<s>
The	O
ES	B-Device
EVM	I-Device
(	O
,	O
"	O
Unified	O
System	O
of	O
Electronic	O
Computing	O
Machines	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
YeS	O
EVM	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
in	O
English	O
literature	O
as	O
the	O
Unified	O
System	O
or	O
Ryad	B-Device
(	O
,	O
"	O
Series	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
generally	O
compatible	O
with	O
IBM	O
's	O
System/360	B-Application
and	O
System/370	B-Device
mainframes	B-Architecture
,	O
built	O
in	O
the	O
Comecon	O
countries	O
under	O
the	O
initiative	O
of	O
the	O
Soviet	O
Union	O
between	O
1968	O
and	O
1998	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
than	O
15,000	O
of	O
the	O
ES	B-Device
EVM	I-Device
mainframes	B-Architecture
were	O
produced	O
in	O
total	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
success	O
of	O
the	O
IBM	B-Application
System/360	I-Application
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
the	O
economic	O
planners	O
decided	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
IBM	O
design	O
,	O
although	O
some	O
prominent	O
Soviet	O
computer	O
scientists	O
had	O
criticized	O
the	O
idea	O
and	O
suggested	O
instead	O
choosing	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
Soviet	O
indigenous	O
designs	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
BESM	B-Device
or	O
Minsk	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
exception	O
of	O
only	O
a	O
few	O
hardware	O
pieces	O
,	O
the	O
ES	B-Device
EVM	I-Device
machines	O
were	O
recognized	O
in	O
the	O
Western	O
countries	O
as	O
independently	O
designed	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
legitimate	O
Soviet	O
patents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1974	O
–	O
1976	O
,	O
IBM	O
had	O
contacted	O
the	O
Soviet	O
authorities	O
and	O
expressed	O
interest	O
in	O
ES	B-Device
EVM	I-Device
development	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
after	O
the	O
Soviet	O
Army	O
entered	O
Afghanistan	O
,	O
in	O
1979	O
,	O
all	O
contacts	O
between	O
IBM	O
and	O
ES	O
developers	O
were	O
interrupted	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
U.S.	O
embargo	O
on	O
technological	O
cooperation	O
with	O
the	O
USSR	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
common	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
was	O
OS	O
ES	O
(	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
modified	O
version	O
of	O
OS/360	B-Application
;	O
the	O
later	O
versions	O
of	O
OS	O
ES	O
were	O
very	O
original	O
and	O
different	O
from	O
the	O
IBM	O
OSes	O
,	O
but	O
they	O
also	O
included	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
original	O
IBM	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
were	O
even	O
anecdotal	O
rumors	O
among	O
the	O
Soviet	O
programmers	O
,	O
that	O
this	O
supposedly	O
Soviet	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
contained	O
some	O
secret	O
command	O
which	O
outputs	O
the	O
American	O
national	O
anthem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
Russian	O
institutions	O
that	O
worked	O
on	O
ES	B-Device
EVM	I-Device
are	O
cooperating	O
with	O
IBM	O
to	O
continue	O
legacy	O
support	O
for	O
both	O
actual	O
IBM	O
mainframes	B-Architecture
and	O
the	O
ES	B-Device
EVM	I-Device
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ES	B-Device
EVM	I-Device
machines	O
were	O
developed	O
in	O
Moscow	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
Scientific	O
Research	O
Center	O
for	O
Electronic	O
Computer	O
Machinery	O
(	O
NITsEVT	O
)	O
;	O
in	O
Yerevan	O
,	O
Armenia	O
,	O
at	O
Yerevan	O
Computer	O
Research	O
and	O
Development	O
Institute	O
;	O
and	O
later	O
in	O
Minsk	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
Scientific	O
Research	O
Institute	O
of	O
Electronic	O
Computer	O
Machines	O
(	O
NIIEVM	O
)	O
;	O
and	O
in	O
Penza	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
Penza	O
Scientific	O
Research	O
Institute	O
of	O
Computer	O
Machinery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
former	O
German	O
chancellor	O
Angela	O
Merkel	O
,	O
used	O
one	O
of	O
East	O
Germany	O
's	O
ES	B-Device
EVM	I-Device
computers	O
in	O
1986	O
for	O
her	O
PhD	O
dissertation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ES	B-Device
EVM	I-Device
computers	O
were	O
assigned	O
to	O
four	O
subseries	O
or	O
generations	O
(	O
)	O
,	O
known	O
as	O
Ryad	B-Device
1	O
,	O
Ryad	B-Device
2	O
,	O
Ryad	B-Device
3	O
and	O
Ryad	B-Device
4	O
,	O
this	O
nomenclature	O
gave	O
rise	O
to	O
the	O
common	O
name	O
for	O
the	O
whole	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
subseries	O
of	O
the	O
ES	B-Device
EVM	I-Device
,	O
released	O
in	O
1969	O
–	O
1978	O
,	O
included	O
the	O
models	O
1010	O
,	O
1020	O
,	O
1030	O
,	O
1040	O
,	O
and	O
1050	O
,	O
which	O
were	O
analogous	O
to	O
the	O
System/360	B-Application
and	O
operated	O
at	O
10	O
–	O
450	O
kIPS	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
more	O
rare	O
and	O
advanced	O
versions	O
,	O
incompatible	O
with	O
the	O
IBM	O
versions	O
:	O
1022	O
,	O
1032	O
,	O
1033	O
and	O
1052	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
electronics	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
models	O
were	O
based	O
on	O
TTL	B-General_Concept
circuits	O
;	O
the	O
later	O
machines	O
used	O
ECL	B-General_Concept
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ES	O
1050	O
had	O
up	O
to	O
1M	O
RAM	O
and	O
64-bit	B-Device
floating	O
point	O
registers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
second	O
subseries	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
1977	O
–	O
1978	O
,	O
included	O
the	O
models	O
1015	O
,	O
1025	O
,	O
1035	O
,	O
1045	O
,	O
1055	O
,	O
and	O
1060	O
,	O
analogous	O
to	O
System/370	B-Device
and	O
operated	O
at	O
33	O
kIPS	O
—	O
1.050	O
MIPS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
third	O
subseries	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
1984	O
,	O
were	O
analogous	O
to	O
System/370	B-Device
with	O
some	O
original	O
enhancements	O
,	O
and	O
included	O
1016	O
,	O
1026	O
,	O
1036	O
,	O
1046	O
,	O
and	O
1066	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
last	O
machine	O
in	O
the	O
series	O
,	O
ES	O
1220	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
1995	O
,	O
supported	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
64-bit	B-Device
CPU	I-Device
commands	O
,	O
256M	O
RAM	O
,	O
and	O
operated	O
at	O
7	O
MIPS	O
,	O
but	O
was	O
not	O
successful	O
;	O
only	O
20	O
such	O
machines	O
were	O
ever	O
produced	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
1998	O
the	O
whole	O
production	O
of	O
ES	O
mainframes	B-Architecture
was	O
stopped	O
.	O
</s>
