<s>
ELIZA	B-Application
is	O
an	O
early	O
natural	B-Language
language	I-Language
processing	I-Language
computer	B-Application
program	I-Application
created	O
from	O
1964	O
to	O
1966	O
at	O
MIT	O
by	O
Joseph	O
Weizenbaum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Created	O
to	O
explore	O
communication	O
between	O
humans	O
and	O
machines	O
,	O
ELIZA	B-Application
simulated	O
conversation	O
by	O
using	O
a	O
pattern	B-Language
matching	I-Language
and	O
substitution	O
methodology	O
that	O
gave	O
users	O
an	O
illusion	O
of	O
understanding	B-General_Concept
on	O
the	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
program	O
,	O
but	O
had	O
no	O
representation	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
considered	O
really	O
understanding	B-General_Concept
what	O
was	O
being	O
said	O
by	O
either	O
party	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Whereas	O
the	O
ELIZA	B-Application
program	O
itself	O
was	O
written	O
(	O
originally	O
)	O
in	O
MAD-SLIP	B-Application
,	O
the	O
pattern	B-Language
matching	I-Language
directives	O
that	O
contained	O
most	O
of	O
its	O
language	O
capability	O
were	O
provided	O
in	O
separate	O
"	O
scripts	O
"	O
,	O
represented	O
in	O
a	O
lisp-like	B-Protocol
representation	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
such	O
,	O
ELIZA	B-Application
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
chatterbots	B-Protocol
(	O
“	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
”	O
modernly	O
)	O
and	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
programs	O
capable	O
of	O
attempting	O
the	O
Turing	O
test	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ELIZA	B-Application
's	O
creator	O
,	O
Weizenbaum	O
,	O
intended	O
the	O
program	O
as	O
a	O
method	O
to	O
explore	O
communication	O
between	O
humans	O
and	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
was	O
surprised	O
,	O
and	O
shocked	O
,	O
that	O
individuals	O
attributed	O
human-like	O
feelings	O
to	O
the	O
computer	B-Application
program	I-Application
,	O
including	O
Weizenbaum	O
's	O
secretary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
ELIZA	B-Application
was	O
capable	O
of	O
engaging	O
in	O
discourse	O
,	O
it	O
could	O
not	O
converse	O
with	O
true	O
understanding	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
many	O
early	O
users	O
were	O
convinced	O
of	O
ELIZA	B-Application
's	O
intelligence	O
and	O
understanding	B-General_Concept
,	O
despite	O
Weizenbaum	O
's	O
insistence	O
to	O
the	O
contrary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
ELIZA	B-Application
source-code	O
has	O
been	O
missing	O
since	O
the	O
1960s	O
as	O
it	O
was	O
not	O
common	O
to	O
publish	O
articles	O
that	O
included	O
source	O
code	O
at	O
this	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
more	O
recently	O
the	O
MAD-SLIP	B-Application
source-code	O
has	O
now	O
been	O
discovered	O
in	O
the	O
MIT	O
archives	O
and	O
published	O
on	O
various	O
platforms	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
archive.org	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Joseph	O
Weizenbaum	O
's	O
ELIZA	B-Application
,	O
running	O
the	O
DOCTOR	O
script	O
,	O
was	O
created	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
parody	O
of	O
"	O
the	O
responses	O
of	O
a	O
non-directional	O
psychotherapist	O
in	O
an	O
initial	O
psychiatric	O
interview	O
"	O
and	O
to	O
"	O
demonstrate	O
that	O
the	O
communication	O
between	O
man	O
and	O
machine	O
was	O
superficial	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
ELIZA	B-Application
is	O
best	O
known	O
for	O
acting	O
in	O
the	O
manner	O
of	O
a	O
psychotherapist	O
,	O
the	O
speech	O
patterns	O
are	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
data	O
and	O
instructions	O
supplied	O
