<s>
Ear-EEG	B-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
method	O
for	O
measuring	O
dynamics	O
of	O
brain	B-Application
activity	I-Application
through	O
the	O
minute	O
voltage	O
changes	O
observable	O
on	O
the	O
skin	O
,	O
typically	O
by	O
placing	O
electrodes	O
on	O
the	O
scalp	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
ear-EEG	B-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
electrodes	O
are	O
exclusively	O
placed	O
in	O
or	O
around	O
the	O
outer	O
ear	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
both	O
a	O
much	O
greater	O
invisibility	O
and	O
wearer	O
mobility	O
compared	O
to	O
full	O
scalp	O
electroencephalography	B-Application
(	O
EEG	B-Application
)	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
significantly	O
reduced	O
signal	O
amplitude	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
reduction	O
in	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
brain	O
regions	O
in	O
which	O
activity	O
can	O
be	O
measured	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ear-EEG	B-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
good	O
candidate	O
for	O
inclusion	O
in	O
a	O
hearable	O
device	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
high	O
complexity	O
of	O
ear-EEG	B-Algorithm
sensors	O
,	O
this	O
has	O
not	O
yet	O
been	O
done	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ear-EEG	B-Algorithm
was	O
first	O
described	O
in	O
"	O
A1	O
US	O
patent	O
US20070112277	O
A1	O
"	O
,	O
though	O
other	O
noteworthy	O
mentions	O
are	O
"	O
B1	O
EP	O
patent	O
EP2448477	O
B1	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
Auditory	O
evoked	O
responses	O
from	O
Ear-EEG	B-Algorithm
recordings	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
think	O
of	O
multiple	O
research	O
areas	O
in	O
which	O
an	O
unobtrusive	O
and	O
invisible	O
EEG	B-Application
system	O
would	O
be	O
beneficial	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
And	O
in	O
this	O
context	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
very	O
important	O
to	O
perform	O
detailed	O
comparisons	O
between	O
ear-EEG	B-Algorithm
and	O
regular	O
scalp	O
EEG	B-Application
,	O
as	O
results	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
comparable	O
across	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
these	O
it	O
has	O
been	O
found	O
that	O
ear-EEG	B-Algorithm
measurements	O
are	O
comparable	O
to	O
scalp	O
EEG	B-Application
in	O
the	O
frequency	O
domain	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
the	O
time	O
domain	O
activity	O
recorded	O
by	O
the	O
two	O
systems	O
are	O
notably	O
different	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ear-EEG	B-Algorithm
forward	O
models	O
)	O
of	O
how	O
the	O
electric	O
field	O
from	O
electrical	O
sources	O
in	O
the	O
brain	O
maps	O
to	O
potentials	O
in	O
the	O
ear	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dry-contact	O
electrode	O
ear-EEG	B-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
method	O
in	O
which	O
no	O
gel	O
is	O
applied	O
between	O
the	O
electrode	O
and	O
the	O
skin	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
no	O
gel	O
is	O
applied	O
to	O
the	O
electrodes	O
,	O
the	O
user	O
can	O
potentially	O
mount	O
the	O
ear-EEG	B-Algorithm
device	O
without	O
assistance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dry-contact	O
electrode	O
ear-EEG	B-Algorithm
have	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
perform	O
high-density	O
ear-EEG	B-Algorithm
recordings	O
,	O
which	O
enable	O
mapping	O
of	O
the	O
brain	O
response	O
on	O
a	O
topographic	O
3D	O
map	O
of	O
the	O
ear	O
(	O
Ear-topographies	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
improve	O
these	O
aspects	O
for	O
ear-EEG	B-Algorithm
,	O
nanostructured	O
electrodes	O
and	O
soft	O
earpieces	O
have	O
been	O
proposed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In-ear	B-Algorithm
EEG	I-Algorithm
refers	O
specifically	O
to	O
dry-contact	O
electrodes	O
which	O
are	O
placed	O
in	O
the	O
ear	O
canal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In-ear	B-Algorithm
EEG	I-Algorithm
also	O
has	O
the	O
distinct	O
benefit	O
of	O
being	O
easily	O
integrated	O
with	O
earphones	O
which	O
are	O
already	O
a	O
familiar	O
form	O
factor	O
for	O
users	O
and	O
also	O
socially	O
acceptable	O
,	O
unlike	O
EEG	B-Application
headbands	O
or	O
caps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Given	O
the	O
unique	O
capabilities	O
of	O
in-ear	B-Algorithm
EEG	I-Algorithm
to	O
capture	O
neural	O
signals	O
and	O
a	O
host	O
of	O
other	O
complimentary	O
metrics	O
,	O
in-ear	B-Algorithm
EEG	I-Algorithm
is	O
poised	O
to	O
be	O
at	O
the	O
forefront	O
of	O
the	O
next	O
generation	O
of	O
wearables	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
has	O
come	O
out	O
with	O
the	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
commercially	O
available	O
in-ear	B-Algorithm
EEG	I-Algorithm
earbuds	O
and	O
analytics	O
platform	O
available	O
for	O
the	O
consumer	O
market	O
aimed	O
at	O
leveraging	O
brain	O
data	O
to	O
improve	O
overall	O
well-being	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
companies	O
such	O
as	O
and	O
are	O
developing	O
in-ear	B-Algorithm
EEG	I-Algorithm
earbuds	O
with	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
applications	O
,	O
from	O
preventing	O
neurological	O
diseases	O
to	O
enabling	O
seamless	O
control	O
over	O
everyday	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Real-life	O
monitoring	O
of	O
ear-EEG	B-Algorithm
overcome	O
this	O
limitation	O
,	O
and	O
enable	O
research	O
of	O
evoked	O
responses	O
and	O
spontaneous	O
responses	O
related	O
to	O
everyday	O
life	O
situations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
compact	O
and	O
discreet	O
nature	O
of	O
ear-EEG	B-Algorithm
devices	O
makes	O
it	O
suitable	O
for	O
real-life	O
EEG	B-Application
monitoring	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
general	O
problem	O
when	O
recordings	O
EEG	B-Application
is	O
the	O
interference	O
arising	O
from	O
noise	O
and	O
artifacts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
study	O
of	O
physiological	O
artifacts	O
in	O
ear-EEG	B-Algorithm
found	O
artifacts	O
from	O
jaw	O
muscle	O
contractions	O
to	O
be	O
higher	O
for	O
ear-EEG	B-Algorithm
compared	O
to	O
the	O
scalp	O
EEG	B-Application
,	O
whereas	O
eye-blinking	O
did	O
not	O
influence	O
the	O
ear-EEG	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
ear-EEG	B-Algorithm
products	O
on	O
the	O
market	O
,	O
several	O
companies	O
have	O
revealed	O
investments	O
in	O
ear-EEG	B-Algorithm
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
potential	O
use	O
cases	O
which	O
are	O
known	O
to	O
have	O
been	O
explored	O
are	O
driver	B-General_Concept
drowsiness	I-General_Concept
detection	I-General_Concept
,	O
BCI	B-Application
and	O
biometric	O
identification	O
.	O
</s>
