<s>
A	O
dry	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
electric	O
battery	O
,	O
commonly	O
used	O
for	O
portable	O
electrical	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
wet	O
cell	O
batteries	O
,	O
which	O
have	O
a	O
liquid	O
electrolyte	O
,	O
dry	B-Algorithm
cells	I-Algorithm
use	O
an	O
electrolyte	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
a	O
paste	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
thus	O
less	O
susceptible	O
to	O
leakage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
dry	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
was	O
developed	O
in	O
1886	O
by	O
the	O
German	O
scientist	O
Carl	O
Gassner	O
,	O
after	O
development	O
of	O
wet	O
zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
carbon	I-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
by	O
Georges	O
Leclanché	O
in	O
1866	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
type	O
of	O
dry	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
was	O
also	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
Japanese	O
Sakizō	O
Yai	O
in	O
1887	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Zamboni	B-Algorithm
pile	I-Algorithm
of	O
1812	O
is	O
a	O
high-voltage	O
dry	O
battery	O
but	O
capable	O
of	O
delivering	O
only	O
minute	O
currents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
37,758	O
)	O
on	O
a	O
variant	O
of	O
the	O
(	O
wet	O
)	O
Leclanché	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
came	O
to	O
be	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
dry	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
because	O
it	O
did	O
not	O
have	O
a	O
free	O
liquid	O
electrolyte	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
,	O
the	O
ammonium	O
chloride	O
was	O
mixed	O
with	O
Plaster	O
of	O
Paris	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
paste	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
small	O
amount	O
of	O
zinc	B-Application
chloride	O
added	O
in	O
to	O
extend	O
the	O
shell	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
manganese	O
dioxide	O
cathode	O
was	O
dipped	O
in	O
this	O
paste	O
,	O
and	O
both	O
were	O
sealed	O
in	O
a	O
zinc	B-Application
shell	O
,	O
which	O
also	O
acts	O
as	O
the	O
anode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
previous	O
wet	O
cells	O
,	O
Gassner	O
's	O
dry	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
is	O
more	O
solid	O
,	O
does	O
not	O
require	O
maintenance	O
,	O
does	O
not	O
spill	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
any	O
orientation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
mass-produced	O
model	O
was	O
the	O
Columbia	O
dry	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
,	O
first	O
marketed	O
by	O
the	O
National	O
Carbon	O
Company	O
in	O
1896	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
carbon	I-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
(	O
as	O
it	O
came	O
to	O
be	O
known	O
)	O
is	O
still	O
manufactured	O
today	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
dry	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
uses	O
a	O
paste	O
electrolyte	O
,	O
with	O
only	O
enough	O
moisture	O
to	O
allow	O
current	O
to	O
flow	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
a	O
wet	O
cell	O
,	O
a	O
dry	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
can	O
operate	O
in	O
any	O
orientation	O
without	O
spilling	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
contains	O
no	O
free	O
liquid	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
suitable	O
for	O
portable	O
equipment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lead	B-Device
–	I-Device
acid	I-Device
batteries	I-Device
did	O
not	O
achieve	O
the	O
safety	O
and	O
portability	O
of	O
the	O
dry	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
until	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
gel	O
battery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
common	O
dry	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
is	O
the	O
zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
carbon	I-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
,	O
sometimes	O
called	O
the	O
dry	O
Leclanché	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
,	O
with	O
a	O
nominal	O
voltage	O
of	O
1.5	O
volts	O
,	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
the	O
alkaline	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
(	O
since	O
both	O
use	O
the	O
same	O
zinc	B-Application
–	O
manganese	O
dioxide	O
combination	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
standard	O
dry	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
comprises	O
a	O
zinc	B-Application
anode	O
,	O
usually	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
a	O
cylindrical	O
pot	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
carbon	O
cathode	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
a	O
central	O
rod	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
electrolyte	O
is	O
ammonium	O
chloride	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
a	O
paste	O
next	O
to	O
the	O
zinc	B-Application
anode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
remaining	O
space	O
between	O
the	O
electrolyte	O
and	O
carbon	O
cathode	O
is	O
taken	O
up	O
by	O
a	O
second	O
paste	O
consisting	O
of	O
ammonium	O
chloride	O
and	O
manganese	O
dioxide	O
,	O
the	O
latter	O
acting	O
as	O
a	O
depolariser	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
designs	O
,	O
often	O
marketed	O
as	O
"	O
heavy	O
duty	O
"	O
,	O
the	O
ammonium	O
chloride	O
is	O
replaced	O
with	O
zinc	B-Application
chloride	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Primary	B-Algorithm
cells	I-Algorithm
are	O
not	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
and	O
are	O
generally	O
disposed	O
of	O
after	O
the	O
cell	O
's	O
internal	O
reaction	O
has	O
consumed	O
the	O
reactive	O
starting	O
chemicals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Secondary	B-Architecture
cells	I-Architecture
are	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
may	O
be	O
reused	O
multiple	O
times	O
.	O
</s>
