<s>
The	O
early	B-Algorithm
left	I-Algorithm
anterior	I-Algorithm
negativity	I-Algorithm
(	O
commonly	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
ELAN	B-Algorithm
)	O
is	O
an	O
event-related	B-Algorithm
potential	I-Algorithm
in	O
electroencephalography	B-Application
(	O
EEG	B-Application
)	O
,	O
or	O
component	O
of	O
brain	B-Application
activity	I-Application
that	O
occurs	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
a	O
certain	O
kind	O
of	O
stimulus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
recent	O
work	O
has	O
criticized	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
foundational	O
studies	O
that	O
characterized	O
the	O
ELAN	B-Algorithm
,	O
such	O
that	O
apparent	O
ELAN	B-Algorithm
effects	O
might	O
be	O
the	O
result	O
of	O
spillover	O
from	O
words	O
prior	O
to	O
the	O
onset	O
of	O
the	O
critical	O
word	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
raises	O
important	O
questions	O
about	O
whether	O
the	O
ELAN	B-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
true	O
ERP	O
component	O
or	O
an	O
artifact	O
of	O
certain	O
experimental	O
designs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ELAN	B-Algorithm
was	O
first	O
reported	O
by	O
Angela	O
D	O
.	O
Friederici	O
as	O
a	O
response	O
to	O
German	O
sentences	O
with	O
phrase	O
structure	O
violations	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
*	O
the	O
pizza	O
was	O
in	O
the	O
eaten	O
(	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
the	O
pizza	O
was	O
eaten	O
)	O
;	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
elicited	O
by	O
English	O
phrase	O
structure	O
violations	O
such	O
as	O
*	O
Max	O
's	O
of	O
proof	O
(	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
Max	O
's	O
proof	O
)	O
or	O
*	O
your	O
write	O
(	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
you	O
write	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ELAN	B-Algorithm
is	O
not	O
elicited	O
by	O
sentences	O
with	O
other	O
kinds	O
of	O
grammatical	O
errors	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
subject-verb	O
disagreement	O
( *	O
"	O
he	O
go	O
to	O
the	O
store	O
"	O
rather	O
than	O
"	O
he	O
goes	O
to	O
the	O
store	O
"	O
)	O
or	O
grammatically	O
dispreferred	O
and	O
"	O
awkward	O
"	O
sentences	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
"	O
the	O
doctor	O
charged	O
the	O
patient	O
was	O
lying	O
"	O
rather	O
than	O
"	O
the	O
doctor	O
charged	O
that	O
the	O
patient	O
was	O
lying	O
"	O
)	O
;	O
it	O
only	O
appears	O
when	O
it	O
is	O
impossible	O
to	O
build	O
local	O
phrase	O
structure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
speed	O
of	O
the	O
ELAN	B-Algorithm
may	O
also	O
be	O
affected	O
by	O
characteristic	O
of	O
the	O
violating	O
stimuli	O
;	O
the	O
ELAN	B-Algorithm
appears	O
later	O
to	O
visual	O
stimuli	O
that	O
are	O
fuzzy	O
or	O
difficult	O
to	O
see	O
,	O
and	O
may	O
occur	O
earlier	O
in	O
morphologically	O
complex	O
spoken	O
words	O
where	O
much	O
information	O
about	O
the	O
meaning	O
of	O
the	O
word	O
precedes	O
the	O
word	O
's	O
recognition	O
point	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
name	O
derives	O
from	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
picked	O
up	O
most	O
robustly	O
by	O
EEG	B-Application
sensors	O
on	O
the	O
left	O
front	O
regions	O
of	O
the	O
scalp	O
;	O
it	O
may	O
sometimes	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
have	O
a	O
bilateral	O
(	O
both	O
sides	O
of	O
the	O
scalp	O
)	O
distribution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
authors	O
consider	O
the	O
ELAN	B-Algorithm
to	O
be	O
a	O
separate	O
response	O
from	O
the	O
left	O
anterior	O
negativity	O
(	O
LAN	O
)	O
,	O
while	O
others	O
label	O
it	O
as	O
just	O
an	O
early	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
LAN	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ELAN	B-Algorithm
has	O
been	O
reported	O
in	O
languages	O
such	O
as	O
English	O
,	O
German	O
,	O
Dutch	O
,	O
Chinese	O
,	O
and	O
Japanese	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
possible	O
,	O
though	O
,	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
a	O
response	O
specific	O
to	O
language	O
(	O
in	O
other	O
words	O
,	O
that	O
the	O
ELAN	B-Algorithm
might	O
also	O
occur	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
non-linguistic	O
stimuli	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ELAN	B-Algorithm
response	O
has	O
played	O
an	O
important	O
role	O
in	O
studies	O
of	O
sentence	O
processing	O
,	O
particularly	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
so-called	O
"	O
serial	O
model	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
syntax-first	O
model	O
"	O
of	O
sentence	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
this	O
model	O
,	O
the	O
brain	O
's	O
first	O
step	O
in	O
processing	O
sentences	O
is	O
to	O
organize	O
input	O
and	O
build	O
local	O
phrase	O
structure	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
to	O
take	O
the	O
words	O
the	O
and	O
pizza	O
and	O
organize	O
them	O
into	O
a	O
noun	O
phrase	O
the	O
pizza	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
process	O
semantic	B-Application
information	O
or	O
meaning	O
until	O
after	O
this	O
step	O
has	O
succeeded	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
model	O
predicts	O
that	O
if	O
the	O
initial	O
building	O
of	O
local	O
phrase	O
structure	O
fails	O
(	O
as	O
in	O
the	O
above	O
examples	O
*	O
Max	O
's	O
of	O
proof	O
and	O
*	O
your	O
write	O
)	O
then	O
semantic	B-Application
processing	O
(	O
the	O
brain	O
's	O
interpretation	O
of	O
the	O
meaning	O
of	O
the	O
sentence	O
)	O
does	O
not	O
go	O
forward	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
has	O
been	O
tested	O
by	O
taking	O
advantage	O
of	O
two	O
brain	O
responses	O
:	O
the	O
ELAN	B-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
reflects	O
the	O
phrase-structure-building	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
N400	B-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
reflects	O
semantic	B-Application
processing	O
;	O
the	O
model	O
predicts	O
that	O
sentences	O
eliciting	O
an	O
ELAN	B-Algorithm
(	O
a	O
violation	O
of	O
local	O
phrase	O
structure	O
)	O
will	O
not	O
elicit	O
an	O
N400	B-Algorithm
,	O
since	O
the	O
building	O
of	O
phrase	O
structure	O
is	O
a	O
prerequisite	O
for	O
semantic	B-Application
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
types	O
of	O
studies	O
have	O
had	O
subjects	O
read	O
or	O
listen	O
to	O
sentences	O
that	O
have	O
both	O
a	O
syntactic	O
and	O
semantic	B-Application
violation	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
place	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
such	O
studies	O
have	O
found	O
such	O
sentences	O
to	O
elicit	O
an	O
ELAN	B-Algorithm
and	O
no	O
N400	B-Algorithm
,	O
thus	O
supporting	O
the	O
claim	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
serial	O
model	O
"	O
,	O
while	O
others	O
have	O
found	O
both	O
an	O
ELAN	B-Algorithm
and	O
an	O
N400	B-Algorithm
,	O
challenging	O
the	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
