<s>
The	O
Elbrus	B-Device
(	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
line	O
of	O
Soviet	O
and	O
Russian	O
computer	O
systems	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
Lebedev	O
Institute	O
of	O
Precision	O
Mechanics	O
and	O
Computer	O
Engineering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
computers	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
space	O
program	O
,	O
nuclear	O
weapons	O
research	O
,	O
and	O
defense	O
systems	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
for	O
theoretical	O
and	O
researching	O
purposes	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
an	O
experimental	O
Refal	B-Language
and	O
CLU	B-Language
translators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Historically	O
,	O
computers	O
under	O
the	O
Elbrus	B-Device
brand	O
comprised	O
several	O
different	O
instruction	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
architectures	I-General_Concept
(	O
ISAs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
of	O
them	O
was	O
the	O
line	O
of	O
the	O
large	B-Architecture
fourth-generation	I-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
,	O
developed	O
by	O
Vsevolod	O
Burtsev	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
were	O
heavily	O
influenced	O
by	O
the	O
Burroughs	B-Device
large	I-Device
systems	I-Device
and	O
similarly	O
to	O
them	O
implemented	O
tagged	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
and	O
a	O
variant	O
of	O
ALGOL-68	B-Language
as	O
system	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Differing	O
completely	O
from	O
the	O
architecture	O
of	O
both	O
Elbrus	B-Device
1	O
and	O
Elbrus	B-Device
2	O
,	O
it	O
employed	O
a	O
very	B-General_Concept
long	I-General_Concept
instruction	I-General_Concept
word	I-General_Concept
(	O
VLIW	B-General_Concept
)	O
approach	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1992	O
,	O
a	O
spin-off	O
company	O
Moscow	O
Center	O
of	O
SPARC	B-Architecture
Technologies	O
(	O
MCST	O
)	O
was	O
created	O
and	O
continued	O
development	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
"	O
Elbrus	B-Device
"	O
moniker	O
as	O
a	O
brand	O
for	O
all	O
computer	O
systems	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
,	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
SPARC-based	O
central	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
units	I-General_Concept
(	O
CPUs	O
)	O
were	O
developed	O
at	O
MCST	O
as	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
raise	O
funds	O
for	O
in-house	O
semiconductor	B-Architecture
intellectual	I-Architecture
property	I-Architecture
core	I-Architecture
development	O
and	O
to	O
fill	O
the	O
niche	O
of	O
domestically-developed	O
CPUs	O
for	O
the	O
backdoor-wary	O
military	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Elbrus	B-Device
1	O
(	O
1979	O
)	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
in	O
the	O
line	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
side	O
development	O
was	O
an	O
update	O
of	O
the	O
1965	O
BESM-6	B-Device
as	O
Elbrus-1K2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
a	O
10-processor	O
computer	O
,	O
with	O
superscalar	O
,	O
out-of-order	O
execution	O
and	O
reduced	B-Architecture
instruction	I-Architecture
set	I-Architecture
computer	I-Architecture
(	O
RISC	B-Architecture
)	O
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Re-implementation	O
of	O
the	O
Elbrus	B-Device
1	O
architecture	O
with	O
faster	O
emitter-coupled	B-General_Concept
logic	I-General_Concept
(	O
ECL	O
)	O
chips	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Elbrus	B-Device
3	O
(	O
1990	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
16-processor	O
computer	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
Babayan	O
's	O
team	O
,	O
and	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
VLIW	B-General_Concept
computers	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Elbrus	B-General_Concept
2000	I-General_Concept
(	O
2001	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
microprocessor	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
Elbrus	B-Device
3	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
known	O
as	O
Elbrus-S	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Elbrus-3M1	O
(	O
2005	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
two-processor	O
computer	O
based	O
on	O
Elbrus	B-General_Concept
2000	I-General_Concept
microprocessor	O
working	O
at	O
300MHz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Elbrus	B-Device
МВ3S1/C	O
(	O
2009	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
ccNUMA	O
four-processor	O
computer	O
based	O
on	O
Elbrus-S	B-General_Concept
microprocessor	O
working	O
at	O
500MHz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Elbrus-2S	B-General_Concept
+	I-General_Concept
(	O
2011	O
)	O
working	O
at	O
500MHz	O
,	O
with	O
capacity	O
to	O
calculate	O
16GFlops	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Elbrus-2SM	B-General_Concept
(	O
2014	O
)	O
working	O
at	O
300MHz	O
,	O
with	O
capacity	O
to	O
calculate	O
9.6GFlops	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Elbrus-4S	B-General_Concept
(	O
2014	O
)	O
working	O
at	O
800MHz	O
,	O
with	O
capacity	O
to	O
calculate	O
50GFlops	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Elbrus-1S	O
+	O
(	O
2016	O
)	O
system	B-Architecture
on	I-Architecture
a	I-Architecture
chip	I-Architecture
(	O
SoC	O
)	O
with	O
graphics	B-Architecture
processing	I-Architecture
unit	I-Architecture
(	O
GPU	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
working	O
at	O
600	O
–	O
1000MHz	O
,	O
with	O
capacity	O
to	O
calculate	O
24GFlops	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Elbrus-8S	B-General_Concept
(	O
2014	O
–	O
2015	O
)	O
working	O
at	O
1300MHz	O
,	O
with	O
capacity	O
to	O
calculate	O
250GFlops	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Elbrus-8SV	O
(	O
2018	O
)	O
working	O
at	O
1500MHz	O
,	O
with	O
capacity	O
to	O
calculate	O
576GFlops	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Elbrus-16S	O
(	O
2019	O
)	O
working	O
at	O
2000MHz	O
,	O
with	O
capacity	O
to	O
calculate	O
1.5TFlops	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Elbrus-90micro	O
(	O
1998	O
–	O
2010	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
computer	O
line	O
based	O
on	O
SPARC	B-Architecture
instruction	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
(	O
ISA	O
)	O
microprocessors	O
:	O
MCST	O
R80	O
,	O
R150	O
,	O
R500	O
,	O
R500S	O
and	O
MCST-4R	B-General_Concept
working	O
at	O
80	O
,	O
150	O
,	O
500	O
,	O
and	O
1000MHz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Elbrus-90	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
control	O
the	O
S-400	O
missile	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
