<s>
Electronic	B-Application
skip	I-Application
protection	I-Application
is	O
a	O
data	B-General_Concept
buffer	I-General_Concept
system	O
used	O
in	O
some	O
portable	O
compact	O
disc	O
(	O
CD	O
)	O
players	O
and	O
all	O
MiniDisc	O
(	O
MD	O
)	O
units	O
so	O
that	O
audio	O
would	O
not	O
skip	O
while	O
the	O
disk	O
could	O
not	O
be	O
read	O
due	O
to	O
movement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
buffering	O
circuitry	O
is	O
in	O
operation	O
,	O
the	O
compact	O
disc	O
is	O
read	O
at	O
a	O
fixed	O
read	O
speed	O
or	O
CAV	B-Device
and	O
the	O
content	O
is	O
buffered	O
(	O
with	O
optional	O
ADPCM	B-Algorithm
compression	O
)	O
and	O
fed	O
to	O
RAM	B-Architecture
within	O
the	O
player	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
audio	O
content	O
is	O
read	O
from	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
optionally	O
decompressed	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
sent	O
to	O
the	O
digital-to-analog	O
converter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
disc	O
reading	O
is	O
interrupted	O
,	O
the	O
player	O
momentarily	O
reads	O
the	O
data	O
stored	O
in	O
RAM	B-Architecture
while	O
the	O
tracking	O
circuitry	O
finds	O
the	O
passage	O
prior	O
to	O
the	O
interruption	O
on	O
the	O
CD	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
method	O
has	O
the	O
disc	O
rotating	O
at	O
variable	O
or	O
CLV	B-Device
speed	O
(	O
the	O
normal	O
rotation	O
method	O
for	O
a	O
CD	O
player	O
)	O
,	O
but	O
at	O
a	O
slightly	O
higher	O
speed	O
than	O
with	O
the	O
buffer	B-General_Concept
feature	O
switched	O
off	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
buffer	B-General_Concept
method	O
is	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
before	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
nature	O
of	O
the	O
ATRAC	O
compression	O
scheme	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
ensure	O
uninterrupted	O
playback	O
in	O
the	O
presence	O
of	O
fragmentation	O
,	O
all	O
MD	O
decks	O
and	O
portables	O
buffered	O
at	O
least	O
10	O
seconds	O
when	O
the	O
format	O
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
1992	O
.	O
,	O
MD	O
units	O
have	O
much	O
bigger	O
buffers	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Flash-based	O
MP3	O
players	O
with	O
no	O
moving	O
parts	O
do	O
not	O
require	O
electronic	B-Application
skip	I-Application
protection	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
older	O
players	O
(	O
1992	O
–	O
1997	O
)	O
,	O
battery	O
life	O
is	O
shortened	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
fixed	O
(	O
CAV	B-Device
)	O
read	O
speed	O
of	O
the	O
disc	O
and	O
power	O
required	O
by	O
the	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Players	O
from	O
1997	O
onward	O
have	O
more	O
power-efficient	O
skip	B-Application
protection	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
ESP	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
Anti-Skip	B-Application
"	O
,	O
"	O
Anti-Shock	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
Joggable	O
"	O
"	O
G-Shock	O
Protection	O
"	O
(	O
Used	O
by	O
Sony	O
)	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
