<s>
Electronic	B-Application
assessment	I-Application
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
digital	B-General_Concept
assessment	O
,	O
e-assessment	B-Application
,	O
online	B-Application
assessment	I-Application
or	O
computer-based	B-Application
assessment	I-Application
,	O
is	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
information	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
in	O
assessment	O
such	O
as	O
educational	O
assessment	O
,	O
health	O
assessment	O
,	O
psychiatric	O
assessment	O
,	O
and	O
psychological	O
assessment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
covers	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
activities	O
ranging	O
from	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
word	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
for	O
assignments	O
to	O
on-screen	O
testing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specific	O
types	O
of	O
e-assessment	B-Application
include	O
multiple	O
choice	O
,	O
online/electronic	O
submission	O
,	O
computerized	O
adaptive	O
testing	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Frankfurt	O
Adaptive	O
Concentration	O
Test	O
,	O
and	O
computerized	O
classification	O
testing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Different	O
types	O
of	O
online	B-Application
assessments	I-Application
contain	O
elements	O
of	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
of	O
the	O
following	O
components	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
assessment	O
's	O
purpose	O
:	O
formative	O
,	O
summative	O
and	O
diagnostic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
formative	O
assessment	O
,	O
often	O
defined	O
as	O
'	O
assessment	O
for	O
learning	O
 '	O
,	O
digital	B-General_Concept
tools	O
are	O
increasingly	O
being	O
adopted	O
by	O
schools	O
,	O
higher	O
education	O
institutions	O
and	O
professional	O
associations	O
to	O
measure	O
where	O
students	O
are	O
in	O
their	O
skills	O
or	O
knowledge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gamification	O
is	O
one	O
type	O
of	O
digital	B-General_Concept
assessment	O
tool	O
that	O
can	O
engage	O
students	O
in	O
a	O
different	O
way	O
whilst	O
gathering	O
data	O
that	O
teachers	O
can	O
use	O
to	O
gain	O
insight	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
summative	O
assessment	O
,	O
which	O
could	O
be	O
described	O
as	O
'	O
assessment	O
of	O
learning	O
 '	O
,	O
exam	O
boards	O
and	O
awarding	O
organisations	O
delivering	O
high-stakes	O
exams	O
often	O
find	O
the	O
journey	O
from	O
paper-based	O
exam	O
assessment	O
to	O
fully	O
digital	B-General_Concept
assessment	O
a	O
long	O
one	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
E-marking	B-Application
is	O
one	O
way	O
that	O
many	O
exam	O
assessment	O
and	O
awarding	O
bodies	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Cambridge	O
International	O
Examinations	O
,	O
are	O
utilizing	O
innovations	O
in	O
technology	O
to	O
expedite	O
the	O
marking	O
of	O
examinations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
e-marking	B-Application
can	O
be	O
combined	O
with	O
electronic	O
examinations	O
,	O
whilst	O
in	O
other	O
cases	O
students	O
will	O
still	O
hand-write	O
their	O
exam	O
responses	O
on	O
paper	O
scripts	O
which	O
are	O
then	O
scanned	O
and	O
uploaded	O
to	O
an	O
e-marking	B-Application
system	O
for	O
examiners	O
to	O
mark	O
on-screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
E-assessment	B-Application
is	O
becoming	O
more	O
widely	O
used	O
by	O
exam	O
awarding	O
bodies	O
,	O
particularly	O
those	O
with	O
multiple	O
or	O
international	O
study	O
centres	O
and	O
those	O
which	O
offer	O
remote	O
study	O
courses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
psychiatric	O
and	O
psychological	O
testing	O
,	O
e-assessment	B-Application
can	O
be	O
used	O
not	O
only	O
to	O
assess	O
cognitive	O
and	O
practical	O
abilities	O
but	O
anxiety	O
disorders	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
social	O
anxiety	O
disorder	O
,	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	B-Application
assessment	I-Application
is	O
used	O
primarily	O
to	O
measure	O
cognitive	O
abilities	O
,	O
demonstrating	O
what	O
has	O
been	O
learned	O
after	O
a	O
particular	O
educational	O
event	O
has	O
occurred	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
an	O
instructional	O
unit	O
or	O
chapter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
online	B-Application
assessment	I-Application
situations	O
,	O
objective	O
questions	O
are	O
posed	O
,	O
and	O
feedback	O
is	O
provided	O
to	O
the	O
student	O
either	O
during	O
or	O
immediately	O
after	O
the	O
assessment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
technologies	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Web	O
,	O
digital	B-General_Concept
video	O
,	O
sound	O
,	O
animations	O
,	O
and	O
interactivity	B-General_Concept
,	O
are	O
providing	O
tools	O
that	O
can	O
make	O
assessment	O
design	O
and	O
implementation	O
more	O
efficient	O
,	O
timely	O
,	O
and	O
sophisticated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Electronic	B-Application
marking	I-Application
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
e-marking	B-Application
and	O
onscreen	O
marking	O
,	O
is	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
digital	B-General_Concept
educational	O
technology	O
specifically	O
designed	O
for	O
marking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
electronic	B-Application
marking	I-Application
or	O
grading	O
of	O
an	O
exam	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
E-marking	B-Application
is	O
an	O
