<s>
DynamoRIO	B-Application
is	O
a	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
licensed	I-Operating_System
dynamic	O
binary	O
instrumentation	B-Application
framework	I-Application
for	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
dynamic	O
program	O
analysis	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DynamoRIO	B-Application
targets	O
user	B-Operating_System
space	I-Operating_System
applications	O
under	O
the	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Windows	O
operating	O
systems	O
running	O
on	O
the	O
AArch32	O
,	O
IA-32	B-Device
,	O
and	O
x86-64	B-Device
instruction	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
architectures	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
DynamoRIO	B-Application
was	O
originally	O
created	O
as	O
a	O
dynamic	O
binary	O
optimization	O
system	O
but	O
has	O
since	O
been	O
used	O
for	O
security	O
,	O
debugging	O
,	O
and	O
analysis	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DynamoRIO	B-Application
originated	O
in	O
a	O
collaboration	O
between	O
Hewlett-Packard	O
'	O
s	O
Dynamo	O
optimization	O
system	O
and	O
the	O
Runtime	B-Library
Introspection	O
and	O
Optimization	O
(	O
RIO	O
)	O
research	O
group	O
at	O
MIT	O
;	O
hence	O
the	O
combined	O
name	O
"	O
DynamoRIO	B-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
first	O
released	O
publicly	O
as	O
a	O
proprietary	O
binary	O
toolkit	O
in	O
June	O
2002	O
and	O
was	O
later	O
open-sourced	O
with	O
a	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
license	I-Operating_System
in	O
January	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DynamoRIO	B-Application
is	O
a	O
process	B-Architecture
virtual	I-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
that	O
redirects	O
a	O
program	O
's	O
execution	O
from	O
its	O
original	O
binary	O
code	O
to	O
a	O
copy	O
of	O
that	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instrumentation	B-Application
that	O
carries	O
out	O
the	O
actions	O
of	O
the	O
desired	O
tool	O
are	O
then	O
added	O
to	O
this	O
copy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DynamoRIO	B-Application
operates	O
completely	O
at	O
run	B-Library
time	I-Library
and	O
handles	O
legacy	O
code	O
,	O
dynamically	O
loaded	O
libraries	O
,	O
dynamically	O
generated	O
code	O
,	O
and	O
self-modifying	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DynamoRIO	B-Application
monitors	O
all	O
control	O
flow	O
to	O
capture	O
the	O
entire	O
execution	O
of	O
the	O
target	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DynamoRIO	B-Application
's	O
average	O
overhead	O
is	O
11	O
percent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DynamoRIO	B-Application
's	O
API	B-General_Concept
abstracts	O
away	O
the	O
details	O
of	O
the	O
virtualization	O
process	O
and	O
focuses	O
on	O
monitoring	O
or	O
modifying	O
the	O
dynamic	O
code	O
stream	O
of	O
the	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
tool	O
can	O
insert	O
trampolines	B-General_Concept
into	O
the	O
program	O
that	O
invoke	O
tool	O
actions	O
at	O
specific	O
program	O
points	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
tool	O
can	O
also	O
insert	O
instrumentation	B-Application
at	O
the	O
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
level	O
,	O
which	O
provides	O
fine-grained	O
control	O
over	O
tool	O
actions	O
and	O
tool	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DynamoRIO	B-Application
supports	O
adaptive	O
optimization	O
and	O
adaptive	O
instrumentation	B-Application
by	O
allowing	O
a	O
tool	O
to	O
remove	O
or	O
modify	O
its	O
instrumentation	B-Application
at	O
any	O
point	O
throughout	O
the	O
execution	O
of	O
the	O
target	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DynamoRIO	B-Application
invokes	O
tool-registered	O
callbacks	O
at	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
common	O
program	O
event	O
points	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
thread	O
creation	O
,	O
library	O
loading	O
,	O
system	O
calls	O
,	O
signals	O
,	O
or	O
exceptions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
API	B-General_Concept
also	O
allows	O
inspecting	O
the	O
program	O
's	O
libraries	O
and	O
address	B-General_Concept
space	I-General_Concept
in	O
addition	O
to	O
its	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DynamoRIO	B-Application
's	O
API	B-General_Concept
and	O
event	O
callbacks	O
are	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
cross-platform	O
,	O
enabling	O
the	O
same	O
tool	O
code	O
to	O
operate	O
on	O
both	O
Windows	O
and	O
Linux	B-Application
and	O
on	O
both	O
IA-32	B-Device
and	O
x86-64	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
DynamoRIO	B-Application
ensures	O
tool	O
transparency	B-Operating_System
by	O
isolating	O
the	O
tool	O
's	O
resources	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
its	O
stack	B-General_Concept
,	O
memory	O
,	O
and	O
file	O
accesses	O
,	O
from	O
the	O
program	O
upon	O
which	O
the	O
tool	O
is	O
operating	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DynamoRIO	B-Application
contains	O
libraries	O
that	O
extend	O
its	O
API	B-General_Concept
to	O
provide	O
symbol	B-Application
table	I-Application
access	O
,	O
function	O
wrapping	O
and	O
replacing	O
,	O
and	O
memory	O
address	O
tracing	O
utilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
tools	O
built	O
for	O
DynamoRIO	B-Application
focused	O
on	O
dynamic	O
optimization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applying	O
DynamoRIO	B-Application
to	O
the	O
security	O
field	O
resulted	O
in	O
a	O
technique	O
called	O
program	O
shepherding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
program	O
shepherding	O
instrumentation	B-Application
monitors	O
the	O
origin	O
of	O
each	O
program	O
instruction	O
and	O
the	O
control	O
flow	O
between	O
instructions	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
prevent	O
a	O
security	O
exploit	O
from	O
taking	O
control	O
of	O
the	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dr.	O
Memory	O
is	O
an	O
open-source	O
memory	B-General_Concept
debugger	I-General_Concept
built	O
on	O
DynamoRIO	B-Application
and	O
released	O
under	O
an	O
LGPL	B-Application
license	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dr.	O
Memory	O
monitors	O
memory	O
allocations	O
and	O
memory	O
accesses	O
using	O
shadow	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
detects	O
memory-related	O
programming	O
errors	O
such	O
as	O
accesses	O
of	O
uninitialized	O
memory	O
,	O
accesses	O
to	O
freed	O
memory	O
,	O
heap	O
overflow	O
and	O
underflow	O
,	O
and	O
memory	B-Error_Name
leaks	I-Error_Name
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
feature	O
set	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
the	O
Valgrind-based	O
Memcheck	O
tool	O
,	O
though	O
it	O
operates	O
on	O
Windows	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
Linux	B-Application
and	O
is	O
twice	O
as	O
fast	O
as	O
Memcheck	O
.	O
</s>
