<s>
Driving	B-Application
simulators	I-Application
are	O
used	O
for	O
entertainment	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
in	O
training	O
of	O
driver	O
's	O
education	O
courses	O
taught	O
in	O
educational	O
institutions	O
and	O
private	O
businesses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Driving	B-Application
simulators	I-Application
are	O
being	O
increasingly	O
used	O
for	O
training	O
drivers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Car	B-Application
simulator	I-Application
:	O
Used	O
to	O
train	O
and	O
test	O
novice	O
drivers	O
in	O
all	O
the	O
skills	O
required	O
to	O
pass	O
a	O
driver	O
's	O
license	O
road	O
test	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
hazard	O
perception	O
and	O
crash	O
risk	O
mitigation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multi-station	O
driving	B-Application
simulator	I-Application
:	O
This	O
type	O
of	O
simulator	O
enables	O
one	O
instructor	O
to	O
train	O
more	O
drivers	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
thus	O
saving	O
time	O
and	O
reducing	O
costs	O
...	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
systems	O
are	O
equipped	O
with	O
instructor	O
stations	O
connected	O
to	O
control	O
several	O
driving	B-Application
simulators	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Physical	O
simulator	O
:	O
Large	O
scale	O
simulators	O
employ	O
Stewart	O
platforms	O
and	O
xy	O
tables	O
to	O
physically	O
move	O
the	O
driver	O
around	O
in	O
6-axis	O
space	O
,	O
simulating	O
acceleration	O
,	O
braking	O
and	O
centripetal	O
forces	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
physical	O
flight	B-Application
simulators	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1980s	O
,	O
it	O
became	O
a	O
trend	O
for	O
arcade	O
racing	B-Device
games	O
to	O
use	O
hydraulic	O
motion	B-General_Concept
simulator	I-General_Concept
arcade	O
cabinets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
taikan	O
"	O
trend	O
began	O
when	O
Yu	O
Suzuki	O
's	O
team	O
at	O
Sega	O
(	O
later	O
known	O
as	O
Sega	O
AM2	O
)	O
developed	O
Hang-On	B-Application
(	O
1985	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
racing	B-Device
video	O
game	O
where	O
the	O
player	O
sits	O
on	O
and	O
moves	O
a	O
motorbike	O
replica	O
to	O
control	O
the	O
in-game	O
actions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Suzuki	O
's	O
team	O
at	O
Sega	O
followed	O
it	O
with	O
hydraulic	O
motion	B-General_Concept
simulator	I-General_Concept
cockpit	O
cabinets	O
for	O
later	O
racing	B-Device
games	O
such	O
as	O
Out	B-Application
Run	I-Application
(	O
1986	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sega	O
have	O
since	O
continued	O
to	O
manufacture	O
motion	B-General_Concept
simulator	I-General_Concept
cabinets	O
for	O
arcade	O
racing	B-Device
games	O
through	O
to	O
the	O
2010s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1991	O
,	O
Namco	O
released	O
the	O
arcade	O
game	O
Mitsubishi	O
Driving	B-Application
Simulator	I-Application
,	O
co-developed	O
with	O
Mitsubishi	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
a	O
serious	O
educational	O
street	O
driving	B-Application
simulator	I-Application
that	O
used	O
3D	O
polygon	O
technology	O
and	O
a	O
sit-down	O
arcade	O
cabinet	O
to	O
simulate	O
realistic	O
driving	O
,	O
including	O
basics	O
such	O
as	O
ensuring	O
the	O
car	O
is	O
in	O
neutral	O
or	O
parking	O
position	O
,	O
starting	O
the	O
engine	O
,	O
placing	O
the	O
car	O
into	O
gear	O
,	O
releasing	O
the	O
hand-brake	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
driving	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advances	O
in	O
processing	O
power	O
have	O
led	O
to	O
more	O
realistic	O
simulators	O
known	O
as	O
sim	B-Application
racing	I-Application
games	O
on	O
home	O
systems	O
,	O
beginning	O
with	O
Papyrus	O
Design	O
Group	O
's	O
groundbreaking	O
IndyCar	B-Application
Racing	I-Application
(	O
1993	O
)	O
and	O
Grand	B-Application
Prix	I-Application
Legends	I-Application
(	O
1998	O
)	O
for	O
PC	O
and	O
Gran	B-Application
Turismo	I-Application
(	O
1997	O
)	O
for	O
home	B-Device
consoles	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Occasionally	O
,	O
a	O
racing	B-Device
game	O
or	O
driving	B-Application
simulator	I-Application
will	O
also	O
include	O
an	O
attachable	O
steering	B-Application
wheel	I-Application
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
play	O
the	O
game	O
in	O
place	O
of	O
a	O
controller	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
myriad	O
commercial	O
releases	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
bustling	O
community	O
of	O
amateur	O
coders	O
working	O
on	O
closed	O
and	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
free	O
simulators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
major	O
features	O
popular	O
with	O
fans	O
of	O
the	O
genre	O
are	O
online	O
racing	B-Device
,	O
realism	O
and	O
diversity	O
of	O
cars	O
and	O
tracks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Driving	B-Application
simulators	I-Application
are	O
used	O
at	O
research	O
facilities	O
for	O
many	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
vehicle	O
manufacturers	O
operate	O
driving	B-Application
simulators	I-Application
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Driving	B-Application
simulators	I-Application
allow	O
researchers	O
to	O
study	O
driver	O
training	O
issues	O
and	O
driver	O
behavior	O
under	O
conditions	O
in	O
which	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
illegal	O
and/or	O
unethical	O
to	O
place	O
drivers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
exists	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
types	O
research	O
driving	B-Application
simulators	I-Application
,	O
with	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
complex	O
,	O
like	O
the	O
National	B-Application
Advanced	I-Application
Driving	I-Application
Simulator	I-Application
,	O
have	O
a	O
full-sized	O
vehicle	O
body	O
,	O
with	O
six-axis	O
movement	O
and	O
360-degree	O
visual	O
displays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
other	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
range	O
are	O
simple	O
desktop	O
simulators	O
that	O
are	O
often	O
implemented	O
using	O
a	O
computer	O
monitor	O
for	O
the	O
visual	O
display	O
and	O
a	O
videogame-type	O
steering	B-Application
wheel	I-Application
and	O
pedal	O
input	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
into	O
motion	O
fidelity	O
indicates	O
that	O
,	O
while	O
some	O
motion	O
is	O
necessary	O
in	O
a	O
research	O
driving	B-Application
simulator	I-Application
,	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
need	O
to	O
have	O
enough	O
range	O
to	O
match	O
real-world	O
forces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
review	O
of	O
research	O
studies	O
found	O
that	O
driver	O
behavior	O
on	O
a	O
driving	B-Application
simulator	I-Application
approximates	O
(	O
relative	O
validity	O
)	O
but	O
does	O
not	O
exactly	O
replicate	O
(	O
absolute	O
validity	O
)	O
on-road	O
driving	O
behavior	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Yet	O
another	O
study	O
found	O
that	O
drivers	O
who	O
reported	O
impaired	O
performance	O
on	O
a	O
low	O
fidelity	O
driving	B-Application
simulator	I-Application
were	O
significantly	O
more	O
likely	O
to	O
take	O
part	O
in	O
an	O
accident	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
driver	O
was	O
at	O
least	O
partially	O
at	O
fault	O
,	O
within	O
five	O
years	O
after	O
the	O
simulator	O
session	O
.	O
</s>
