<s>
Dynamic	B-Protocol
Adaptive	I-Protocol
Streaming	I-Protocol
over	I-Protocol
HTTP	I-Protocol
(	O
DASH	O
)	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
,	O
is	O
an	O
adaptive	O
bitrate	O
streaming	O
technique	O
that	O
enables	O
high	O
quality	O
streaming	O
of	O
media	O
content	O
over	O
the	O
Internet	O
delivered	O
from	O
conventional	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
web	O
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similar	O
to	O
Apple	O
's	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
Live	I-Protocol
Streaming	I-Protocol
(	O
HLS	O
)	O
solution	O
,	O
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
works	O
by	O
breaking	O
the	O
content	O
into	O
a	O
sequence	O
of	O
small	O
segments	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
served	O
over	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
.	I-Protocol
</s>
<s>
An	O
early	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
web	O
server	O
based	O
streaming	O
system	O
called	O
SProxy	O
was	O
developed	O
and	O
deployed	O
in	O
the	O
Hewlett	O
Packard	O
Laboratories	O
in	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
showed	O
how	O
to	O
use	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
range	O
requests	O
to	O
break	O
the	O
content	O
into	O
small	O
segments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
content	O
is	O
being	O
played	O
back	O
by	O
an	O
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
client	O
,	O
the	O
client	O
uses	O
a	O
bit	O
rate	O
adaptation	O
(	O
ABR	O
)	O
algorithm	O
to	O
automatically	O
select	O
the	O
segment	O
with	O
the	O
highest	O
bit	O
rate	O
possible	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
downloaded	O
in	O
time	O
for	O
playback	O
without	O
causing	O
stalls	O
or	O
re-buffering	O
events	O
in	O
the	O
playback	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
current	O
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
reference	O
client	O
dash.js	O
offers	O
both	O
buffer-based	O
(	O
BOLA	O
)	O
and	O
hybrid	O
(	O
DYNAMIC	O
)	O
bit	O
rate	O
adaptation	O
algorithms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
an	O
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
client	O
can	O
seamlessly	O
adapt	O
to	O
changing	O
network	B-Architecture
conditions	O
and	O
provide	O
high	O
quality	O
playback	O
with	O
few	O
stalls	O
or	O
re-buffering	O
events	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
is	O
the	O
first	O
adaptive	O
bit-rate	O
HTTP-based	O
streaming	O
solution	O
that	O
is	O
an	O
international	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
should	O
not	O
be	O
confused	O
with	O
a	O
transport	O
protocol	O
—	O
the	O
transport	O
protocol	O
that	O
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
uses	O
is	O
TCP	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
uses	O
existing	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
web	O
server	O
infrastructure	O
that	O
is	O
used	O
for	O
delivery	O
of	O
essentially	O
all	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
HDS	O
,	O
or	O
Smooth	O
Streaming	O
,	O
DASH	O
is	O
codec-agnostic	O
,	O
which	O
means	O
it	O
can	O
use	O
content	O
encoded	O
with	O
any	O
coding	B-Algorithm
format	I-Algorithm
,	O
such	O
as	O
H.265	B-Algorithm
,	O
H.264	B-Application
,	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
technology	O
was	O
developed	O
under	O
MPEG	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
standard	O
was	O
published	O
in	O
April	O
,	O
2012	O
but	O
has	O
been	O
revised	O
in	O
2019	O
and	O
then	O
once	O
more	O
in	O
2022	O
as	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DASH	O
is	O
a	O
technology	O
related	O
to	O
Adobe	O
Systems	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
Dynamic	O
Streaming	O
,	O
Apple	O
Inc	O
.	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
Live	I-Protocol
Streaming	I-Protocol
(	O
HLS	O
)	O
and	O
Microsoft	O
Smooth	O
Streaming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DASH	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
Adaptive	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
streaming	O
(	O
AHS	O
)	O
in	O
3GPP	O
Release	O
9	O
and	O
