<s>
Edholm	B-Algorithm
's	I-Algorithm
law	I-Algorithm
,	O
proposed	O
by	O
and	O
named	O
after	O
Phil	O
Edholm	O
,	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
observation	O
that	O
the	O
three	O
categories	O
of	O
telecommunication	O
,	O
namely	O
wireless	B-Architecture
(	O
mobile	O
)	O
,	O
nomadic	O
(	O
wireless	B-Architecture
without	O
mobility	O
)	O
and	O
wired	O
networks	O
(	O
fixed	O
)	O
,	O
are	O
in	O
lockstep	O
and	O
gradually	O
converging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Edholm	B-Algorithm
's	I-Algorithm
law	I-Algorithm
also	O
holds	O
that	O
data	O
rates	O
for	O
these	O
telecommunications	O
categories	O
increase	O
on	O
similar	O
exponential	O
curves	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
slower	O
rates	O
trailing	O
the	O
faster	O
ones	O
by	O
a	O
predictable	O
time	O
lag	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Edholm	B-Algorithm
's	I-Algorithm
law	I-Algorithm
predicts	O
that	O
the	O
bandwidth	B-Algorithm
and	O
data	O
rates	O
double	O
every	O
18	O
months	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
proven	O
to	O
be	O
true	O
since	O
the	O
1970s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
trend	O
is	O
evident	O
in	O
the	O
cases	O
of	O
Internet	O
,	O
cellular	O
(	O
mobile	O
)	O
,	O
wireless	B-Architecture
LAN	I-Architecture
and	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
personal	I-General_Concept
area	I-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Edholm	B-Algorithm
's	I-Algorithm
law	I-Algorithm
was	O
proposed	O
by	O
Phil	O
Edholm	O
of	O
Nortel	O
Networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
observed	O
that	O
telecommunication	O
bandwidth	B-Algorithm
(	O
including	O
Internet	O
access	O
bandwidth	B-Algorithm
)	O
was	O
doubling	O
every	O
18	O
months	O
,	O
since	O
the	O
late	O
1970s	O
through	O
to	O
the	O
early	O
2000s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
Moore	O
's	O
law	O
,	O
which	O
predicts	O
an	O
exponential	O
rate	O
of	O
growth	O
for	O
transistor	B-Application
counts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
modem	B-Application
and	O
Wi-Fi	O
)	O
and	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
"	O
Edholm	B-Algorithm
's	I-Algorithm
law	I-Algorithm
"	O
was	O
coined	O
by	O
his	O
colleague	O
,	O
John	O
H	O
.	O
Yoakum	O
,	O
who	O
presented	O
it	O
at	O
a	O
2004	O
Internet	B-Application
telephony	I-Application
press	O
conference	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Slower	O
communications	O
channels	O
like	O
cellphones	O
and	O
radio	B-General_Concept
modems	I-General_Concept
were	O
predicted	O
to	O
eclipse	O
the	O
capacity	O
of	O
early	O
Ethernet	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
developments	O
in	O
the	O
standards	O
known	O
as	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
and	O
MIMO	O
,	O
which	O
boosted	O
bandwidth	B-Algorithm
by	O
maximizing	O
antenna	O
usage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Extrapolating	O
forward	O
indicates	O
a	O
convergence	O
between	O
the	O
rates	O
of	O
nomadic	O
and	O
wireless	B-Architecture
technologies	O
around	O
2030	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
wireless	B-Architecture
technology	O
could	O
end	O
wireline	O
communication	O
if	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
the	O
latter	O
's	O
infrastructure	O
remains	O
high	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
,	O
Renuka	O
P	O
.	O
Jindal	O
observed	O
the	O
bandwidths	B-Algorithm
of	O
online	O
communication	O
networks	O
rising	O
from	O
bits	O
per	O
second	O
to	O
terabits	O
per	O
second	O
,	O
doubling	O
every	O
18	O
months	O
,	O
as	O
predicted	O
by	O
Edholm	B-Algorithm
's	I-Algorithm
law	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jindal	O
identified	O
the	O
following	O
three	O
major	O
underlying	O
factors	O
that	O
have	O
enabled	O
the	O
exponential	O
growth	O
of	O
communication	O
bandwidth	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
MOSFET	B-Architecture
(	O
metal	B-Architecture
–	I-Architecture
oxide	I-Architecture
–	I-Architecture
semiconductor	I-Architecture
field-effect	I-Architecture
transistor	I-Architecture
)	O
The	O
MOSFET	B-Architecture
(	O
MOS	B-Architecture
transistor	I-Architecture
)	O
was	O
invented	O
by	O
Mohamed	O
Atalla	O
and	O
Dawon	O
Kahng	O
at	O
Bell	O
Labs	O
in	O
1959	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advances	O
in	O
MOSFET	B-Architecture
technology	O
(	O
MOS	B-Architecture
technology	I-Architecture
)	O
has	O
been	O
the	O
most	O
important	O
contributing	O
factor	O
in	O
the	O
rapid	O
rise	O
of	O
bandwidth	B-Algorithm
in	O
telecommunications	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Continuous	O
MOSFET	B-Architecture