by	O
the	O
DOCTOR	O
script	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ELIZA	B-Application
itself	O
examined	O
the	O
text	O
for	O
keywords	O
,	O
applied	O
values	O
to	O
said	O
keywords	O
,	O
and	O
transformed	O
the	O
input	O
into	O
an	O
output	O
;	O
the	O
script	O
that	O
ELIZA	B-Application
ran	O
determined	O
the	O
keywords	O
,	O
set	O
the	O
values	O
of	O
keywords	O
,	O
and	O
set	O
the	O
rules	O
of	O
transformation	O
for	O
the	O
output	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Weizenbaum	O
named	O
his	O
program	O
ELIZA	B-Application
after	O
Eliza	B-Application
Doolittle	O
,	O
a	O
working-class	O
character	O
in	O
George	O
Bernard	O
Shaw	O
's	O
Pygmalion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Weizenbaum	O
,	O
ELIZA	B-Application
's	O
ability	O
to	O
be	O
"	O
incrementally	O
improved	O
"	O
by	O
various	O
users	O
made	O
it	O
similar	O
to	O
Eliza	B-Application
Doolittle	O
,	O
since	O
Eliza	B-Application
Doolittle	O
was	O
taught	O
to	O
speak	O
with	O
an	O
upper-class	O
accent	O
in	O
Shaw	O
's	O
play	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
unlike	O
in	O
Shaw	O
's	O
play	O
,	O
ELIZA	B-Application
is	O
incapable	O
of	O
learning	O
new	O
patterns	O
of	O
speech	O
or	O
new	O
words	O
through	O
interaction	O
alone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Edits	O
must	O
be	O
made	O
directly	O
to	O
ELIZA	B-Application
's	O
active	O
script	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
change	O
the	O
manner	O
by	O
which	O
the	O
program	O
operates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Weizenbaum	O
first	O
implemented	O
ELIZA	B-Application
in	O
his	O
own	O
SLIP	B-Application
list-processing	O
language	O
,	O
where	O
,	O
depending	O
upon	O
the	O
initial	O
entries	O
by	O
the	O
user	O
,	O
the	O
illusion	O
of	O
human	O
intelligence	O
could	O
appear	O
,	O
or	O
be	O
dispelled	O
through	O
several	O
interchanges	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
ELIZA	B-Application
's	O
responses	O
were	O
so	O
convincing	O
that	O
Weizenbaum	O
and	O
several	O
others	O
have	O
anecdotes	O
of	O
users	O
becoming	O
emotionally	O
attached	O
to	O
the	O
program	O
,	O
occasionally	O
forgetting	O
that	O
they	O
were	O
conversing	O
with	O
a	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Weizenbaum	O
's	O
own	O
secretary	O
reportedly	O
asked	O
Weizenbaum	O
to	O
leave	O
the	O
room	O
so	O
that	O
she	O
and	O
ELIZA	B-Application
could	O
have	O
a	O
real	O
conversation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Weizenbaum	O
was	O
surprised	O
by	O
this	O
,	O
later	O
writing	O
:	O
"	O
I	O
had	O
not	O
realized	O
...	O
that	O
extremely	O
short	O
exposures	O
to	O
a	O
relatively	O
simple	O
computer	B-Application
program	I-Application
could	O
induce	O
powerful	O
delusional	O
thinking	O
in	O
quite	O
normal	O
people.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
15	O
years	O
before	O
the	O
personal	O
computer	O
became	O
familiar	O
to	O
the	O
general	O
public	O
,	O
and	O
three	O
decades	O
before	O
most	O
people	O
encountered	O
attempts	O
at	O
natural	B-Language
language	I-Language
processing	I-Language
in	O
Internet	O
services	O
like	O
Ask.com	B-Application
or	O
PC	O
help	O
systems	O
such	O
as	O
Microsoft	O
Office	O
Clippit	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
those	O
programs	O
included	O
years	O
of	O
research	O
and	O
work	O
,	O
ELIZA	B-Application
remains	O
a	O
milestone	O
simply	O
because	O
it	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
a	O
programmer	O
had	O
attempted	O
such	O
a	O
human-machine	O
interaction	O
with	O
the	O
goal	O
of	O
creating	O
the	O
illusion	O
(	O
however	O
brief	O
)	O
of	O
human	O
–	O
human	O
interaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
ICCC	O
1972	O