examiner	O
led	O
activity	O
closely	O
related	O
to	O
other	O
e-assessment	B-Application
activities	O
such	O
as	O
e-testing	O
,	O
or	O
e-learning	O
which	O
are	O
student	O
led	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
E-marking	B-Application
allows	O
markers	O
to	O
mark	O
a	O
scanned	O
script	O
or	O
online	O
response	O
on	O
a	O
computer	O
screen	O
rather	O
than	O
on	O
paper	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
no	O
restrictions	O
to	O
the	O
types	O
of	O
tests	O
that	O
can	O
use	O
e-marking	B-Application
,	O
with	O
e-marking	B-Application
applications	O
designed	O
to	O
accommodate	O
multiple	O
choice	O
,	O
written	O
,	O
and	O
even	O
video	O
submissions	O
for	O
performance	O
examinations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
E-marking	B-Application
software	O
is	O
used	O
by	O
individual	O
educational	O
institutions	O
and	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
rolled	O
out	O
to	O
the	O
participating	O
schools	O
of	O
awarding	O
exam	O
organizations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
e-marking	B-Application
has	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
mark	O
many	O
well-known	O
high	O
stakes	O
examinations	O
,	O
which	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
include	O
A	O
levels	O
and	O
GCSE	O
exams	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
includes	O
the	O
SAT	O
test	O
for	O
college	O
admissions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ofqual	O
reports	O
that	O
e-marking	B-Application
is	O
the	O
main	O
type	O
of	O
marking	O
used	O
for	O
general	O
qualifications	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
adopters	O
include	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Cambridge	O
Local	O
Examinations	O
Syndicate	O
,	O
(	O
which	O
operates	O
under	O
the	O
brand	O
name	O
Cambridge	O
Assessment	O
)	O
which	O
conducted	O
its	O
first	O
major	O
test	O
of	O
e-marking	B-Application
in	O
November	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cambridge	O
Assessment	O
has	O
conducted	O
extensive	O
research	O
into	O
e-marking	B-Application
and	O
e-assessment	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
syndicate	O
has	O
published	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
papers	O
,	O
including	O
research	O
specific	O
to	O
e-marking	B-Application
such	O
as	O
:	O
Examining	O
the	O
impact	O
of	O
moving	O
to	O
on-screen	O
marking	O
on	O
concurrent	O
validity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2007	O
,	O
the	O
International	O
Baccalaureate	O
implemented	O
e-marking	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2015	O
,	O
the	O
Odisha	O
state	O
government	O
in	O
India	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
planned	O
to	O
use	O
e-marking	B-Application
for	O
all	O
Plus	O
II	O
papers	O
from	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
E-marking	B-Application
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
mark	O
examinations	O
that	O
are	O
completed	O
on	O
paper	O
and	O
then	O
scanned	O
and	O
uploaded	O
as	O
digital	B-General_Concept
images	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
online	O
examinations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
marking	O
written	O
script	O
exams	O
,	O
e-marking	B-Application
applications	O
provide	O
markers	O
with	O
online	O
tools	O
and	O
resources	O
to	O
mark	O
as	O
they	O
go	O
and	O
can	O
add	O
up	O
marks	O
as	O
they	O
progress	O
without	O
exceeding	O
the	O
prescribed	O
total	O
for	O
each	O
question	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
e-marking	B-Application
FAQ	O
is	O
a	O
comprehensive	O
list	O
of	O
answers	O
to	O
frequently	O
asked	O
questions	O
surrounding	O
e-marking	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
His	O
project	O
report	O
included	O
a	O
review	O
and	O
analysis	O
of	O
the	O
literature	O
of	O
pre-mid	O
1980s	O
E-assessment	B-Application
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
review	O
of	O
the	O
literature	O
of	O
E-assessment	B-Application
from	O
the	O
1970s	O
until	O
2000	O
examined	O
the	O
advantages	O
and	O
disadvantages	O
of	O
E-assessments	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
detailed	O
review	O
of	O
the	O
literature	O
regarding	O
advantages	O
and	O
disadvantages	O
of	O
E-assessment	B-Application
for	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
tests	O
for	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
students	O
in	O
different	O
educational	O
environment	O
from	O
childhood	O
through	O
young	O
adulthood	O
was	O
completed	O
in	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
higher	O
education	O
settings	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
variation	O
in	O
the	O
ways	O
academics	O
perceive	O
the	O
benefits	O
of	O
e-assessment	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
some	O
perceive	O
e-assessment	B-Application
processes	O
as	O
integral	O
to	O
teaching	O
,	O
others	O
think	O
of	O
e-assessment	B-Application
in	O
isolation	O
from	O
teaching	O
and	O
their	O
students	O
 '	O
learning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
online	B-Application
assessment	I-Application
may	O
provide	O
additional	O
possibilities	O
for	O
cheating	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
hacking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
assist	O
sharing	O
of	O
assessment	O
items	O
across	O
disparate	O
systems	O
,	O
standards	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
IMS	O
Global	O
Question	O
and	O
Test	O
Interoperability	O
specification	O
(	O
QTI	B-Language
)	O
have	O
emerged	O
.	O
</s>