on	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
Adaptive	O
Streaming	O
(	O
HAS	O
)	O
in	O
Open	O
IPTV	O
Forum	O
Release	O
2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
part	O
of	O
their	O
collaboration	O
with	O
MPEG	O
,	O
3GPP	O
Release	O
10	O
has	O
adopted	O
DASH	O
(	O
with	O
specific	O
codecs	B-General_Concept
and	O
operating	O
modes	O
)	O
for	O
use	O
over	O
wireless	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DASH	O
Industry	O
Forum	O
(	O
DASH-IF	O
)	O
further	O
promotes	O
and	O
catalyzes	O
the	O
adoption	O
of	O
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
and	O
helps	O
transition	O
it	O
from	O
a	O
specification	O
into	O
a	O
real	O
business	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
is	O
integrated	O
in	O
other	O
standards	O
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
is	O
supported	O
in	O
HbbTV	B-Device
(	O
as	O
of	O
Version	O
1.5	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DASH	O
is	O
an	O
adaptive	O
bitrate	O
streaming	O
technology	O
where	O
a	O
multimedia	O
file	O
is	O
partitioned	O
into	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
segments	O
and	O
delivered	O
to	O
a	O
client	O
using	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
.	I-Protocol
</s>
<s>
A	O
media	B-Protocol
presentation	I-Protocol
description	I-Protocol
(	O
MPD	O
)	O
describes	O
segment	O
information	O
(	O
timing	O
,	O
URL	O
,	O
media	O
characteristics	O
like	O
video	O
resolution	O
and	O
bit	O
rates	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
organized	O
in	O
different	O
ways	O
such	O
as	O
SegmentList	O
,	O
SegmentTemplate	O
,	O
SegmentBase	O
and	O
SegmentTimeline	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
use	O
case	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DASH	O
is	O
audio/video	O
codec	B-General_Concept
agnostic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
or	O
more	O
representations	O
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
versions	O
at	O
different	O
resolutions	O
or	O
bit	O
rates	O
)	O
of	O
multimedia	O
files	O
are	O
typically	O
available	O
,	O
and	O
selection	O
can	O
be	O
made	O
based	O
on	O
network	B-Architecture
conditions	O
,	O
device	O
capabilities	O
and	O
user	O
preferences	O
,	O
enabling	O
adaptive	O
bitrate	O
streaming	O
and	O
QoE	O
(	O
Quality	O
of	O
Experience	O
)	O
fairness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
DASH	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
with	O
any	O
protocol	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
DASH	O
over	O
CCN	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
July	O
27	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
MPEG	O
LA	O
announced	O
a	O
call	O
for	O
MPEG-DASH-related	O
patents	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
single	O
patent	O
pool	O
for	O
this	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MPEG	O
LA	O
announced	O
its	O
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
patent	O
portfolio	O
licence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MPEG-LA	O
claims	O
that	O
the	O
included	O
patents	O
are	O
essential	O
to	O
the	O
MPEG	O
Dynamic	B-Protocol
Adaptive	I-Protocol
Streaming	I-Protocol
over	I-Protocol
HTTP	I-Protocol
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
is	O
available	O
natively	O
on	O
Android	O
through	O
the	O
ExoPlayer	O
,	O
on	O
Samsung	O
Smart	O
TVs	O
2012+	O
,	O
LG	O
Smart	O
TV	O
2012+	O
,	O
Sony	O
TV	O
2012+	O
,	O
Philips	O
NetTV	O
4.1	O
+	O
,	O
Panasonic	O
Viera	O
2013+	O
and	O
Chromecast	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
Netflix	O
already	O
support	O
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
different	O
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
players	O
are	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
is	O
n't	O
directly	O
supported	O
in	O
HTML5	B-Application
,	O
there	O
are	O
JavaScript	O
implementations	O
of	O
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
which	O
allow	O
using	O
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
in	O
web	O
browsers	O
using	O
the	O
HTML5	B-Application
Media	B-Language
Source	I-Language
Extensions	I-Language
(	O