ELIZA	B-Application
was	O
brought	O
together	O
with	O
another	O
early	O
artificial-intelligence	O
program	O
named	O
PARRY	O
for	O
a	O
computer-only	O
conversation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
ELIZA	B-Application
was	O
built	O
to	O
speak	O
as	O
a	O
doctor	O
,	O
PARRY	O
was	O
intended	O
to	O
simulate	O
a	O
patient	O
with	O
schizophrenia	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Weizenbaum	O
originally	O
wrote	O
ELIZA	B-Application
in	O
MAD-SLIP	B-Application
for	O
CTSS	B-Operating_System
on	O
an	O
IBM	B-Device
7094	I-Device
,	O
as	O
a	O
program	O
to	O
make	O
natural-language	O
conversation	O
possible	O
with	O
a	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
accomplish	O
this	O
,	O
Weizenbaum	O
identified	O
five	O
"	O
fundamental	O
technical	O
problems	O
"	O
for	O
ELIZA	B-Application
to	O
overcome	O
:	O
the	O
identification	O
of	O
critical	O
words	O
,	O
the	O
discovery	O
of	O
a	O
minimal	O
context	O
,	O
the	O
choice	O
of	O
appropriate	O
transformations	O
,	O
the	O
generation	O
of	O
responses	O
appropriate	O
to	O
the	O
transformation	O
or	O
in	O
the	O
absence	O
of	O
critical	O
words	O
and	O
the	O
provision	O
of	O
an	O
ending	O
capacity	O
for	O
ELIZA	B-Application
scripts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Weizenbaum	O
solved	O
these	O
problems	O
and	O
made	O
ELIZA	B-Application
such	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
no	O
built-in	O
contextual	O
framework	O
or	O
universe	O
of	O
discourse	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
this	O
required	O
ELIZA	B-Application
to	O
have	O
a	O
script	O
of	O
instructions	O
on	O
how	O
to	O
respond	O
to	O
inputs	O
from	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ELIZA	B-Application
starts	O
its	O
process	O
of	O
responding	O
to	O
an	O
input	O
by	O
a	O
user	O
by	O
first	O
examining	O
the	O
text	O
input	O
for	O
a	O
"	O
keyword	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
"	O
keyword	O
"	O
is	O
a	O
word	O
designated	O
as	O
important	O
by	O
the	O
acting	O
ELIZA	B-Application
script	O
,	O
which	O
assigns	O
to	O
each	O
keyword	O
a	O
precedence	O
number	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
RANK	O
,	O
designed	O
by	O
the	O
programmer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
from	O
this	O
reassembly	O
,	O
ELIZA	B-Application
then	O
sends	O
the	O
constructed	O
sentence	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
text	O
on	O
the	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
steps	O
represent	O
the	O
bulk	O
of	O
the	O
procedures	O
that	O
ELIZA	B-Application
follows	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
response	O
from	O
a	O
typical	O
input	O
,	O
though	O
there	O
are	O
several	O
specialized	O
situations	O
that	O
ELIZA/DOCTOR	O
can	O
respond	O
to	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
solution	O
was	O
to	O
have	O
ELIZA	B-Application
respond	O
with	O
a	O
remark	O
that	O
lacked	O
content	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
"	O
I	O
see	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
Please	O
go	O
on	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
possible	O
due	O
to	O
Slip	B-Application
's	O
ability	O
to	O
tag	O
words	O
for	O
other	O
usage	O
,	O
which	O
simultaneously	O
allowed	O
ELIZA	B-Application
to	O
examine	O
,	O
store	O
and	O
repurpose	O
words	O
for	O
usage	O
in	O
outputs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
these	O
functions	O
were	O
all	O
framed	O
in	O
ELIZA	B-Application
's	O
programming	O
,	O
the	O
exact	O
manner	O
by	O
which	O
the	O
program	O
dismantled	O
,	O
examined	O
,	O
and	O
reassembled	O
inputs	O
is	O
determined	O
by	O
the	O
operating	O
script	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Lisp	B-Language