scaling	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
various	O
advances	O
in	O
MOS	B-Architecture
technology	I-Architecture
,	O
has	O
enabled	O
both	O
Moore	O
's	O
law	O
(	O
transistor	B-Application
counts	O
in	O
integrated	O
circuit	O
chips	O
doubling	O
every	O
two	O
years	O
)	O
and	O
Edholm	B-Algorithm
's	I-Algorithm
law	I-Algorithm
(	O
communication	O
bandwidth	B-Algorithm
doubling	O
every	O
18	O
months	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Laser	O
technology	O
was	O
later	O
adopted	O
in	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
integrated	O
electronics	O
using	O
MOS	B-Architecture
technology	I-Architecture
,	O
leading	O
to	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
lightwave	O
systems	O
around	O
1980	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
has	O
led	O
to	O
exponential	O
growth	O
of	O
bandwidth	B-Algorithm
since	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Information	O
theory	O
Information	O
theory	O
,	O
as	O
enunciated	O
by	O
Claude	O
Shannon	O
at	O
Bell	O
Labs	O
in	O
1948	O
,	O
provided	O
a	O
theoretical	O
foundation	O
to	O
understand	O
the	O
trade-offs	O
between	O
signal-to-noise	O
ratio	O
,	O
bandwidth	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
error-free	O
transmission	O
in	O
the	O
presence	O
of	O
noise	O
,	O
in	O
telecommunications	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
led	O
to	O
a	O
significant	O
improvement	O
in	O
the	O
noise	O
performance	O
of	O
MOS	B-Architecture
technology	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
contributed	O
to	O
the	O
wide	O
adoption	O
of	O
MOS	B-Architecture
technology	I-Architecture
in	O
lightwave	O
and	O
then	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
terminal	I-General_Concept
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
bandwidths	B-Algorithm
of	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
have	O
been	O
increasing	O
at	O
a	O
faster	O
pace	O
compared	O
to	O
wired	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
due	O
to	O
advances	O
in	O
MOSFET	B-Architecture
wireless	B-Architecture
technology	O
enabling	O
the	O
development	O
and	O
growth	O
of	O
digital	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
wide	O
adoption	O
of	O
RF	O
CMOS	B-Device
(	O
radio	O
frequency	O
CMOS	B-Device
)	O
,	O
power	O
MOSFET	B-Architecture
and	O
LDMOS	O
(	O
lateral	O
diffused	O
MOS	O
)	O
devices	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
development	O
and	O
proliferation	O
of	O
digital	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
by	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
with	O
further	O
advances	O
in	O
MOSFET	B-Architecture
technology	O
leading	O
to	O
rapidly	O
increasing	O
bandwidth	B-Algorithm
since	O
the	O
2000s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
the	O
essential	O
elements	O
of	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
are	O
built	O
from	O
MOSFETs	B-Architecture
,	O
including	O
the	O
mobile	O
transceivers	O
,	O
base	O
station	O
modules	O
,	O
routers	B-Protocol
,	O
RF	O
power	O
amplifiers	O
,	O
telecommunication	O
circuits	O
,	O
RF	B-Application
circuits	I-Application
,	O
and	O
radio	O
transceivers	O
,	O
in	O
networks	O
such	O
as	O
2G	O
,	O
3G	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
4G	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
recent	O
years	O
,	O
another	O
enabling	O
factor	O
in	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
wireless	B-Architecture
communication	O
networks	O
has	O
been	O
interference	O
alignment	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
discovered	O
by	O
Syed	O
Ali	O
Jafar	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
California	O
,	O
Irvine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
introduced	O
"	O
a	O
mechanism	O
to	O
align	O
an	O
arbitrarily	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
interferers	O
,	O
leading	O
to	O
the	O
surprising	O
conclusion	O
that	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
are	O
not	O
essentially	O
interference	O
limited.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
adoption	O
of	O
interference	O
alignment	O
in	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
New	O
York	O
University	O
senior	O
researcher	O
Dr.	O
Paul	O
Horn	O
,	O
this	O
"	O
revolutionized	O
our	O
understanding	O
of	O
the	O
capacity	O
limits	O
of	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
"	O
and	O
"	O
demonstrated	O
the	O
astounding	O
result	O
that	O
each	O
user	O
in	O
a	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
can	O
access	O
half	O
of	O
the	O
spectrum	O
without	O
interference	O
from	O
other	O
users	O
,	O
regardless	O
of	O
how	O
many	O
users	O
are	O
sharing	O
the	O
spectrum.	O
"	O
</s>