MSE	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
also	O
JavaScript	O
implementations	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
bitdash	O
player	O
which	O
support	O
DRM	O
for	O
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
using	O
the	O
HTML5	B-Application
Encrypted	B-Language
Media	I-Language
Extensions	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
combination	O
with	O
WebGL	O
,	O
the	O
HTML5-based	O
adaptive	O
bitrate	O
streaming	O
of	O
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
enables	O
also	O
the	O
efficient	O
streaming	O
of	O
360°	O
video	O
for	O
live	O
and	O
on-demand	O
use	O
cases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shaka	O
Player	O
,	O
is	O
the	O
open	O
source	O
DASH	O
HTML5	B-Application
video	O
player	O
from	O
Google	O
for	O
Low	O
Bandwidth	O
Connections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VLC	B-Application
Media	I-Application
Player	I-Application
3.0	O
shipped	O
a	O
new	O
client	O
plugin	O
for	O
MP4/MPEG	O
and	O
Live	O
streams	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
cross-platform	O
FOSS	O
multimedia	O
framework	O
GStreamer	B-Language
has	O
supported	O
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
and	O
WebM	O
DASH	O
since	O
at	O
least	O
v1.4	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
open-source	O
library	O
libdash	B-Language
is	O
platform	O
independent	O
and	O
runs	O
on	O
mobile	O
platforms	O
such	O
as	O
Android	O
,	O
iOS	O
,	O
Windows	O
Phone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
bitmovin	O
provides	O
the	O
bitdash	O
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
player	O
for	O
HTML5	B-Application
and	O
Flash	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VideoJS	O
is	O
an	O
open-source	O
HTML5	B-Application
video	O
player	O
,	O
supports	O
HLS	O
,	O
DASH	O
,	O
WebM	O
,	O
and	O
progressive	O
MP4	O
for	O
Live	O
and	O
VOD	O
streaming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wowza	B-Application
Streaming	I-Application
Engine	I-Application
has	O
support	O
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
playback	O
with	O
DVR	O
and	O
provides	O
DASH	O
Stream	O
Target	O
publishing	O
to	O
Akamai	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Brightcove	O
Zencoder	O
has	O
support	O
for	O
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
transmuxing/transcoding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nimble	B-Application
Streamer	I-Application
has	O
live	O
and	O
VOD	O
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unified	O
Origin	O
supports	O
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Akamai	B-Application
CDN	B-Operating_System
supports	O
DASH	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amazon	O
CloudFront	O
CDN	B-Operating_System
supports	O
DASH	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amazon	B-Application
Web	I-Application
Services	I-Application
Elastic	O
Transcoder	O
has	O
support	O
for	O
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Azure	B-Application
Media	I-Application
Services	I-Application
platform	O
has	O
support	O
for	O
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bitmovin	O
provides	O
the	O
cloud-based	O
transcoding	O
service	O
bitcodin.com	O
which	O
supports	O
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
CloudFlare	B-Application
Stream	O
supports	O
transcoding	O
into	O
DASH	O
in	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
before	O
serving	O
to	O
the	O
end	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloudinary	O
provides	O
automatic	O
transcoding	O
with	O
support	O
for	O
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lumen	B-Application
CDN	B-Operating_System
supports	O
DASH	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Limelight	O
Networks	O
CDN	B-Operating_System
supports	O
DASH	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Project	B-Application
Shield	I-Application
CDN	B-Operating_System
supports	O
DASH	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tata	O
Communications	O
CDN	B-Operating_System
supports	O
DASH	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Resi	O
Live	O