version	O
of	O
ELIZA	B-Application
,	O
based	O
on	O
Weizenbaum	O
's	O
CACM	O
paper	O
,	O
was	O
written	O
shortly	O
after	O
that	O
paper	O
's	O
publication	O
,	O
by	O
Bernie	O
Cosell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
included	O
the	O
complete	O
source	O
code	O
listing	O
of	O
ELIZA	B-Application
in	O
MAD-SLIP	B-Application
,	O
with	O
the	O
DOCTOR	O
script	O
attached	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
version	O
of	O
Eliza	B-Application
popular	O
among	O
software	O
engineers	O
is	O
the	O
version	O
that	O
comes	O
with	O
the	O
default	O
release	O
of	O
GNU	B-Application
Emacs	I-Application
,	O
and	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
accessed	O
by	O
typing	O
M-x	O
doctor	O
from	O
most	O
modern	O
Emacs	O
implementations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lay	O
responses	O
to	O
ELIZA	B-Application
were	O
disturbing	O
to	O
Weizenbaum	O
and	O
motivated	O
him	O
to	O
write	O
his	O
book	O
Computer	O
Power	O
and	O
Human	O
Reason	O
:	O
From	O
Judgment	O
to	O
Calculation	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
he	O
explains	O
the	O
limits	O
of	O
computers	O
,	O
as	O
he	O
wants	O
to	O
make	O
clear	O
his	O
opinion	O
that	O
the	O
anthropomorphic	O
views	O
of	O
computers	O
are	O
just	O
a	O
reduction	O
of	O
the	O
human	O
being	O
and	O
any	O
life	O
form	O
for	O
that	O
matter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
independent	O
documentary	O
film	O
Plug	O
&	O
Pray	O
(	O
2010	O
)	O
Weizenbaum	O
said	O
that	O
only	O
people	O
who	O
misunderstood	O
ELIZA	B-Application
called	O
it	O
a	O
sensation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
conducted	O
several	O
conversations	O
with	O
an	O
APL	B-Language
implementation	O
of	O
ELIZA	B-Application
and	O
published	O
them	O
–	O
in	O
English	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
his	O
own	O
translation	O
to	O
Hebrew	O
–	O
under	O
the	O
title	O
My	O
Electronic	O
Psychiatrist	O
–	O
Eight	O
Authentic	O
Talks	O
with	O
a	O
Computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
many	O
programs	O
based	O
on	O
ELIZA	B-Application
in	O
different	O
programming	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1980	O
a	O
company	O
called	O
"	O
Do	O
n't	O
Ask	O
Software	O
"	O
created	O
a	O
version	O
called	O
"	O
Abuse	O
"	O
for	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
,	O
Atari	B-Device
,	O
and	O
Commodore	O
64	O
computers	O
,	O
which	O
verbally	O
abused	O
the	O
user	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
input	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
computers	O
,	O
some	O
Sound	B-Application
Blaster	I-Application
cards	I-Application
came	O
bundled	O
with	O
Dr.	B-Protocol
Sbaitso	I-Protocol
,	O
which	O
functions	O
like	O
the	O
DOCTOR	O
script	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
versions	O
adapted	O
ELIZA	B-Application
around	O
a	O
religious	O
theme	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
ones	O
featuring	O
Jesus	O
(	O
both	O
serious	O
and	O
comedic	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
another	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
variant	O
called	O
I	O
Am	O
Buddha	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
1980	O
game	O
The	B-Device
Prisoner	I-Device
incorporated	O
ELIZA-style	O
interaction	O
within	O
its	O
gameplay	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1988	O
the	O
British	O
artist	O
and	O
friend	O
of	O
Weizenbaum	O
Brian	O
Reffin	O
Smith	O
created	O
two	O
art-oriented	O
ELIZA-style	O
programs	O
written	O
in	O
BASIC	O
,	O
one	O
called	O
"	O
Critic	O
"	O
and	O
the	O
other	O
"	O
Artist	O
"	O
,	O
running	O
on	O
two	O
separate	O
Amiga	B-Device
1000	I-Device
computers	O
and	O
showed	O
them	O
at	O
the	O
exhibition	O
