
Roiti	O
,	O
and	O
E	O
.	O
Bouchotte	O
also	O
examined	O
the	O
efficiency	O
and	O
current	O
producing	O
power	O
of	O
influence	B-Algorithm
machines	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1878	O
,	O
the	O
British	O
inventor	O
James	O
Wimshurst	O
started	O
his	O
studies	O
about	O
electrostatic	B-Algorithm
generators	I-Algorithm
,	O
improving	O
the	O
Holtz	O
machine	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
powerful	O
version	O
with	O
multiple	O
disks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
classical	O
Wimshurst	O
machine	O
,	O
that	O
became	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
form	O
of	O
influence	B-Algorithm
machine	I-Algorithm
,	O
was	O
reported	O
to	O
the	O
scientific	O
community	O
by	O
1883	O
,	O
although	O
previous	O
machines	O
with	O
very	O
similar	O
structures	O
were	O
previously	O
described	O
by	O
Holtz	O
and	O
Musaeus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Wimshurst	O
machine	O
is	O
a	O
considerably	O
simple	O
machine	O
;	O
it	O
works	O
,	O
as	O
all	O
influence	B-Algorithm
machines	I-Algorithm
,	O
with	O
electrostatic	O
induction	O
of	O
charges	O
,	O
which	O
means	O
that	O
it	O
uses	O
even	O
the	O
slightest	O
existing	O
charge	O
to	O
create	O
and	O
accumulate	O
more	O
charges	O
,	O
and	O
repeats	O
this	O
process	O
for	O
as	O
long	O
as	O
the	O
machine	O
is	O
in	O
action	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
October	O
28	O
that	O
year	O
,	O
Pidgeon	O
presented	O
this	O
machine	O
to	O
the	O
Physical	O
Society	O
after	O
several	O
years	O
of	O
investigation	O
into	O
influence	B-Algorithm
machines	I-Algorithm
(	O
beginning	O
at	O
the	O
start	O
of	O
the	O
decade	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multiple	O
disk	O
machines	O
and	O
"	O
triplex	O
"	O
electrostatic	B-Algorithm
machines	I-Algorithm
(	O
generators	O
with	O
three	O
disks	O
)	O
were	O
also	O
developed	O
extensively	O
around	O
the	O
turn	O
of	O
the	O
20th	O
century	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wommelsdorf	O
also	O
developed	O
several	O
high-performance	O
electrostatic	B-Algorithm
generators	I-Algorithm
,	O
of	O
which	O
the	O
best	O
known	O
were	O
his	O
"	O
Condenser	O
machines	O
"	O
(	O
1920	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
variations	O
were	O
also	O
invented	O
for	O
physics	O
research	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Pelletron	B-Algorithm
,	O
that	O
uses	O
a	O
chain	O
with	O
alternating	O
insulating	O
and	O
conducting	O
links	O
for	O
charge	O
transport	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Not	O
all	O
electrostatic	B-Algorithm
generators	I-Algorithm
use	O
the	O
triboelectric	O
effect	O
or	O
electrostatic	O
induction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Testatika	O
is	O
an	O
electromagnetic	O
generator	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
1898	O
Pidgeon	O
electrostatic	B-Algorithm
machine	I-Algorithm
,	O
said	O
to	O
produce	O
"	O
free	O
energy	O
"	O
available	O
directly	O
from	O
the	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