Stream	O
Platform	O
supports	O
ingest	O
,	O
transcoding	O
and	O
CDN	B-Operating_System
delivery	O
of	O
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multiple	O
DASH	O
datasets	O
are	O
offered	O
by	O
the	O
Institute	O
of	O
Information	O
Technology	O
(	O
ITEC	O
)	O
at	O
Alpen-Adria	O
University	O
Klagenfurt	O
,	O
the	O
GPAC	B-Language
group	O
at	O
Telecom	O
ParisTech	O
and	O
Digital	O
TV	O
Labs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
BBC	O
has	O
DASH	O
test	O
streams	O
,	O
including	O
DASH	O
over	O
HTTP/2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Widevine	O
DRM	O
supports	O
DASH	O
and	O
Encrypted	B-Language
Media	I-Language
Extensions	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mividi	O
provides	O
software	O
tool	O
for	O
analyzing	O
and	O
monitoring	O
live	O
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
streams	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
used	O
to	O
have	O
native	O
support	O
for	O
DASH	O
streaming	O
in	O
EdgeHTML	B-Application
,	O
a	O
proprietary	O
browser	O
engine	O
that	O
was	O
used	O
in	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Edge	I-Application
(	O
now	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
Edge	O
Legacy	O
)	O
before	O
the	O
transition	O
to	O
the	O
Chromium-based	O
Blink	B-Language
browser	I-Language
engine	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Edge	O
Legacy	O
was	O
included	O
in	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
up	O
till	O
version	O
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DASH	O
support	O
on	O
other	O
browsers	O
&	O
operating	O
systems	O
is	O
available	O
via	O
Media	B-Language
Source	I-Language
Extensions	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Product	O
Product	O
type	O
Platform	O
Live	O
streaming	O
DRM-free	O
As	O
of	O
version	O
Editor	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Edge	I-Application
Web	O
browser	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
Supported	O
natively	O
on	O
Edge	O
Legacy	O
's	O
engine	O
EdgeHTML	B-Application
from	O
version	O
12	O
to	O
18	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
VLC	B-Application
media	I-Application
player	I-Application
Media	O
player	O
Windows	O
,	O
macOS	O
,	O
Linux	O
,	O
Android	O
,	O
iOS	O
,	O
Windows	O
Phone	O
v3.0	O
VideoLAN	B-Application
MX	O
Player	O
Media	O
player	O
Android	O
v1.9.18	O
Support	O
for	O
playback	O
of	O
DASH	O
streams	O
is	O
currently	O
unstable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
J2	O
Interactive	O
NexPlayer	O
SDK	O
HTML5	B-Application
(	O
MSE	O
Browsers	O
)	O
,	O
Android	O
(	O
mobile	O
,	O
TV	O
,	O
STB	O
)	O
,	O
iOS	O
,	O
Chromecast	O
,	O
Windows	O
,	O
Mac	O
,	O
Linux	O
,	O
Tizen	O
,	O
WebOS	O
NexStreaming	O
Dash.js	O
SDK	O
HTML5	B-Application
(	O
MSE	O
Browsers	O
)	O
Dash	O
Industry	O
Forum	O
Shaka	O
Player	O
SDK	O
HTML5	B-Application
(	O
MSE	O
Browsers	O
)	O
Google	O
Rx-Player	O
SDK	O
HTML5	B-Application
(	O
MSE	O
Browsers	O
)	O
Canal+	O
bitdash	O
SDK	O
HTML5	B-Application
(	O
MSE	O
Browsers	O
)	O
,	O
Android	O
,	O
LG	O
TVs	O
,	O
Samsung	O
TVs	O
,	O
Xbox	O
One	O
,	O
Universal	O
Windows	O
Platform	O
Bitmovin	O
PRESTOplay	O
SDK	O
HTML5	B-Application
(	O
MSE	O
Browsers	O
)	O
,	O
Android	O
,	O
iOS	O
,	O
Windows	O
,	O
Mac	O
castLabs	O
THEOplayer	O
SDK	O
HTML5	B-Application
(	O
MSE	O
Browsers	O
)	O
,	O
Android	O
(	O
mobile	O
,	O
TV	O
,	O
STB	O
)	O
,	O
iOS	O
,	O
Chromecast	O
,	O
Windows	O
,	O
Mac	O
,	O
Linux	O
,	O
Tizen	O
,	O
WebOS	O
THEO	O
Technologies	O
NV	O
Viblast	O
Player	O
SDK	O
HTML5	B-Application
(	O
MSE	O
Browsers	O
)	O
,	O
Android	O
,	O
iOS	O
Viblast	O
Team	O
Radiant	O
Media	O
Player	O
SDK	O
HTML5	B-Application
(	O
MSE	O
Browsers	O
)	O
,	O
Android	O
,	O
iOS	O
,	O
Windows	O
,	O
Mac	O
,	O
Linux	O
Radiant	O
Media	O
Player	O
Videogular	O
SDK	O
HTML5	B-Application
(	O
MSE	O
Browsers	O
)	O
Fluid	O
Player	O
SDK	O
HTML5	B-Application
(	O
MSE	O
Browsers	O
)	O
ExoClick	O
GStreamer	B-Language
Multimedia	O
framework	O
1.4	O
GStreamer	B-Language
Team	O
Libdash	B-Language
Multimedia	O
framework	O
bitmovin	O
,	O
ITEC	O
Team	O
GPAC	B-Language
Multimedia	O
framework	O
Telecom	O
ParisTech	O
inc	O
.	O
</s>