"	O
Salamandre	O
"	O
in	O
the	O
Musée	O
du	O
Berry	O
,	O
Bourges	O
,	O
France	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GNU	B-Application
Emacs	I-Application
formerly	O
had	O
a	O
psychoanalyze-pinhead	O
command	B-Application
that	O
simulates	O
a	O
session	O
between	O
ELIZA	B-Application
and	O
Zippy	O
the	O
Pinhead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Zippyisms	O
were	O
removed	O
due	O
to	O
copyright	O
issues	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
DOCTOR	B-Protocol
program	I-Protocol
remains	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ELIZA	B-Application
has	O
been	O
referenced	O
in	O
popular	O
culture	O
and	O
continues	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
source	O
of	O
inspiration	O
for	O
programmers	O
and	O
developers	O
focused	O
on	O
artificial	O
intelligence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
also	O
featured	O
in	O
a	O
2012	O
exhibit	O
at	O
Harvard	O
University	O
titled	O
"	O
Go	O
Ask	O
A.L.I.C.E.	B-Protocol
</s>
<s>
The	O
exhibit	O
explores	O
Turing	O
's	O
lifelong	O
fascination	O
with	O
the	O
interaction	O
between	O
humans	O
and	O
computers	O
,	O
pointing	O
to	O
ELIZA	B-Application
as	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
realizations	O
of	O
Turing	O
's	O
ideas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ELIZA	B-Application
won	O
a	O
2021	O
Legacy	O
Peabody	O
Award	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1969	O
,	O
George	O
Lucas	O
and	O
Walter	O
Murch	O
incorporated	O
an	O
Eliza-like	O
dialogue	O
interface	O
in	O
their	O
screenplay	O
for	O
the	O
feature	O
film	O
THX-1138	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inhabitants	O
of	O
the	O
underground	O
future	O
world	O
of	O
THX	O
,	O
when	O
stressed	O
,	O
would	O
retreat	O
to	O
"	O
confession	O
booths	O
"	O
and	O
initiate	O
a	O
one-sided	O
Eliza-formula	O
conversation	O
with	O
a	O
Jesus-faced	O
computer	O
who	O
claimed	O
to	O
be	O
"	O
OMM	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ELIZA	B-Application
influenced	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
early	O
computer	O
games	O
by	O
demonstrating	O
additional	O
kinds	O
of	O
interface	O
designs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Don	O
Daglow	O
wrote	O
an	O
enhanced	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
program	O
called	O
Ecala	O
on	O
a	O
DEC	B-Device
PDP-10	I-Device
minicomputer	B-Architecture
at	O
Pomona	O
College	O
in	O
1973	O
before	O
writing	O
the	O
computer	O
role-playing	O
game	O
Dungeon	B-Application
(	O
1975	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2011	O
video	O
game	O
Deus	B-Application
Ex	I-Application
:	I-Application
Human	I-Application
Revolution	I-Application
and	O
the	O
2016	O
sequel	O
Deus	B-Application
Ex	I-Application
:	I-Application
Mankind	I-Application
Divided	I-Application
features	O
an	O
artificial-intelligence	O
Picus	O
TV	O
Network	O
newsreader	O
named	O
Eliza	B-Application
Cassan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Adam	O
Curtis	O
's	O
2016	O
documentary	O
,	O
HyperNormalisation	O
,	O
ELIZA	B-Application
was	O
referenced	O
in	O
relationship	O
to	O
post-truth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
twelfth	O
episode	O
of	O
the	O
American	O
sitcom	O
Young	O
Sheldon	O
,	O
aired	O
in	O
January	O
2018	O
,	O
starred	O
the	O
protagonist	O
"	O
conversing	O
"	O
with	O
ELIZA	B-Application
,	O
hoping	O
to	O
resolve	O
a	O
domestic	O
issue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
August	O
12	O
,	O
2019	O
,	O
independent	O
game	O
developer	O
Zachtronics	O
published	O
a	O
visual	O
novel	O
called	O
Eliza	B-Application
,	O
about	O
an	O
AI-based	O
counseling	O
service	O
inspired	O
by	O
ELIZA	B-Application
.	O
</s>
