<s>
The	O
ELIZA	B-General_Concept
effect	I-General_Concept
,	O
in	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
,	O
is	O
the	O
tendency	O
to	O
unconsciously	O
assume	O
computer	O
behaviors	O
are	O
analogous	O
to	O
human	O
behaviors	O
;	O
that	O
is	O
,	O
anthropomorphisation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
its	O
specific	O
form	O
,	O
the	O
ELIZA	B-General_Concept
effect	I-General_Concept
refers	O
only	O
to	O
"	O
the	O
susceptibility	O
of	O
people	O
to	O
read	O
far	O
more	O
understanding	O
than	O
is	O
warranted	O
into	O
strings	O
of	O
symbols	O
—	O
especially	O
words	O
—	O
strung	O
together	O
by	O
computers	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
trivial	O
example	O
of	O
the	O
specific	O
form	O
of	O
the	O
Eliza	B-General_Concept
effect	I-General_Concept
,	O
given	O
by	O
Douglas	O
Hofstadter	O
,	O
involves	O
an	O
automated	O
teller	O
machine	O
which	O
displays	O
the	O
words	O
"	O
THANK	O
YOU	O
"	O
at	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
a	O
transaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
generally	O
,	O
the	O
ELIZA	B-General_Concept
effect	I-General_Concept
describes	O
any	O
situation	O
where	O
,	O
based	O
solely	O
on	O
a	O
system	O
's	O
output	O
,	O
users	O
perceive	O
computer	O
systems	O
as	O
having	O
"	O
intrinsic	O
qualities	O
and	O
abilities	O
which	O
the	O
software	O
controlling	O
the	O
(	O
output	O
)	O
cannot	O
possibly	O
achieve	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
assume	O
that	O
 [ outputs ] 	O
reflect	O
a	O
greater	O
causality	O
than	O
they	O
actually	O
do	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
both	O
its	O
specific	O
and	O
general	O
forms	O
,	O
the	O
ELIZA	B-General_Concept
effect	I-General_Concept
is	O
notable	O
for	O
occurring	O
even	O
when	O
users	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
are	O
aware	O
of	O
the	O
determinate	O
nature	O
of	O
output	O
produced	O
by	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
a	O
psychological	O
standpoint	O
,	O
the	O
ELIZA	B-General_Concept
effect	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
result	O
of	O
a	O
subtle	O
cognitive	O
dissonance	O
between	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
awareness	O
of	O
programming	O
limitations	O
and	O
their	O
behavior	O
towards	O
the	O
output	O
of	O
the	O
program	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
discovery	O
of	O
the	O
ELIZA	B-General_Concept
effect	I-General_Concept
was	O
an	O
important	O
development	O
in	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
,	O
demonstrating	O
the	O
principle	O
of	O
using	O
social	O
engineering	O
rather	O
than	O
explicit	O
programming	O
to	O
pass	O
a	O
Turing	O
test	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
effect	O
is	O
named	O
for	O
the	O
1966	O
chatbot	B-Application
ELIZA	B-Application
,	O
developed	O
by	O
MIT	O
computer	O
scientist	O
Joseph	O
Weizenbaum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
executing	O
Weizenbaum	O
's	O
DOCTOR	O
script	B-Language
,	O
ELIZA	B-Application
parodied	O
a	O
Rogerian	O
psychotherapist	O
,	O
largely	O
by	O
rephrasing	O
the	O
"	O
patients	O
replies	O
as	O
questions	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
ELIZA	B-Application
:	O
Your	O
boyfriend	O
made	O
you	O
come	O
here	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
ELIZA	B-Application
:	O
I	O
am	O
sorry	O
to	O
hear	O
you	O
are	O
depressed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ELIZA	B-Application
:	O
Do	O
you	O
think	O
coming	O
here	O
will	O
help	O
you	O
not	O
to	O
be	O
unhappy	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
designed	O
strictly	O
as	O
a	O
mechanism	O
to	O
support	O
"	O
natural	O
language	O
conversation	O
"	O
with	O
a	O
computer	O
,	O
ELIZA	B-Application
's	O
DOCTOR	O
script	B-Language
was	O
found	O
to	O
be	O
surprisingly	O
successful	O
in	O
eliciting	O
emotional	O
responses	O
from	O
users	O
who	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
course	O
of	O
interacting	O
with	O
the	O
program	B-Application
,	O
began	O
to	O
ascribe	O
understanding	O
and	O
motivation	O
to	O
the	O
program	B-Application
's	O
output	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
Weizenbaum	O
later	O
wrote	O
,	O
"	O
I	O
had	O
not	O
realized	O
...	O
that	O
extremely	O
short	O
exposures	O
to	O
a	O
relatively	O
simple	O
computer	B-Application
program	I-Application
could	O
induce	O
powerful	O
delusional	O
thinking	O
in	O
quite	O
normal	O
people.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Indeed	O
,	O
ELIZA	B-Application
's	O
code	O
had	O
not	O
been	O
designed	O
to	O
evoke	O
this	O
reaction	O
in	O
the	O
first	O
place	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Upon	O
observation	O
,	O
researchers	O
discovered	O
users	O
unconsciously	O
assuming	O
ELIZA	B-Application
's	O
questions	O
implied	O
interest	O
and	O
emotional	O
involvement	O
in	O
the	O
topics	O
discussed	O
,	O
even	O
when	O
they	O
consciously	O
knew	O
that	O
ELIZA	B-Application
did	O
not	O
simulate	O
emotion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ELIZA	B-Application
convinced	O
some	O
users	O
into	O
thinking	O
that	O
a	O
machine	O
was	O
human	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
groups	O
of	O
chatbots	B-Application
are	O
distinguished	O
by	O
William	O
Meisel	O
as	O
"	O
general	O
personal	O
assistants	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
specialized	O
digital	O
assistants	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
chatbots	B-Application
are	O
anthropomorphized	O
,	O
they	O
tend	O
to	O
portray	O
gendered	O
features	O
as	O
a	O
way	O
through	O
which	O
we	O
establish	O
relationships	O
with	O
the	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Gender	O
stereotypes	O
are	O
instrumentalised	O
to	O
manage	O
our	O
relationship	O
with	O
chatbots	B-Application
"	O
when	O
human	O
behavior	O
is	O
programmed	O
into	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
defining	O
our	O
proximity	O
to	O
digital	O
assistants	O
through	O
their	O
human	O
attributes	O
,	O
chatbots	B-Application
become	O
gendered	O
entities	O
.	O
</s>
